Ghazni Province
Ghazni
غزني | |
---|---|
Postal code | 23xx |
ISO 3166 code | AF-GHA |
Main languages | Pashto and Dari |
Ghazni (
Ghazni borders the provinces of Maidan Wardak, Logar, Paktia, Paktika, Zabul, Uruzgan, Daykundi and Bamyan.
Etymology
The province was known as Ghazna in the 10th century, during and after the
History
History of Afghanistan | |
---|---|
Timeline | |
410–557 | |
Nezak Huns | 484–711 |
Ghazni was a thriving
"The two other great Buddhist centers, Fondukistan and Tepe-e-sardar (Ghazni) in its later phase are a very different matter and display another phase of influences coming from India from the seventh to eighth century. The representations show themes from
Nalanda."[5]
"Another important site is that of Tepe Sardar (better known as Tepe-yi Nagara, Tepe of the kettledrum) near Ghazni, which was occupied until perhaps the eighth century AD. From this period dates a huge statue of the Parinirvana Buddha (Buddha lying down at the end of his cycle of rebirths) of unbaked clay. A very similar statue has been found just north of Afghanistan, at the site of Adzhina tepe in Tajikistan. Yet what is most interesting was the find at the same site of a statue of the
In 644 AD, the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited the city of Jaguda (probably Ghazni), while returning from Varnu (modern Bannu, Pakistan)[7][8]
Islamization
In 683
"There is no evidence that Ghazna had previously formed part of the
After the rebuilding of the city by Yaqub's brother, it became the dazzling capital of the Ghaznavids from 994 to 1160, encompassing much of North India, Persia and Central Asia. Many iconoclastic campaigns were launched from Ghazni into India. The Ghaznavids took Islam to India and returned with fabulous riches taken from both prince and temple god. Contemporary visitors and residents at Ghazni write with wonder of the ornateness of the buildings, the great libraries, the sumptuousness of the court ceremonies and of the wealth of precious objects owned by Ghazni's citizens.
Ghazni is famous for its minarets built on a stellar plan. They date from the middle of the twelfth century and are the surviving element of the mosque of Bahramshah. Their sides are decorated with geometric patterns. Upper sections of the minarets have been damaged or destroyed. The most important mausoleum located in Ghazni is that of Sultan Mahmud's. Others include the tombs of poets and scientists, for example Al-Biruni and Sanai. The only ruins in Old Ghazni retaining a semblance of architectural form are two towers, about 43 m (140 ft) high and some 365 m (1,200 ft) apart. According to inscriptions, the towers were constructed by Mahmud of Ghazni and his son.
Ibn Battuta noted "The greater part of the town is in ruins, with nothing but a fraction of it still standing, although it was formerly a great city."[13]
Babur records in his memoirs that Ghazni was part of Zabulistan.[14] The area was controlled by the Mughals until Nader Shah and his Persian forces invaded it in 1738. Ahmad Shah Durrani conquered Ghazni in 1747 and made it part of the Durrani Empire. During the First Anglo-Afghan War, the capital of Ghazni province was destroyed by the British-led Indian forces in the Battle of Ghazni.
In the 1960s a 15-meter female Buddha was discovered lying on its back and surrounded by empty pillars that once held rows of smaller male Buddhas. Parts of the female Buddha have been stolen. In the 1980s a mud brick shelter was created to protect the sculpture, but the wood supports were stolen for firewood and the shelter partially collapsed.
Recent history
Since the
Like many southern Afghan provinces, Ghazni has a precarious security situation. The Taliban insurgents are found in the rural areas outside of the capital, and are involved in attacks on provincial schools and government infrastructure. The province has avoided the outright warfare seen in other provinces of Afghanistan such as Helmand and Kandahar, but that is due more to political expediency and the tactical plans of the NATO-led ISAF force than the existence of a stable security situation in the province. Ex-Governor Taj Mohammad was killed by insurgents in 2006 after being appointed police chief of the province with a mandate to quell the power of the Taliban. On the same day there was an unsuccessful attempt on the life of the governor at the time, Sher Alam Ibrahimi.[15] There is a Polish and American Provincial Reconstruction Team base located in Ghazni.
- In late April 2007, news agencies reported that Taliban fighters had taken control of Giro District in the province. The Taliban reportedly killed the district administrator, chief of police (who had been on the job for only one month) and three police officers. The Taliban withdrew from the district center one day later.
- In July 2007, 23 South Korean volunteers were kidnappedin the province by the Taliban.
- On September 28, 2010, the Deputy Governor of Ghazni and five others were killed after a suicide bomber on a motorized rickshaw attacked their vehicle. Deputy Governor Mohammad Kazim Allahyar and several men travelling with him were killed instantly when the attacker detonated his explosives at the back of their car near the airport in Ghazni City. The bodies were so badly burnt that there was some confusion about the identity of the other victims. Provincial police chief Delawar Zahid reported Allahyar's son, nephew and driver died, along with two civilians passing by on a bicycle.[16]
- As of 26 September 2014, there is ongoing fighting in key districts between the Taliban and Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF).[17][18]
- After steady gains by the Taliban across the province in 2017 and early 2018 the Battle of Ghaznitook place in August, 2018.
Districts
District | Capital | Population (2020) | Area in km2 | Pop. density |
Ethnic composition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ab Band | Haji Khel | 31,089 | 991 | 31 | >99% Pashtun, <1% Tajik.[19] |
Ajristan | Sangar | 32,550 | 1,461 | 22 | 97% Pashtun, 3% Hazara.[20] |
Andar | Miray | 140,963 | 681 | 207 | 100% Pashtun.[21] |
Deh Yak | Ramak | 55,269 | 709 | 78 | 89% Hazara, 11% Pashtun.[22] |
Gelan | Janda | 65,366 | 1,116 | 59 | 100% Pashtun.[23] |
Ghazni | Ghazni | 186,706 | 380 | 491 | 50% Tajik, 25% Pashtun, 25% Hazara.[24][25] |
Giro | Pana | 41,319 | 878 | 47 | 100% Pashtun.[26] |
Jaghori | Sang-e-Masha | 199,553 | 1,965 | 102 | 100% Hazara.[27] |
Jaghatū | Gulbawri | 35,871 | 696 | 52 | 73% Hazara, 27% Pashtun.[28] |
Khogyani | Khogyani | 22,719 | 147 | 155 | >99% Pashtun, <1% Hazara and Tajik.[29] |
Khwaja Umari | Kwaja Umari
|
21,390 | 176 | 122 | 45% Hazara, 35% Tajik, 20% Pashtun.[30] |
Malistan | Mir Adina | 100,000 | 1,978 | 47 | 100% Hazara.[31] |
Muqur | Muqur | 56,863 | 931 | 61 | 99% Pashtun, 1% Tajik and Hazara.[32] |
Nawa | Nawa | 33,613 | 1,753 | 19 | 100% Pashtun.[33] |
Nawur | Du Abi | 106,952 | 5,097 | 21 | 100% Hazara.[34] |
Qarabagh | Qarabagh | 161,424 | 1,690 | 96 | 55% Pashtun, 45% Hazara.[35] |
Rashidan | Rashidan | 20,328 | 98 | 208 | 96% Pashtun, 4% Hazara.[36] |
Waghaz | Waghaz | 43,578 | 512 | 85 | Predominantly Pashtun.[37] |
Zana Khan | Dado | 14,215 | 284 | 50 | 100% Pashtun.[38] |
Ghazni | 1,362,504 | 22,461 | 61 | 45% Pashtuns, 45% Hazaras, 7.4% Tajiks, 0.7% Hindus,1.9% Others.[note 1] |
- ^ Note: "Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%.
Healthcare
The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 35% in 2005 to 18% in 2011.[39] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 7% in 2005 to 11% in 2011.[39]
Education
The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 35% in 2005 to 31% in 2011.[39] The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 39% in 2005 to 54% in 2011.[39]
Demographics
As of 2020, the total population of the province is about 1,386,764,[4] which is multi-ethnic and mostly a tribal society. Ethnically, Ghazni is composed mainly off of Pashtuns and Hazaras, which both make up about 45% of the population each. Hazaras live mainly in the north and west, while the Pashtuns live mainly in the south and east. Tajiks make up only about 5% of the whole province's population, but are the main ethnic group of the capital city Ghazni at about 50% there. Also, there is a small community of Hindus.[40] Agriculture and animal husbandry are the primary occupation of the citizens of Ghazni. Wheat, alfalfa, melons, and almonds are among the largest crops produced.[citation needed]
Infrastructure
The Sardeh Band Dam is located in Andar District near the border with Paktika Province. It creates a large water reservoir that is critical to the irrigation of the Kahnjoor farming zone. The dam itself and the canal system it feeds both need repairs and maintenance.
Governor
Ghazni province is to be connected to the national electrical distribution system via North-east Power System (NEPS). The construction of the transmission line would begin from east Chimtala to Ghazni using a high voltage transmission network (2 x 220kV transmission lines and
Transportation
The Kabul–Kandahar Highway runs through the province.
The Ghazni Airport began operations in April 2012 but does not have any commercial flights as of August 2018. Residents in neighboring provinces, such as Logar, Paktika, Maidan Shahr and Zabul, would also benefit from the airport.
Natural resources
Recent geologic surveys have indicated Ghazni may have one of the world's richest deposits of lithium. Gold and copper were also found in the Zarkashan Mine of Ghazni province with an estimated value of US$30 billion. Whilst lithium deposits valued at around US$60 billion, were discovered in four eastern and western provinces of Afghanistan, together with other newly (2010) discovered mineral deposits, the total value estimate of US$3 trillion is based on a survey of 30 percent of the country's land mass.[41]
Notable people
- Abu Bakr Lawik
- Abu Ali Lawik
- Ali Hujwiri
- Hassan Ghaznavi
- Mahmud of Ghazni
- Azad Khan Afghan
- Gholam Mohammad Niazi
- Nur Muhammad Taraki
- Abdul Ahad Mohmand
- Faiz Muhammad Kateb
- Aziz Royesh
- Farrukhi Sistani
- Manuchehri Damghani
- Abolfazl Beyhaqi
- Hakim Sanai
- Muhammad Shah
- Bhai Nand Lal
- Sohaila Sharifi
See also
References
- ^ Mujahid, Zabihullah [@Zabehulah_M33] (January 29, 2023). د عالیقدر امیرالمؤمنین حفظه الله د حکم په اساس لاندې ټاکنې وشوې [On the basis of the order of His Highness Amirul Momineen Hufzallah, the following appointments were made] (Tweet) (in Pashto). Retrieved 1 October 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). nsia.gov.af. National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
- ^ "ḠAZNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
- ^ a b "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2020-21" (PDF). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, National Statistics and Information Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- )
- ^ The Afghans By Willem Vogelsang Edition: illustrated Published by Blackwell Publishing, 2002 Page 185
- ^ BA Litvinsky, Zhang Guand-Da, R. Shabani Samghabadi, History of civilizations of Central Asia, pg. 385
- ^ Hui-li, 1959, p. 188
- ^ Nancy Hatch Dupree - Chapter 9 (Ghazni), An Historical Guide to Afghanistan
- ^ The Wonder that was India II by S A Rizvi; published by Picador India; page 16
- ^ E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 2 By Martijn Theodoor Houtsma; page 154
- ^ Ferishta translated by John Briggs; p. 104.
- ISBN 9780330418799.
- ^ Babur-Nama Translated from the original Turki Text of Zahirud'd-din Muhammad BABUR padshah Ghazi by Annette Susannah Beveridge Vol1 and 11 Published by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, p. 217.
- ^ "Afghanistan militants kill former governor". Ctv.ca. Archived from the original on 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
- ^ "Suicide bomb kills Afghan vice-governor". Reuters. September 28, 2010.
- ^ "Taliban Storms Key Afghan District". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
- ^ "Taliban seize strategic Afghan district in Ghazni province". BBC News. September 26, 2014. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ "UNHCR Field Office Ghazni DISTRICT PROFILE 20/12/2002 Province: Ghazni, District: Ab Band" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Field Office Ghazni DISTRICT PROFILE 15/10/2002 Province: Ghazni, District: Ajristan" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 17/02/2002 Province: Ghazni, District: Andar" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 5/4/02 Province: Ghazni, District: Dehyak" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Field Office Ghazni DISTRICT PROFILE 15/10/2002 Province: Ghazni, District: Gelan" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 4/4/02 Province: Ghazni, District: Chazni Centre" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "National Geographic Magazine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
- ^ "UNHCR Field Office Ghazni DISTRICT PROFILE 11 September 2002, Province: Ghazni District: Giro" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 30/07/02 Province: Ghazni, District: Jaghori" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 24/06/02 Province: Ghazni, District: Jaghatu" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Field Office Ghazni DISTRICT PROFILE 07/03/2003 Province: Ghazni, District: Khugiani" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 31/07/2002 Province: Ghazni, District: Khwaja Omari" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Field Office Ghazni DISTRICT PROFILE 24/02/2003 Province: Ghazni, District: Malistan" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 24/06/2002 Province: Ghazni, District: Moqur" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 31/07/2002 Province: Ghazni, District: Nawa" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 4/4/02 Province: Ghazni, District: Nawur" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 23/06/02 Province: Ghazni, District: Qarabagh" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 23/05/02 Province: Ghazni, District: Rashidan" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-10-27.
- ^ https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1098341/1222_1197552083_ghazni-provincial-profile.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region DISTRICT PROFILE 17/02/2002 Province: Ghazni, District: Zanakhan" (PDF). www.aims.org.af. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-10-07.
- ^ a b c d Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, "Pages - Ghazni". Archived from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-05-30.
- ^ "Ghazni Province" (PDF). Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. Naval Postgraduate School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
- ^ Najafizada, Eltaf (January 29, 2011). "U.S., Afghan Study Finds Mineral Deposits Worth $3 Trillion". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
External links
- On the Road - Ghazni Province Season 1 (Dari) on YouTube, Feb 8, 2012, TOLO/USAIDAfghanistan.
- Ghazni Province by the Naval Postgraduate School
- Ghazni Province by the Institute for the Study of War
- Ghazni Provincial Profile by the Afghan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development
- Regional Rural Economic Regeneration Strategies (RRERS): Provincial profile for Ghazni, Afghan Agriculture site Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine