Ghurab
Ghurab or gurab is a type of merchant and warship from the
Etymology
The name of this ship includes gorap, gorab, gurab, ghurap, gurap, and benawa gurab. The name comes from the Arab word "ghurāb" or "ghorāb", meaning raven or crow. The word also means "vessel" or "galley" in Arabic or Persian.[6]: 86, 98, 100 [7]: 279, 350, 406 The word benawa or banawa comes from the Old Javanese language, which means boat or ship.[8]: 75 [9]: 201 In the Malay language the meaning is more or less the same. In different languages, the word can refer to different types of ships and boats, depending on the context of the sentence.[10]: 195–196
Description
Ghurab is a medium to large-sized trading vessel. They can be converted into a warship by adding swivel guns (
The larger ghurab had 2 guns pointing forward (
Role
Ghurab is used as a trading ship as well as a warship. One of the earliest accounts of ghurab has a background from the mid-14th century, mentioned in the
The Hikayat Hang Tuah, which has a background of the late 15th to the early 16th century and was composed no earlier than the 17th century, mentioned that two pencalang and two ghurab were used by Majapahit to send a letter and gifts to improve the relationship with Malacca. The ghurabs were said to be "in the style of the Arabs' (ship)".[15]: 258
Until the early 16th century, the main merchant and warship of the Javanese was the jong, but since the mid-16th century the maritime forces of the archipelago began to use new types of agile naval vessels that could be equipped with larger cannons: In various attacks on Portuguese Malacca after the defeat of Pati Unus, they no longer used jong but used lancaran, ghurab, and ghali.[16]: 205–213 [5]
In 1515, Bintan attacked Kampar and Portuguese Malacca with 24 lancaran and 6 large ones called gurab.[16]: 212 Pigafetta's Italian-Malay vocabulary of 1521 (published 1524) mentioned Malay gurap as a galley (a la galia).[17]: 137 [18]: 238
The Hikayat Aceh states that the
In 1624, the war fleet of the
Ships with similar name
There are several types of ships historically also called ghurab or similar names. The description and construction of each vessel, however, aren't necessarily the same.
Mediterranean
According to Al-Maqrizi (1441 A.D.), ghurābs of the mediterranean sea were huge war galleys. According to Ibn Mammati (1209 A.D.), these ships had 140 oars. Al-Maqrizi refers to both Muslim and Christian galleys as ghurāb.[21]: 188–189, 349 Reinaud said that ghorāb was the name given by Moors to true galleys. Ubaldo (1181) tells about ghurāb as vessels sailing to and from Tripoli.[22]: 363
Genizah letters mention cargo ghurābs that sailed from the Maghrib, Sicily, and on the Nile, carrying carob and flax.[23]: 476–477
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean ghurāb, which often appears in the records of the 17th century was a native Arab-Persian and Indian cargo, pirate, and war vessel.[24]: 80–82
Abu Shama ca. 1266–1267, in Kitab al-rawdatayn fi akhbar al-dawlatayn, wrote about ghurāb:[7]: 321
"They sail by their masts (i.e. the sails); they (look like) quivers, but penetrate like arrows . . . It is no surprise that they are called ghurābs because they spread their wings like those of a dove"
Sidi Ali in 1552, describes ghurābs as “great (rowing) vessels”; he also says that smaller ghurābs are “galliots with oars”.[25]: 300
See also
- Lancaran, backbone of Malay fleet before mediterranean influence came
- Jong, large sailing ship from Nusantara
- Lancang
- Penjajap
- Ghali
- Kelulus, Javanese rowing ship
Notes
References
- ^ "I.1 The Maritime World :: Sejarah Nusantara". sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
- ^ Birch, Walter de Gray (1875). The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 Vol. III. London: The Hakluyt Society, page 68; and Albuquerque, Afonso de (1774). Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III. Lisboa: Na Regia Officina Typografica, page 80–81.
- ^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). 'The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), page 212.
- ISBN 978-602-9346-00-8.
- ^ a b c Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali: Mediterranean impact on war vessels in Early Modern Southeast Asia. In G. Wade & L. Tana (Eds.), Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past (pp. 146–182). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
- ISBN 9786024331740.
- ^ ISBN 9789004158634.
- ^ Maharsi (2009). Kamus Jawa Kawi Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Pura Pustaka.
- ^ Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus; Robson, S. O. (1982). Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.
- ^ Rafiek, M. (December 2011). "Kapal dan Perahu dalam Hikayat Raja Banjar: Kajian Semantik". Borneo Research Journal. 5: 187–200.
- ISBN 9780521355056.
- ^ Marsden, William (1812). A dictionary of the Malayan language; to which is prefixed a grammar, with an introduction and praxis. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
- ^ a b c Hill, A.H. (1960). "Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai a revised romanised version of Raffles MS 67". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 33: 1–215.
- ^ Smyth, H. Warington (May 16, 1902). "Boats and Boat Building in the Malay Peninsula". Journal of the Society of Arts. 50: 570–588 – via JSTOR.
- ISBN 9789830687100.
- ^ a b c Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). 'The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), 197–213.
- ISBN 978-88-281-0014-0.
- JSTOR 29754279– via JSTOR.
- ^ Iskandar, Teuku (1958). De Hikajat Atjeh. ‘s-Gravenhage: KITLV. p. 175.
- ^ Veth, Pieter Johannes (1896). Java. Geographisch, Ethnologisch, Historisch volume 1 Oude Geschiedenis. Haarlem: De Erven F. Bohn.
- ISBN 978-0-700-71235-9.
- ^ Yule, Sir Henry (1886). Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. Wordsworth Editions Ltd.
- ^ Goitein, Shlomo Dov (1999). A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza volume I. Berkeley: University of California.
- ^ ISBN 9788173043581.
- ^ Yule, Sir Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1886). Hobson-Jobson; being a glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases, and of kindred terms; etymological, historical, geographical, and discursive. London: J. Murray.