Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

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(Redirected from
Giambattista Pergolesi
)
This article is about the composer. For the 18th-century decorative artist, see Michael Angelo Pergolesi.

Two caricatures by
The British Museum)
"Signor Pergolese, Neapolitan music composer, who is clever indeed and died in Naples on 7 February 1736, and had suffered greatly with his left leg which made him walk with a limp)."[4]
(Vatican Apostolic Library)
The two caricature sketches by Pier Leone Ghezzi (the latter evidently derived from the former) are "the only two authentic portraits of the musician that have come down to us. The marked features of the face are very far from subsequent idealizations: pronounced deformity[2] of the left leg is also shown, a sign of probable previous poliomyelitis [...]".[3]

Giovanni Battista Draghi (Italian:

Neapolitan school
.

Despite his short life and few years of activity (he died of

sacred music of all time.[6][7][8]

Biography

Pergolesi

Born in

Pergola, Marche, the birthplace of his ancestors. He studied music in Jesi under a local musician, Francesco Santi, before going to Naples in 1725, where he studied under Gaetano Greco and Francesco Feo
among others. On leaving the conservatory in 1731, he won some renown by performing the
Carafa
, Duke of Maddaloni.

Pergolesi was one of the most important early composers of opera buffa (comic opera). His opera seria, Il prigionier superbo, contained the two-act buffa intermezzo, La serva padrona (The Servant Mistress, 28 August 1733), which became a very popular work in its own right. When it was performed in Paris in 1752, it prompted the so-called Querelle des Bouffons ("quarrel of the comic actors") between supporters of serious French opera by the likes of Jean-Baptiste Lully and Jean-Philippe Rameau and supporters of new Italian comic opera. Pergolesi was held up as a model of the Italian style during this quarrel, which divided Paris's musical community for two years.

Among Pergolesi's other operatic works are his first opera seria La Salustia (1732), Lo frate 'nnamorato (The brother in love, 1732, to a text in the Neapolitan language), L'Olimpiade (January 1735) and Il Flaminio (1735, to a text in the Neapolitan language). All his operas were premiered in Naples, apart from L'Olimpiade, which was first given in Rome.

Pergolesi also wrote sacred music, including a

BWV
1083.

Pergolesi wrote a number of secular instrumental works, including a violin sonata and a violin concerto. A considerable number of instrumental and sacred works once attributed to Pergolesi have since been shown to be misattributed. Many colourful anecdotes related by Pergolesi's 19th-century biographer Francesco Florimo were later revealed as hoaxes.

Pergolesi died on 16 or 17 March 1736 at the age of 26 in

Franciscan monastery
one day later.

Pergolesi was the subject of a 1932 Italian film biopic Pergolesi. It was directed by Guido Brignone with Elio Steiner playing the role of the composer.

Legend and posthumous fame

Purported portrait of Pergolesi donated by musicologist Francesco Florimo to the Naples Conservatory in 1874[11]

If in life, despite numerous awards, Pergolesi's fame was almost exclusively limited to the Neapolitan and Roman musical milieu, so it should come as no surprise that this figure of composer, who died very young with an artistic parable of only five years and yet able to leave a handful of unforgettable compositions, has been able to influence poets and artists who, during the 19th century, reinterpreted the figure in a romantic key.

As the historian and traveler Charles Burney wrote:

…from the moment his death became known, all Italy manifested a keen desire to hear and possess his works.

Indeed, the myth that was born throughout Europe around his life and work after his death represents an exceptional phenomenon in the history of music. Mozart will experience a similar phenomenon after his death. Thus, more than three hundred works have been attributed to him, of which only about thirty have been recognized by modern critics as true Pergolesi's compositions, a phenomenon which testifies the reputation of the composer.

However, already in the middle of the

French lyric tragedy. The French composer André Grétry said:

Pergolesi was born, and the truth was known!

Above all, the scarcity of tangible information about his life and works was fertile ground for the flourishing of imaginative anecdotes of all kinds. The doubt crept in that his tragic end was due not to natural causes but to poisoning by musicians envious of his talent.[12]

Apollonian beauty and numerous tragic loves were attributed to him.

Because of this extraordinary posthumous fame, the catalog of his works had an unpredictable destiny: during the

Neapolitan school
. By the end of the 19th century, this led to over five hundred compositions in the informal catalog of his works. Contemporary studies have reduced Pergolesi's compositions to less than fifty, and of these only twenty-eight are the works whose paternity is considered sure.

Vincenzo Legrenzio Ciampi) or the Magnificat in D major, composed by his teacher Francesco Durante
.

The situation of extreme uncertainty that distinguishes the catalog of Pergolesi's works can be easily described with the case of Pulcinella by Igor Stravinsky: composed in 1920 as a tribute to the style of the composer from Jesi, the most recent music critics have established that of the 21 pieces used for this composition, as many as 11 are to be attributed to other authors (mainly Domenico Gallo), two are of dubious attribution and only eight (mostly taken from his operas) can be attributed to Pergolesi.

Pergolesi's works on screen

Pergolesi's Salve Regina is a highlighted performance in the movie Farinelli (1994), in which Farinelli also performs Stabat Mater Dolorosa in the only duet. The first and last parts of Pergolesi's Stabat Mater were used in the soundtrack of the movie

The Mirror (1975) by Andrei Tarkovsky
. The film Cactus (1986) by the Australian director Paul Cox also features Pergolesi's Stabat Mater on the soundtrack.[13] Nothing Left Unsaid, a 2016 documentary on Gloria Vanderbilt and Anderson Cooper, used the last movement ("Quando Corpus / Amen") of Pergolesi's Stabat Mater.

Works

The standard catalogue of Pergolesi's works was produced by Marvin Paymer in 1977, ascribing a unique P number to each item so that – for example – the well-known Stabat Mater is P.77.[14]

Sacred music

Operas

Orchestral music

  • Sinfonia in B-flat major
  • Sinfonia in D major
  • Sinfonia in F major
  • Sinfonia in G major, P.35
  • Sinfonia in G minor, P.24c
  • Flute Concerto in G major, P.33 (very doubtful)
  • Concerto for Flute and 2 Violins in D major
  • Concerto for Flute and 2 Violins in G major
  • Concerto for 2 Harpsichords and Orchestra
  • Violin Concerto in B flat major

Spurious

  • 6 Concerti armonici for 4 violins, viola and continuo, long attributed to Pergolesi but in fact by Wassenaer

Keyboard works

  • Harpsichord Sonata in A major, P.1
  • Harpsichord Sonata in D major
  • Organ Sonata in F major
  • Organ Sonata in G major

Chamber works

  • Trio Sonata in G major, P.12
  • Trio Sonata in G minor
  • Unspecified Andantino, for violin and piano
  • Violin Sonata in G major
  • Sonata No.1 in G major, for 2 violins
  • Sinfonia in F major, for cello and continuo

Notes

  1. Dizionario biografico degli italiani (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
    . Volume 82. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  2. ^ In Italian "anchilosi" (ankylosis), not used in a technical sense.
  3. ISBN 88-424-9408-9
    .
  4. ISBN 9788860811066
    .
  5. ISBN 978-0-231-11958-0
    .
  6. doi:10.1093/musqtl/gdh021. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  7. ISBN 9780198029212
    .
  8. ISBN 9780918728791
    .
  9. ^ "Catholic Retreats". catholicretreats.net. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  10. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
    . Oxford University Press.
  11. ISBN 978-88-89879-62-70), which would effectively date it back to Pergolesi's time. Thus far, however, this attribution has not been shared by the site of the Naples Conservatory Museum
    , where the painting is kept, and, as a portrait of Pergolesi, it appears scarcely compatible with the two caricatures by Ghezzi, which are certainly authentic.
  12. ^ Biografie e ritratti di uomini illustri piceni pubblicate per cura del conte Antonio Hercolani. 1839, p. 169
  13. ^ "Cactus (1986) – Full Credits". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  14. ^ Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, 1710-1736: a thematic catalogue of the Opera Omnia, with an appendix listing omitted compositions. Marvin E. Paymer (New York: Pendragon Press, 1977).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giovanni Battista Pergolesi.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista".
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