Janiculum

Coordinates: 41°53′30″N 12°27′40″E / 41.89167°N 12.46111°E / 41.89167; 12.46111
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Janiculum
Janus
The Janiculum Hill seen from NE. At lower left, the church of San Pietro in Montorio. At lower center, the Academia de España in Rome. At middle right, the Acqua Paola. At top center, the roof of the American Academy in Rome.

The Janiculum (

Seven Hills of Rome, being west of the Tiber
and outside the boundaries of the ancient city.

Sights

The Janiculum is one of the best locations in Rome for a scenic view of central Rome with its

and the Palazzo Montorio, residence of the Ambassadors of Spain.

The

Mannerist
master, also with magnificent views.

History

Ancient history and mythology

The Janiculum was a center for the cult of the god

auspices
.

In Roman mythology, Janiculum is the name of an ancient town founded by the god Janus (the two-faced god of beginnings). In Book VIII of the Aeneid by Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), King Evander shows Aeneas (the Trojan hero of this epic poem) the ruins of Saturnia and Janiculum on the Capitoline Hill near the Arcadian city of Pallanteum (the future site of Rome) (see line 54, Bk. 8). Virgil uses these ruins to stress the significance of the Capitoline Hill as the religious center of Rome.

According to Livy, the Janiculum was incorporated into ancient Rome during the time of king Ancus Marcius to prevent an enemy from occupying it. It was fortified by a wall, and a bridge was built across the Tiber to join it to the rest of the city.[1]

During the

war between Rome and Clusium in 508 BC, it is said that the forces of Lars Porsena occupied the Janiculum and laid siege to Rome.[2]

The water mills

During the third century AD, a complex of water-mills was built here to grind grain to provide bread flour for the city. As revealed by excavations in the 1990s under the present American Academy in Rome,[3] they sat astride the aqueduct Aqua Traiana and were in brick-faced concrete with a cocciopesto floor. In the limited excavated area, two mill races branched obliquely off the Aqua Traiana, turned to run parallel to the aqueduct for some distance, and then turned back to feed into the aqueduct again. It appeared that the northern mill race had 3 or 4 millwheels of 2.30 m diameter and width about 1.65 m to provide a sufficiently large working area, but only 2.6 m between their axle centres, which must have reduced efficiency due to turbulence between them. The southern race had one a larger wheel.

The site resembles

Barbegal, although the excavations show that they were undershot rather than overshot in design (i. e. with the stream entering at the bottom of the wheel, not the top). The mills were still in use in 537, when the Goths besieging the city cut off their water supply, the Aqua Traiana.[4] But they were later restored and may have remained in operation until at least the time of Pope Gregory IV (827–844).[5]

The

water mills
.

The mills were already known from observations by R. Lanciani in the 1880s.

19th century to present

The Janiculum is the site of a battle in 1849 between the forces of

temporal power of the Pope over Rome. Several monuments to Garibaldi and to the fallen in the wars of Italian
independence are on the Janiculum.

Daily at noon, a cannon fires once from the Janiculum in the direction of the Tiber as a time signal. This tradition goes back to December 1847, when the cannon of the Castel Sant'Angelo gave the sign to the surrounding belltowers to start ringing at midday. In 1904, the ritual was transferred to the Janiculum and continued until 1939. On 21 April 1959, popular appeal convinced the Commune of Rome to resume the tradition after a twenty-year interruption.

The hill is featured in the third section of

tone poem Pines of Rome
.

Monuments

The crest of the Janiculum is dominated by the 1895 equestrian

Roman Republic in late April 1849.[6]

The hill also features a number of statues and monuments of prominent Italians. A 2011 guide published by the local Associazione Amilcare Cipriani group, after an extensive restoration of these monuments, lists a total of 84 busts on the hill.[7]

See also

References

  1. Ab urbe condita
    , 1:33
  2. Ab urbe condita
    , 2.9–15
  3. ^ Janiculum Mills Excavations, Roman water-mills on the Janiculum Hill, Rome https://users.ox.ac.uk/~corp0057/JaniculumMills.html
  4. ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico I.XIX
  5. ^ Örjan Wikander, 'Water-mills in Ancient Rome' Opuscula Romana XII (1979), 13–36.
  6. ^ The Architecture of Modern Italy: Vol. 1: The Challenge of Tradition, 1750-1900, by Terry Kirk, 2005, page 239
  7. ^ http://www.appasseggio.it/getFile.php?id=306 (Italian-language; pdf file)

External links

41°53′30″N 12°27′40″E / 41.89167°N 12.46111°E / 41.89167; 12.46111