Gigabit Ethernet
In
History
- The initial standard for Gigabit Ethernet was produced by the IEEE in June 1998 as IEEE 802.3z, and required optical fiber. 802.3z is commonly referred to as 1000BASE-X, where -X refers to either -CX, -SX, -LX, or (non-standard) -ZX. (For the history behind the "X" see Fast Ethernet § Nomenclature.)
- IEEE 802.3ab, ratified in 1999, defines Gigabit Ethernet transmission over unshielded twisted pair (UTP) category 5, 5e or 6 cabling, and became known as 1000BASE-T. With the ratification of 802.3ab, Gigabit Ethernet became a desktop technology as organizations could use their existing copper cabling infrastructure.
- IEEE 802.3ah, ratified in 2004, added two more GbE fiber standards: 1000BASE-LX10 (which was already widely implemented as vendor-specific extension) and 1000BASE-BX10. This was part of a larger group of protocols known as Ethernet in the First Mile.
Initially, Gigabit Ethernet was deployed in high-capacity
Varieties
There are five
The IEEE 802.3z standard includes 1000BASE-SX for transmission over
Optical fiber transceivers are most often implemented as user-swappable modules in
IEEE 802.3ab, which defines the widely used 1000BASE-T interface type, uses a different encoding scheme in order to keep the symbol rate as low as possible, allowing transmission over twisted pair.
IEEE 802.3ap defines Ethernet Operation over Electrical Backplanes at different speeds.
Copper
Name | Standard | Status | Speed (Mbit/s) | Pairs required | Lanes per direction | Bits per hertz | Line code | Symbol rate per lane (MBd) | Bandwidth (MHz) | Max distance (m) | Cable | Cable rating (MHz) | Usage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1000BASE‑T
|
802.3ab-1999 (CL40) | current | 1000 | 4 | 4 | 4 | TCM 4D-PAM-5 | 125 | 62.5 | 100 | Cat 5 | 100 | LAN |
1000BASE-T1
|
802.3bp-2016 | current | 1000 | 1 | 1 | 2.66 | PAM-3 80B/81B RS-FEC | 750 | 375 | 40 | Cat 6A
|
500 | Automotive, IoT, M2M |
1000BASE‑TX | TIA/EIA-854 (2001) | obsolete | 1000 | 4 | 2 | 4 | PAM-5 | 250 | 125 | 100 | Cat 6 | 250 | Market failure |
1000BASE-T
1000BASE-T (also known as IEEE 802.3ab) is a standard for Gigabit Ethernet over twisted-pair wiring.
Each 1000BASE-T network segment is recommended to be a maximum length of 100 meters (330 feet),
Autonegotiation is a requirement for using 1000BASE-T[6] according to Section 28D.5 Extensions required for Clause40 (1000BASE-T).[7] At least the clock source has to be negotiated, as one endpoint must be master and the other endpoint must be slave.
In a departure from both
Since negotiation takes place on only two pairs, if two GbE interfaces are connected through a cable with only two pairs, the interfaces will successfully choose 'gigabit' as the highest common denominator (HCD),[clarification needed] but the link will never come up. Most GbE physical devices have a specific register to diagnose this behavior. Some drivers offer an "Ethernet@Wirespeed" option where this situation leads to a slower yet functional connection.[9]
The data is transmitted over four copper pairs, eight
Symbol | 000 | 001 | 010 | 011 | 100 | 101 | 110 | 111 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Line signal level | 0 | +1 | +2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | −2 | −1 |
In order to extend and maximize the use of existing Cat-5e and Cat-6 cabling, the newer standards
1000BASE-T1
IEEE 802.3 standardized 1000BASE-T1 in IEEE Std 802.3bp-2016.
1000BASE-TX
The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) created and promoted a standard similar to 1000BASE-T that was simpler to implement, calling it 1000BASE-TX (TIA/EIA-854).[12] The simplified design would have, in theory, reduced the cost of the required electronics by only using four unidirectional pairs (two pairs TX and two pairs RX) instead of four bidirectional pairs. However, this solution has been a commercial failure,[citation needed] likely due to the required Category 6 cabling and the rapidly falling cost of 1000BASE-T products.
1000BASE-CX
802.3z-1998 CL39 standardized 1000BASE-CX is an initial standard for Gigabit Ethernet connections with maximum distances of 25 meters using balanced shielded twisted pair and either
1000BASE-KX
802.3ap-2007 CL70 standardized 1000BASE-KX is part of the IEEE 802.3ap standard for Ethernet Operation over Electrical Backplanes. This standard defines one to four lanes of backplane links, one RX and one TX differential pair per lane, at link bandwidth ranging from 100Mbit to 10Gbit per second (from 100BASE-KX to 10GBASE-KX4). The 1000BASE-KX variant uses 1.25
Fiber optics
1000BASE-X is used in industry to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission over fiber, where options include 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX, 1000BASE-LX10, 1000BASE-BX10 or the non-standard -EX and -ZX implementations. Included are copper variants using the same
Fibre type | Introduced | Performance |
---|---|---|
MMF FDDI 62.5/125 µm |
1987 | 160 MHz·km @ 850 nm |
MMF OM1 62.5/125 µm |
1989 | 200 MHz·km @ 850 nm |
MMF OM2 50/125 µm |
1998 | 500 MHz·km @ 850 nm |
MMF OM3 50/125 µm |
2003 | 1500 MHz·km @ 850 nm |
MMF OM4 50/125 µm |
2008 | 3500 MHz·km @ 850 nm |
MMF OM5 50/125 µm |
2016 | 3500 MHz·km @ 850 nm + 1850 MHz·km @ 950 nm |
SMF OS1 9/125 µm |
1998 | 1.0 dB/km @ 1300/1550 nm |
SMF OS2 9/125 µm |
2000 | 0.4 dB/km @ 1300/1550 nm |
Name | Standard | Status | Media | Connector | Transceiver Module |
Reach in m |
# Media (⇆) |
# Lambdas (→) |
# Lanes (→) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) - (Data rate: 1000 Mbit/s - Line code: 8B/10B × NRZ - Line rate: 1.25 GBd - Full-Duplex (or Half-Duplex)) | ||||||||||
1000BASE‑CX | 802.3z-1998 (CL39) |
legacy | TWP shielded balanced (150 Ω) |
8P8C DE-9 FC/HSSDC CX4 (SFF-8470) (IEC 61076-3-103) |
— | 25 | 4 | N/A | 4 | Data centres; predates 1000BASE-T; rarely used. |
1000BASE‑KX | 802.3ap-2007 (CL70) |
current | Cu-Backplane | — | — | 1 | 1 | N/A | 4 | PCBs |
1000BASE‑SX | 802.3z-1998 (CL38) |
current | Fibre 770 – 860 nm |
ST SC LC MT-RJ [15] |
SFP direct-plug |
OM1: 275 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
OM2: 550 | ||||||||||
OM3: 1k [16] | ||||||||||
1000BASE‑LSX | proprietary (non IEEE) |
current | Fibre 1310 nm |
LC | SFP | OM1: 2k [17] | 2 | 1 | 1 | vendor-specific; FP laser transmitter |
OM2: 1k [18] | ||||||||||
OM4: 2k [19] | ||||||||||
1000BASE‑LX | 802.3z-1998 (CL38) |
current | Fibre 1270 – 1355 nm |
SC LC |
SFP GBIC direct-plug |
OM1: 550 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
OM2: 550 | ||||||||||
OM3: 550 | ||||||||||
OSx: 5k | ||||||||||
1000BASE‑LX10 | 802.3ah-2004 (CL59) |
current | Fibre 1260 – 1360 nm |
LC | SFP | OM1: 550 | 2 | 1 | 1 | identical with -LX but with increased power/sensitivity; commonly simply referred to as -LX or -LH prior to 802.3ah |
OM2: 550 | ||||||||||
OM3: 550 | ||||||||||
OSx: 10k | ||||||||||
1000BASE-BX10 | current | Fibre TX: 1260 – 1360 nm RX: 1480 – 1500 nm |
OSx: 10k | 1 | often simply referred to as -BX | |||||
1000BASE‑EX | proprietary (non IEEE) |
current | Fibre 1310 nm |
SC LC |
SFP GBIC |
OSx: 40k | 2 | 1 | 1 | vendor-specific |
1000BASE‑ZX / ‑EZX | proprietary (non IEEE) |
current | Fibre 1550 nm |
SC LC |
SFP GBIC |
OSx: 70k | 2 | 1 | 1 | vendor-specific |
1000BASE‑RHx | 802.3bv-2017 (CL115) |
current | Fibre 650 nm |
FOT (PMD/MDI) |
— | POF: ≤ 50 | 1 | 1 | 1 | × PAM16 Line rate: 325 MBd Variants: -RHA (50 m), -RHB (40 m), -RHC (15 m). |
1000BASE-PX | 802.3ah-2004 802.3bk-2013 (CL60) |
current | Fibre TX: 1270 nm RX: 1577 nm |
SC | SFP XFP |
OSx: 10k – 40k |
1 | 1 | 1 | FTTH ;using point-to-multipoint topology. |
1000BASE‑CWDM [22][23] |
ITU-T G.694.2 | current | Fibre 1270 – 1610 nm |
LC | SFP | OSx: 40k – 100k |
2 | 1 | 1 | CWDM makes it possible to have multiple parallel channels over 2 fibers; spectral bandwidth 11 nm; capable of 18 parallel channels |
1000BASE‑DWDM [24][23] |
ITU-T G.694.1 | current | Fibre 1528 – 1565 nm |
LC | SFP | OSx: 40k – 120k |
2 | 1 | 1 | DWDM makes it possible to have multiple parallel channels over 2 fibers; spectral bandwidth 0.2 nm; capable of 45 to 160 parallel channels |
1000BASE-SX
1000BASE-SX is an
.The standard specifies a maximum length of 220 meters for 62.5 μm/160 MHz×km multi-mode fiber, 275 m for 62.5 μm/200 MHz×km, 500 m for 50 μm/400 MHz×km, and 550 m for 50 μm/500 MHz×km multi-mode fiber.[25][26] Fiber optic cable manufacturers have extended the reach of 1000BASE-SX to at least 1km when used with more modern fiber optic grades such as OM3 and OM4.[16]
This standard is highly popular for intra-building links in large office buildings, co-location facilities and carrier-neutral Internet exchanges.
Optical power specifications of SX interface: Minimum output power = −9.5 dBm. Minimum receive sensitivity = −17 dBm.
1000BASE-LSX
1000BASE-LSX is a non-standard but industry accepted[27] term to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 1000BASE-SX but achieves longer distances up to 2 km over a pair of multi-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than a SX, running on 1310 nm wavelength lasers. It is easily confused with 1000BASE-SX or 1000BASE-LX because the use of -LX, -LX10 and -SX is ambiguous between vendors. The range is achieved with use of
1000BASE-LX
1000BASE-LX is an optical fiber Gigabit Ethernet standard specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 38 which uses a long wavelength laser (1,270–1,355 nm), and a maximum RMS spectral width of 4 nm.
1000BASE-LX is specified to work over a distance of up to 5 km over 10 μm single-mode fiber.
1000BASE-LX can also run over all common types of multi-mode fiber with a maximum segment length of 550 m. For link distances greater than 300 m, the use of a special launch conditioning patch cord may be required.[28] This launches the laser at a precise offset from the center of the fiber which causes it to spread across the diameter of the fiber core, reducing the effect known as differential mode delay which occurs when the laser couples onto only a small number of available modes in multi-mode fiber.
1000BASE-LX10
1000BASE-LX10 was standardized six years after the initial gigabit fiber versions as part of the
1000BASE-EX
1000BASE-EX is a non-standard but industry accepted term[30] to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 1000BASE-LX10 but achieves longer distances up to 40 km over a pair of single-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than a LX10, running on 1310 nm wavelength lasers. It is sometimes referred to as LH (Long Haul), and is easily confused with 1000BASE-LX10 or 1000BASE-ZX because the use of -LX(10), -LH, -EX, and -ZX is ambiguous between vendors. 1000BASE-ZX is a very similar non-standard longer-reach variant that uses 1550 nm wavelength optics.
1000BASE-BX10
1000BASE-BX10 is capable of up to 10 km over a single strand of
Other, non-standard higher-powered single-strand optics commonly known as "BiDi" (bi-directional) utilize wavelength pairs in the 1490/1550 nm range, and are capable of reaching distances of 20, 40 and 80 km, or greater depending on module cost, fiber path loss, splices, connectors and patch panels. Very long reach BiDi optics may use 1510/1590 nm wavelength pairs.
1000BASE-ZX
1000BASE-ZX is a non-standard but multi-vendor[31] term to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission using 1,550 nm wavelength to achieve distances of at least 70 km (43 mi) over single-mode fiber. Some vendors specify distances up to 120 km (75 mi) over single-mode fiber, sometimes called 1000BASE-EZX. Ranges beyond 80 km are highly dependent upon the path loss of the fiber in use, specifically the attenuation figure in dB per km, the number and quality of connectors/patch panels and splices located between transceivers.[32]
1000BASE‑CWDM
1000BASE-CWDM is a non-standard but industry accepted term[22][23] to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 1000BASE-LX10 but achieves longer distances up 40–120 km, and up to 18 parallel channels over a pair of single-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than LX10 and use of CWDM, running on 1270-1610 nm wavelength lasers.
Use of CWDM requires a Mux/Demux unit at both ends of the fiber link, a CWDM MUX/DEMUX with corresponding wavelengths, and SFP with corresponding wavelengths.[23] is it also possible to DWDM in serie to increase number of channels.
Most uses Wavelengths: 1270 nm, 1290 nm, 1310 nm, 1330 nm, 1350 nm, 1370 nm, 1390 nm, 1410 nm, 1430 nm, 1450 nm, 1470 nm, 1490 nm, 1510 nm, 1530 nm, 1550 nm, 1570 nm, 1590 nm and 1610 nm
CWDM is cheaper to use than DWDM, about 1/5-1/3 of the cost.[33][34] CWDM is about 5-10 times more expensive the if you have the fiber available, then traditional -LX/-LZ transceivers.
1000BASE‑DWDM
1000BASE-DWDM is a non-standard but industry accepted term[24][23] to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 1000BASE-LX10 but achieves longer distances up 40–120 km, and up to 64 to 160 parallel channels over a pair of single-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than LX10 and use of DWDM, running on 1528-1565 nm wavelength lasers.
The most used channels are CH17-61 on Wavelength 1528.77-1563-86 nm.
To use DWDM it is necessary to use a Mux/Demux unit on both ends of the fiber link, a DWDM MUX/DEMUX with corresponding wavelengths, and SFP with corresponding wavelengths.[23] is it also possible to use CWDM in series to increase the number of channels.[citation needed]
1000BASE-RHx
IEEE 802.3bv-2017 defines standardizes Gigabit Ethernet over step-index plastic optical fiber (POF) using -R 64b/65b large block encoding with red light (600–700 nm). 1000BASE-RHA is intended for home and consumer use (just clamping the bare POF), 1000BASE-RHB for industrial, and 1000BASE-RHC for automotive applications.
Optical interoperability
There may be optical interoperability with respective 1000BASE-X Ethernet interfaces on the same link.[35] It is also possible with certain types of optics to have a mismatch in wavelength.[36]
To achieve interoperability some criteria have to be met:[37]
- Line encoding
- Wavelength[b]
- Duplex mode
- Media count
- Media type and dimension
1000BASE-X Ethernet is not backward compatible with
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "IEEE P802.3ae 10Gb/s Ethernet Task Force". Retrieved March 19, 2013.
- ^ "Power Macintosh G4 (Gigabit Ethernet)". apple-history.com. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
- ^ A single repeater per collision domain is defined in IEEE 802.3 2008 Section 3: 41. Repeater for 1000 Mb/s baseband networks
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4493-6184-6.
- ^ Barrera, Dan. Interview: Dan Barrera With Ideal Networks About TIA 42 Cabling Standards & Testing Processes. Youtube. Event occurs at 11:49. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Auto-Negotiation; 802.3-2002" (PDF). IEEE Standards Interpretations. IEEE. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
- ^ IEEE. "Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) access method and Physical Layer specifications". SECTION TWO: This section includes Clause21 through Clause 33 and Annex 22A through Annex 33E. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
- ^ IEEE. "1.4 Definitions 1.4.187 hybrid" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
- ^ "Broadcom Ethernet NIC FAQs". Retrieved April 25, 2016.
- IEEE 802.3-2008
- ^ "IEEE P802.3bp 1000BASE-T1 PHY Task Force". IEEE 802.3. July 29, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
- ^ "TIA Publishes New Standard TIA/EIA-854". TAI. July 25, 2001. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011.
- ^ "1000BaseCX". The Network Encyclopedia. Ciberforma Lda.
- ^ IEEE 802.3 Clause 36.1.1
- ^ "Gigabit Ethernet Multimode SFP MT-RJ Transceiver" (PDF). tyco Electronics. November 1, 2003. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
- ^ a b "Multimode Optical Fiber Selection & Specification" (PDF). Corning Cable Systems LLC. 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
- ^ "Datasheet for SFP-1G Series" (PDF). MOXA. October 12, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "Datasheet for SFP-1G Series" (PDF). MOXA. October 12, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "SFP1G-SX-31". FS.com. January 1, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "1000BASE-RH PHY system simulations" (PDF). IEEE 802.3bv Task Force. September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
- ^ "Optical Ethernet in Automotive" (PDF). Knowledge Development for POF S.L. (KDPOF). July 3, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
- ^ a b "CWDM SFP Datasheet". Cisco. December 29, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "DWDM Technology And DWDM Network Overview". FS.com. FS.com. November 28, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ a b "DWDM-SFP Data Sheet". Cisco. Cisco. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "Ethernet Media Standards and Distances". kb.wisc.edu. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
- ^ IEEE 802.3 Table 38–2—Operating range for 1000BASE-SX over each optical fiber type
- ^ "Datasheet for SFP-1G Series" (PDF). MOXA. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "Mode-Conditioning Patch Cord Installation Note". Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ "Cisco SFP Optics For Gigabit Ethernet Applications". Cisco Systems. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
- ^ "fs SFP1G-EX-55". FS Germany. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ "FS SFP1G-ZX-55". FS Germany. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ "1.25Gbps SFP Transceiver 120km" (PDF). Menaranet.
- ^ "CWDM vs. DWDM: What Are the Differences?". Medium.com. November 30, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "CWDM - Cost-Effective Alternative to Expand Network Capacity". fs.com. June 17, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "Cisco 100BASE-X SFP for Fast Ethernet SFP Ports" (PDF). cisco. cisco. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Optical Networking – But Were Afraid to Ask" (PDF). archive.nanog.org. Richard A Steenbergen. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ "Fiber incompatabilities? - Ars Technica OpenForum". arstechnica.com. June 6, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2020.[self-published source?]
- ^ "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Optical Networking – But Were Afraid to Ask" (PDF). archive.nanog.org. Richard A Steenbergen. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
Further reading
- ISBN 1-58053-505-4
External links
- Get IEEE 802.3 Archived July 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- IEEE 802.3
- IEEE and Gigabit Ethernet Alliance Announce Formal Ratification of gigabit Ethernet Over Copper Standard Archived July 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine - Announcement from IEEE June 28, 1999
- IEEE P802.3ab 1000BASE-T Task Force (historical information)
- IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD (ETHERNET)
- 1000BASE-T Whitepaper from 10GEA Archived July 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- Gigabit Ethernet Auto-Negotiation