Gilaks
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (August 2015) |
Total population | |
---|---|
4.6 million (2021) | |
Languages | |
Gilaki, Persian | |
Religion | |
Islam | |
Related ethnic groups | |
other Iranian peoples |
Gilaks (
They speak the
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2016) |
The region south of the Caspian Sea, what is now called Gilan, was also referred to as Daylam.[6] and the inhabitants of the region were called the Daylamites.
Scholars suggest a link between the Gilaks and the
Culture
Economy
Gilaki people live both alongside the Alborz mountains, and in the surrounding plains. Consequentially, those living along the northern side of the Alborz mountains tend to raise livestock, while those living in the plains farm. Gilaks play an important role in provincial and national economy, supplying a large portion of the region's agricultural staples, such as rice, grains,[8] tobacco,[9] and tea.[10] Other major industries include fishing and caviar exports, and the production of silk.[5][11] In addition to agricultural activities, Gilaks also control other principal sectors of commerce of the province of Gilan such as tourism, and share administrative and government positions with civil servants from other regions of Iran.
People
The population of Gilaks is estimated to be between 3[12] and 4 million[13] (2006 estimation).
They mainly live along the southwest coasts of the
Distribution
Gilaks make up approximately 70% of the population in Gilan province.[14]
Gilaki, which has two main dialect types, eastern and western, with the Safidrūd River as the general border, is a member of the Caspian subgroup. [15] There are many subdialects of Gilaki, and, progressing to the east, it gradually blends into Mazandarani. The intermediate dialects of the area between Tonokābon and Kalārdašt serve as a transition between Gilaki and Mazandarani. The differences in forms and vocabulary lead to a low mutual intelligibility with either Gilaki or Mazandarani, and so these dialects should probably be considered a third separate language group of the Caspian area.[16]
In
In Qazvin province, the Gilaks reside in the northern parts of the province, in Alamut.[20][21]
Apart from four Turkish-speaking villages higher up, the inhabitants of Alamut speak Gilaki and those of Rudbar Tati.[22]
Language
The
The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages)
Genetics
The Gilaks and their closely related Mazandarani occupy the South
Based on mtDNA HV1 sequences, the Gilaks and Mazandarani most closely resemble their geographic and linguistic neighbors, namely other Iranian groups. However, their Y chromosome types most closely resemble those found in groups from the South Caucasus.[4] A scenario that explains these differences is a south Caucasian origin for the ancestors of the Gilaki and Mazandarani, followed by introgression of women (but not men) from local Iranian groups, possibly because of patrilocality.[4] Given that both mtDNA and language are maternally transmitted, the incorporation of local Iranian women would have resulted in the concomitant replacement of the ancestral Caucasian language and mtDNA types of the Gilaki and Mazandarani with their current Iranian language and mtDNA types. Concomitant replacement of language and mtDNA may be a more general phenomenon than previously recognized.
The Mazandarani and Gilaki groups fall inside a major cluster consisting of populations from the
Haplogroups
The Gilaks display a high frequency of
Assimilated groups into the Gilak people
During the
See also
- Caspian people
- Gilan Province
- Iranian peoples
- Mazandarani people
- Northwestern Iran
- Peoples of the Caucasus
- Persian dance
References
- ^ "Gilaki". Ethnologue. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
- ^ "Iran: Land of various ethnicities (12)". Pars Today. 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ "Iran – Ethnically diverse with Persians, Azeri, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Kurdish cultures". www.aitotours.com. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ S2CID 7883334.
- ^ a b Bazin, Marcel (2001). "GĪLĀN". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X. pp. 617–25. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ISBN 978-1-138-21592-4.
- ^ "DIMLĪ". Encyclopedias Iranica. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ M. ʿAṭāʾī, “Gozāreš-e eqteṣādī dar bāra-ye berenj-e Gīlān wa sāyer-e ḡallāt-e ān/Economic Report on Rice and Other Cereals in Gilan,” Taḥqīqāt-e eqteṣādī 2/5-6, 1342 Š., pp. 64-148 (Pers. ed.), 1963, pp. 32-53 (Eng. ed.).
- ^ Idem, “La culture du tabac dans le Gilân,” Stud. Ir. 9/1, 1980, pp. 121-30.
- ^ Ehlers, “Die Teelandschaft von Lahidjan/Nordiran,” in Beiträge zur Geographie der Tropen and Subtropen. Festschrift für Herbert Wilhelmy, Tübingen, 1970, pp. 229-42.
- ^ Carré; Rostami; Bazin, 1980, II, pp. 129-37;
- ^ a b Colbert C. Held; John Cummings; Mildred McDonald Held (2005). Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics. p. 119.
- ^ "Iran Provinces". statoids.com.
- ^ The Geography of Guilan Province, Educational Ministry of Iran, 2006
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
- ^ خائفی، عباس (۱۳۹۵). "بررسي ماضي نقلي در گويش هاي حاشيه درياي خزر". گردهمايي انجمن ترويج زبان و ادب فارسي ايران. ۱۱: ۲۰.
- ^ ویکی, پارسی. "معنی گیلکی". پارسی ویکی (in Persian). Retrieved 2021-03-28.
- ^ "ČĀLŪS". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ^ "روزنامه ولایت قزوین - استان قزوین؛ گنجینه زبانهای ایرانی".
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
- ^ Bazin, Marcel. "GĪLĀN". Encyclopædia Iranica, X/VI, pp. 617-25. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d Borjan, "Dictionary of Languages"
- ^ "Education in Iran". WENR. 7 February 2017.
- PMID 22815981.
- PMID 22815981.
- ^ "Georgian communities in Persia". Retrieved 17 April 2014.
- ^ ^ Muliani, S. (2001) Jaygah-e Gorjiha dar Tarikh va Farhang va Tammadon-e Iran. Esfahan: Yekta [The Georgians’ position in the Iranian history and civilization]
External links
Media related to Gilaks at Wikimedia Commons