Gilbert Foliot
Gilbert Foliot | |
---|---|
Richard de Beaumis | |
Successor | Richard FitzNeal |
Other post(s) | Bishop of Hereford Abbot of Gloucester |
Orders | |
Consecration | 5 September 1148 by Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury |
Personal details | |
Born | c. 1110 |
Died | 18 February 1187 |
Gilbert Foliot (
Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to a papal council at Reims in 1148. During his time there he was appointed to the Diocese of Hereford by Pope Eugene III. Despite a promise made in Reims not to recognise Stephen, Foliot on his return to England nevertheless swore fealty to the king, causing a temporary rift in his relationship with Henry of Anjou, Matilda's son, who eventually became King Henry II of England in 1154. When Theobald died in 1160, it was widely assumed that he would be replaced by Foliot, but King Henry nominated his Chancellor, Thomas Becket, instead. Foliot later claimed to have opposed this appointment, and supported Henry during the king's dispute with the new archbishop. Foliot was translated, or moved, to the Diocese of London in 1163, perhaps as consolation for not receiving Canterbury.
During the
Early life
Foliot was probably the son of Robert Foliot—steward to
Born about 1110,
Foliot attended the Second Lateran Council, called by Pope Innocent II. It opened on 4 April 1139, and among other matters heard an appeal from the Empress Matilda concerning her claim to the throne of England.[16][b] Matilda was the daughter and only surviving legitimate child of King Henry I, but following her father's death in late 1135 her cousin Stephen, the son of Henry's sister, had seized the crown. By 1139 Matilda had gathered supporters and was contesting Stephen's right to the throne.[19]
In about 1143 Foliot wrote an account of the proceedings of the council in a letter to one of Matilda's supporters. No action was taken on her claim, and no conclusion was reached as to its validity. The papacy continued to accept Stephen as king, and the pope ordered the English Church to make no changes to the status quo.[16] According to Foliot's letter the council's deliberations centred on the legitimacy of the marriage between Matilda's parents. Matilda's mother, Edith-Matilda, had been educated at a convent, and there was some uncertainty over whether she had taken vows before her marriage to Henry I. At the time of the council, the question caused some concern, although in time most were persuaded that the marriage was valid because Anselm of Canterbury had performed the ceremony. Foliot seems to have had some doubts in 1139, but before writing his letter of 1143 he had come to believe that Matilda was indeed the legitimate heiress, and he supported the Angevin cause, as Matilda's claim was known.[20]
Abbot
In 1139 Foliot was elected Abbot of Gloucester,[1] blessed by the diocesan bishop on 11 June 1139.[12] The appointment had been pushed through by Foliot's relative, Miles of Gloucester, who was by then the Earl of Hereford.[21] Foliot was well connected at court in other respects, for his probable father had been steward to David I, before David became King of Scotland. David was the uncle of both the Empress and Stephen's wife.[9] Following his elevation to abbot Foliot recognised Stephen as king,[20] although he seems until then to have supported Matilda.[4]
King Stephen was captured by Matilda's forces on 2 February 1141,[22] and Matilda called a council at Westminster to gather support for her assuming the throne. Foliot attended the council and was one of her main supporters in the following months as the Angevin cause tried to place her on the throne.[23]
It was during his time as abbot that Foliot wrote his reply to
During his time as abbot Foliot became friendly with Aelred of Rievaulx, a writer and later saint,[29] who dedicated a book of sermons to him.[11] Another friend and ally from his abbacy was Theobald of Bec, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who during Stephen's reign was attempting to unite the English Church under his leadership. Foliot helped Theobald by forming a communication link to Matilda's side.[4]
Foliot took an interest in the Dorset monastery of Cerne Abbey, which in 1145 received the Prior of Gloucester Abbey, Bernard, as abbot.[30] Bernard was an active reformer, and Foliot supported Bernard's efforts,[11] but the monks objected to the new abbot, and drove him out of the monastery.[31] Both abbot and monks appealed to the papacy, which supported the abbot. Although Matilda wrote to Foliot, and interceded on behalf of the monks, Foliot pointed out that he was unable to disobey a papal command.[32]
While abbot, Foliot supervised the acquisition of a dependent priory in the city of Hereford for the monastery.[33] Most of the abbey buildings predate Foliot's time as abbot, and there is no sure evidence of any buildings he added to the monastery. During his abbacy, a dispute that had dragged on between Gloucester and the Archdiocese of York over some manors was finally settled in Gloucester's favour. This was done with a group of forged charters that Foliot may have helped to create. Forging charters was a common practice in English monasteries of the time.[4] Foliot also had disputes with the Welsh bishop Uhtred, Bishop of Llandaff, over Goldcliff Priory and a church in Llancarfan,[34] concerning tithes and new chapels that had been built without Gloucester Abbey's permission.[35]
Bishop of Hereford
In early 1148, Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec to the Council of Reims, even though the archbishop had been forbidden to attend by King Stephen;[36] Foliot was presumably with Theobald when the archbishop used a small fishing boat in his escape from England to the continent.[37] Robert de Bethune, the Bishop of Hereford,[c] died at the Council of Reims, and Foliot was nominated by Pope Eugene III to fill the Diocese of Hereford, which was held by the Angevin cause.[38][d] Theobald was behind the appointment, having urged it on the pope.[33] It appears likely that before his consecration Foliot gave assurances that he would not swear fealty to Stephen.[38] He was consecrated Bishop of Hereford on 5 September 1148[39] at Saint-Omer by Archbishop Theobald.[1] The other English bishops present at Reims—Hilary of Chichester and Josceline de Bohon[37]—refused to help with the consecration, claiming it was contrary to custom for an English bishop to be consecrated outside England.[40] Another of the bishops' concerns was that the pope had infringed Stephen's right to a say in the election.[41] After his consecration Foliot swore fealty to Henry of Anjou, the son of the Empress and the new head of the Angevin party.[42][e]
Foliot switched his allegiance on his return to England and swore fealty to Stephen, angering the Angevins.[44] Theobald managed to secure peace between the parties,[45] saying that Foliot could not refuse to swear homage "to the prince approved by the papacy".[46] Foliot also attempted to hold Hereford in plurality, or at the same time, with the abbey of Gloucester, but the monks of Gloucester objected.[38] Rather than accept a situation like that of Henry of Blois, who held the Diocese of Winchester as well as being Abbot of Glastonbury, the monks of Gloucester held an election three weeks after Foliot's selection as bishop, and chose their prior as the new abbot.[47]
Foliot supported his uncle Robert de Chesney's nomination to become Bishop of Lincoln, lobbying the pope on Robert's behalf, and maintaining a long correspondence with Robert after his elevation. The letters to this uncle are full of warm sentiments, more than would be expected of a dutiful correspondence.[48] Other episcopal correspondents and friends included Roger de Pont L'Évêque, the Archbishop of York,[49] Josceline de Bohon, the Bishop of Salisbury,[50] and William de Turbeville, the Bishop of Norwich, who became a regular correspondent after Foliot was translated to London.[51]
During the later part of Stephen's reign Foliot was active in judicial affairs, including a case in 1150 involving sanctuary and his kinsman Roger, the Earl of Hereford, which ended up in the court of Archbishop Theobald.[52] Foliot's participation in legal affairs led him in 1153 to employ a clerk specialising in Roman law.[53]
After Henry of Anjou's accession to the throne of England as Henry II in 1154, Foliot persuaded the Earl of Hereford to submit to the new king's demand that he return the custody of certain royal castles to the king.[54] In the summer of 1160, Foliot wrote to Pope Alexander III, whom the king had just recognised as pope instead of Alexander's rival, Victor IV, intimating that the canonisation of King Edward the Confessor, which had been delayed by Alexander's predecessor Innocent II, might be warranted as a reward for Henry's recognition of Alexander.[55]
The art historian Hans J. Böker claims that Foliot began the construction of the Bishop's Chapel at
When Theobald died in 1160, most observers believed that Foliot was the leading candidate to become archbishop of Canterbury. Traditionally, the see of Canterbury had been held by a monk, at least since the replacement of
Bishop of London
Foliot was Becket's rival for the Archbishopric of Canterbury.[11] He objected to the king's choice on the grounds that Becket was too worldly,[60] the only bishop or magnate known to have opposed the king's choice.[59] When the newly elected archbishop was presented to the court before his consecration, Foliot remarked that the king had performed a miracle by turning a layman and a knight into an archbishop.[61] Soon after Becket's consecration the king wrote to the pope asking for permission to make Foliot the royal confessor. This may have been a conciliatory move to appease Foliot after the loss of Canterbury, or it may have been that the king and the new archbishop were already having differences of opinion and the king wished Foliot to be a counter-weight to Becket's influence.[62][f]
After Becket's election as archbishop, Foliot was nominated to the Diocese of London,
Henry's conflict with Becket
The king and Becket began quarrelling in July 1163, at first over financial matters and then over the marriage of Henry's younger brother to an heiress, which Becket forbade. The true spark to the quarrel was the matter of clergy who committed crimes, whom the king wished to have prosecuted in secular courts; the archbishop refused, arguing that all clergy must be tried in church courts, even if the crime was non-ecclesiastical. At the
In January 1164 the king summoned a council at Clarendon. The bishops were asked to approve the Constitutions of Clarendon, which proposed restrictions on the powers of the Church and limits to papal authority in England; Becket's refusal led to the great dispute between king and archbishop,[69] into which Foliot and his fellow bishops were inevitably drawn. When Becket appeared before the court with his archiepiscopal cross borne before him, a studied insult to the king,[70] Foliot told the archbishop that "If the king were to brandish his sword, as you now brandish yours, what hope can there be of peace between you?"[71] The king refused to see Becket, and negotiations between the two camps soon revealed that Becket had ordered the bishops to refuse to pass judgement on him and threatened them with suspension from ecclesiastical office if they did. Becket also threatened to appeal the case to the papacy. Both of these actions by the archbishop breached the Constitutions of Clarendon. During the subsequent back and forth between the bishops and the king, as well as the bishops and the archbishop, Foliot was asked by one of his fellow bishops to try to persuade Becket to modify his behaviour. Foliot replied that Becket "was always a fool and always will be".[72]
After the bishops refused to pass judgment, the barons attempted to do so, but Becket refused to hear the court and left the council without the king's permission.
Becket's exile
During Becket's exile Foliot collected and sent to Rome Peter's Pence, the annual payment from England to the papacy.[77] Foliot observed during the conflict that it was not a theological or moral dispute, merely one over church government.[78] During Becket's exile, the king confiscated the archbishop's estates, and also confiscated the benefices of the clerks who had followed Becket into exile. Foliot was made custodian of those benefices in the diocese of Canterbury. Becket blamed both Foliot and Roger of York for the confiscations, but evidence appears to show that the confiscations were Henry's decision, and that Foliot, at least, was a conscientious custodian who made sure that little profit went to the king, and most of the revenues from the benefices went to religious purposes.[79]
In early summer 1165, Pope Alexander III wrote twice to Foliot, ordering him to intercede with the king and protest the royal injunction against appeals to the papacy. Foliot replied that the king respected the pope, heard his protests carefully, and that the archbishop had not been expelled, but had left of his own accord. Foliot wrote that the king had said Becket was free to return at any time, but would still have to answer to the charges he had faced at Northampton. Foliot then advised the pope not to impose any sentences of excommunication and to be patient and continue to negotiate.[80] In 1166, Foliot accused Becket of simony, or the purchase of church offices, basing this on the alleged purchase Becket had made of the chancellorship, although there is no evidence that Becket bought the office.[81] By 1166, the king had made Foliot the head of the English Church, in fact if not in law. The king and Foliot got along well, and it was probably Foliot's influence that kept the king from more violent measures against Becket.[82]
On 10 June 1166, Becket excommunicated a number of his opponents, some specifically by name, as well as any who opposed his cause.[83] Henry's response was to order the English bishops to appeal to the pope, which they did at a council that Foliot organised and led in London on 24 June. The appeal was written by Foliot, and a separate letter from the bishops, also written by Foliot, was sent to the archbishop. The bishops rested their case on the fact that those excommunicated had not been warned or allowed to defend themselves. They pointed out to the pope that the king had not escalated the conflict and had behaved reasonably to the last papal overtures in the summer of 1165.[84] Becket replied to these moves with a letter written to Foliot that was full of resentment and reproaches. Foliot's reply, in a letter that is usually titled Multiplicem nobis, set forth his view of Becket's abilities as archbishop as well as giving reasons why Becket was wrong.[g] He then suggested that the archbishop compromise and exercise some humility to reach his goals.[85] By the end of 1166, Foliot managed to resign his custody of the confiscated Canterbury benefices, something he had been attempting to do for some time, thus removing one source of conflict between him and Becket.[86]
In November 1167 Foliot was summoned to Normandy, then ruled by Henry II, to meet with papal legates and the king. Roger of York, Hilary of Chichester, and Roger of Worcester were also summoned to attend. After some discussion and argument, Henry appears to have agreed that the legates could judge both the king's case against Becket as well as the bishops' case. Henry also offered a compromise on the subject of the Constitutions of Clarendon, that the legates accepted. However, when the legates met with Becket on 18 November, it quickly became apparent that Becket would not accept negotiations with the king nor accept the legates as judges of either case against him. As the legates had no mandate to compel Becket to accept them as judges, the negotiations came to an end with the king and bishops still appealing to the papacy.[87]
On 13 April 1169, Becket excommunicated Foliot, along with Hugh, Earl of Norfolk, Josceline de Bohun, and seven royal officials. Becket did this even though none of them had been warned, and despite the fact that the pope had asked that Becket not make any such sentences until after a pending embassy to King Henry had ended. Becket also warned a number of others that unless they made amends to him, they too would be excommunicated on 29 May, Ascension Day.[88] In his excommunication, Becket called Foliot "that wolf in sheep's clothing".[89] Although Foliot tried to enlist the help of his fellow bishops in an appeal, they were less than helpful. Foliot then prepared to appeal his sentence to the pope in person, and travelled to Normandy in late June or early July, where he met the king, but proceeded no further towards Rome, as the papacy was attempting once more to secure a negotiated settlement.[90] In late August and early September serious but ultimately fruitless negotiations took place between the king and the archbishop.[91]
Foliot then proceeded to Rome, but at Milan he received word that his envoy at the papal court had secured the right for him to be absolved by Rotrou, Archbishop of Rouen. Foliot then returned to Rouen, where he was absolved on 5 April and reinstated in his see on 1 May. The only requirement of this absolution was that Foliot accept a penance to be imposed by the pope.[92] Much of Foliot's objections to Becket's excommunication stemmed from the lack of warning that Foliot and the others had received, contrary to the customary and normal procedures. Becket and his supporters pointed out that there were some situations in which it was possible to excommunicate without warning,[93] but Foliot claimed that the present situation was not one of them. According to Foliot, Becket's habit was "to condemn first, judge second".[94] Foliot's example of appealing excommunications to the papacy was an important step in the setting up of an appeal process for excommunication during the 12th century.[95]
Death of Becket and aftermath
On 14 June 1170, Henry's son, Henry the Young King, was crowned King of England by the Archbishop of York, which infringed on the right of Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown English monarchs.[96] Although there is no definitive evidence that Foliot assisted in the coronation, it appears likely that he did so.[97] The coronation drove the pope to allow Becket to lay an interdict, or decree prohibiting church rites, on England as punishment, and the threat of an interdict forced Henry to negotiate with Becket in July 1170. Becket and the king came to terms on 22 July 1170, allowing the archbishop to return to England, which he did in early December. However, shortly before he landed in England, he excommunicated Roger of York, Josceline of Salisbury, and Foliot.[98] One possible reason for the excommunications was that the three ecclesiastics had electors from the various vacant bishoprics with them, and were escorting those electors to the king on the continent to reward a number of royal clerks with the long vacant bishoprics. Included among those royal clerks were some of Becket's most bitter foes during his exile.[99] Although Becket offered to absolve Josceline and Foliot, he argued that only the pope could absolve Roger, as he was an archbishop. Roger persuaded the other two to appeal to the king, then in Normandy. When they did so, the royal anger at the timing of the excommunications was such that it led to Henry uttering the question often attributed to him "Will no one rid me of the turbulent priest".[98] This inspired four knights to set off from the king's court in Normandy to Canterbury, where on 29 December 1170, they murdered Becket.[4]
After Becket's death his sentences of excommunication were confirmed, as well as the suspensions from ecclesiastical office.[100] The pope in his confirmation referred to Roger of York, Foliot, and Josceline of Salisbury, as the "Gilbertine trinity". The excommunication was absolved for Foliot on 1 August 1171, but he remained suspended from office. He secured his restoration to office on 1 May 1172, after clearing himself of any involvement in Becket's murder.[101] The king performed a public act of penance on 12 July 1174 at Canterbury, when he publicly confessed his sins, and then allowed each bishop present, including Foliot, to give him five blows from a rod, then each of the 80 monks of Canterbury Cathedral gave the king three blows. The king then offered gifts to Becket's shrine and spent a vigil at Becket's tomb.[102]
Foliot and Becket seem to have been on amicable terms until 1163,[103] but their relationship seems to have soured after that date.[104] Becket accused Foliot in 1167 with: "your aim has all along been to effect the downfall of the Church and ourself".[105] After the pope absolved Foliot's excommunication in early 1170, Becket exclaimed to a cardinal that "Satan is unloosed for the destruction of the Church".[105] A modern biographer of Becket, the historian Frank Barlow, feels that one reason for Becket's change in behaviour after his election as archbishop was due to his need to "out-bishop" the other bishops, and prevent Foliot from making any more jibes about his inadequacies as an ecclesiastic.[106]
Foliot was mainly a force for moderation in the quarrel between the king and the archbishop, urging restraint on Becket and curbing the king's attempts to impose the Constitutions more rigorously. Foliot's rhetoric against the archbishop was pointed and effective. Foliot also developed the novel legal filing of ad cautelam, which was an appeal to the papacy against any future action by the archbishop. Although Foliot's tactic of ad cautelam was ridiculed by his opponents, the papacy did not challenge the technique.[4]
During his time as bishop Foliot served for many years as a papal judge-delegate, especially in his later years. He was active in both of his dioceses in supporting his cathedral chapters and other religious houses of the dioceses. He kept in constant contact with his archdeacons and deans about the administration of the dioceses.[4] He also gathered about himself a group of clerks who compiled a collection of decretals known as the Belvoir collection. This collection mainly relates to Foliot's activities at London, and probably dates to before 1175.[107]
Writings
Foliot was well known as a letter writer, and his letters were later collected as a book.
Foliot also wrote a number of sermons and commentaries on the Bible. Of the commentaries, only those on the
The antiquarian John Bale in the 1550s listed six works of Foliot known to him, five of which were letters. The sixth work known to Bale was the commentary on the Song of Songs, which survived in a single manuscript, now in the Bodleian Library. Young also recorded a Lundinensis Ecclesiae as being by Foliot. The scholar John Pits gave much the same list in 1619, adding one work, a Vitas aliquot sanctorum Angliae, Librum unun, but this work never appears in a medieval book catalogue and has not survived under this name so it is unclear if Foliot wrote such a work. The antiquary Thomas Tanner, writing in the early 18th century, listed Foliot as the author of the seven works given by Bale and Pits, adding an eighth, the Tractatus Gilberti, episcopi London: Super Istud "Sunt diuae olivae", citing John Leland, the 16th-century antiquary, as his source. This apparently is the collection of nine sermons on Saints Peter and Paul that has yet to be published and is still in manuscript at the Bodleian Library. Leland also listed another work by Foliot, the Omeliae Gileberti, episcopi Herefordensis, which he stated was held at Forde Abbey. This work, since lost, might have been the sermons mentioned above, or could have been a known collection of homilies, also lost. It is also possible that another Gilbert was the author. Lastly, Walter Map recorded that Foliot had begun work on a "the Old and the New Law" shortly before his death.[118]
Death and legacy
Foliot died on 18 February 1187.[123] The medieval chronicler Walter Map praised him as "a man most accomplished in the three languages, Latin, French and English, and eloquent and clear in each of them".[124] The modern historian Frank Barlow says of him that "It was probably because he was so self-righteous that it could be suggested that his behaviour was sometimes devious."[38] He went blind some time during the 1180s, but continued to work on his biblical writings.[4]
Foliot sent his nephew Richard Foliot and another clerk of his household to Bologna to study law in the 1160s, exemplifying the growing emphasis laid on Roman law among his countrymen.
Notes
- marks from Foliot, who replied with a sharply worded letter urging his uncle to be content with the sum and to meditate over Chesney's sins.[7]
- ^ Matilda is usually referred to as "Empress" as she had been married to the German Emperor Henry V until 1125, although she was never crowned as empress by a legitimate pope.[17] Even after her return to England, she continued to use the title "Empress".[18]
- ^ Robert de Bethune had been allowed to attend the council by Stephen.[37]
- ^ Whether the nomination occurred at the Council of Reims or afterwards is not clear, as the exact date of the nomination is not recorded, although as Foliot's consecration did not take place until September, and the council began in March, it was probably after the council.[1][4][38]
- ^ Henry had always been associated with his mother's attempts to gain the English throne, but in February 1148 Matilda left England, and by the middle of 1148 the leading members of the Angevin party considered Henry to be its head.[43]
- ^ Whether the pope gave assent or not to Foliot becoming the royal confessor is unknown. The information comes from letters and does not appear to have been forbidden by the pope, so presumably Foliot served as confessor for a time.[62]
- ^ The letter is letter number 170 in Morey and Brooke's edition of Foliot's letters. It was once considered a forgery, but is generally considered genuine now.[4]
- ^ Some of the documents are difficult to classify exactly as letters, as opposed to charters.[4]
- ^ The date of the sermon cannot be fixed except that it took place between 1170 and Gilbert's death.[121]
- ^ Nothing else is known of this Odo, nor why he dedicated his work to Foliot.[129]
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f Barrow "Bishops" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 8: Hereford
- ^ Greenway "Bishops" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 3: Lincoln
- ^ Knowles, et al. Heads of Religious Houses p. 47
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Brooke "Foliot, Gilbert" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 38
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen pp. 222–223
- ^ Davis "Anarchy of Stephen's Reign" English Historical Review p. 638
- ^ King "Anarchy" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society p. 153
- ^ a b Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 302
- ^ Stacy "Henry of Blois" English Historical Review p. 24
- ^ a b c d e Knowles Monastic Order pp. 293–297
- ^ a b c Knowles, et al. Heads of Religious Houses p. 53
- ^ a b Turner "Roman Law" Journal of British Studies p. 9
- ^ Barlow English Church p. 247 & footnote 169
- ^ a b Taliadoros "Law & Theology" Haskins Society Journal 16 p. 79
- ^ a b Chibnall Empress Matilda pp. 75–76
- ^ Chibnall Empress Matilda p. 2
- ^ Chibnall Empress Matilda p. 70
- ^ Huscroft Ruling England pp. 71–73
- ^ a b Matthew King Stephen pp. 88–89
- ^ Knowles Monastic Order pp. 284–286
- ^ Chibnall Empress Matilda p. 95
- ^ Chibnall Empress Matilda pp. 97–99
- ^ a b Chibnall Empress Matilda pp. 84–87
- ^ Quoted in Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 101
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen pp. 93–101
- ^ Matthew King Stephen p. 122
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 124
- ^ Knowles Monastic Order p. 263
- ^ Knowles, et al. Heads of Religious Houses p. 37
- ^ Matthew King Stephen p. 121
- ^ Chibnall Empress Matilda pp. 140–141
- ^ a b Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 305
- ^ Davies Book of Llandaf p. 55
- ^ Davies Book of Llandaf p. 107
- ^ Barlow English Church p. 99
- ^ a b c Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 43
- ^ a b c d e Barlow English Church p. 100
- ^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 250
- ^ Poole From Domesday to Magna Carta p. 192
- ^ Matthew King Stephen p. 199
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 241
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen pp. 240–241
- ^ Chibnall Anglo-Norman England p. 94
- ^ Chibnall Empress Matilda p. 147
- ^ Quoted in Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 305
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 304
- ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 16
- ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 13
- ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 20
- ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 32
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 306
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 307
- ^ Warren Henry II pp. 59–60
- ^ Kemp "Alexander III and the Canonization of Saints" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society p. 17
- ^ Böker "Bishop's Chapel of Hereford Cathedral" Gesta p. 52
- ^ Wischermann "Romanesque Architecture" Romanesque pp. 232–233
- ^ Platt Medieval England p. 17
- ^ a b Knowles Episcopal Colleagues pp. 44–45
- ^ Poole From Domesday to Magna Carta p. 200
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 71
- ^ a b c Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 46
- ^ Greenway "Bishops" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 1: St. Paul's, London
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 85
- ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 47
- ^ Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 36
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 95
- ^ Poole From Domesday Book to Magna Carta pp. 203–205
- ^ Poole From Domesday Book to Magna Carta pp. 205–207
- ^ Warren Henry II pp. 485–487
- ^ Quoted in Warren Henry II p. 487
- ^ Quoted in Poole From Domesday to Magna Carta p. 208
- ^ Warren Henry II p. 487
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 115–116
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 119
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 121–123
- ^ Barlow English Church p. 142
- ^ Warren Henry II p. 521
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 124–125
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 137–138
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 43
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 140
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 147–148
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 149–150
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 153–155
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 160
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 171–173
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 183–185
- ^ Quoted in Barlow Thomas Becket p. 185
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 186–189
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 189–192
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 201
- ^ Helmholz "Excommunication in Twelfth Century England" Journal of Law and Religion p. 243
- ^ Quoted in Helmholz "Excommunication in Twelfth Century England" Journal of Law and Religion p. 243
- ^ Helmholz "Excommunication in Twelfth Century England" Journal of Law and Religion p. 244
- ^ Warren Henry II p. 502
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 206
- ^ a b Warren Henry II pp. 506–509
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 223
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 257
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 259
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 270
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 35
- ^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom of England p. 295
- ^ a b Quoted in Warren Henry II p. 512
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 90
- ^ Duggan "Decretal Collections" History of Medieval Canon Law pp. 257–258
- ^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom of England p. 325
- ^ Morey and Brooke "Introduction" Letters p. 1
- ^ Altschul Anglo-Norman England p. 51
- ^ Graves (ed.) Bibliography p. 779
- ^ Graves (ed.) Bibliography p. 854
- ^ Graves (ed.) Bibliography p. 139
- ^ Graves (ed.) Bibliography p. 857
- ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 40
- ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 42
- ^ Taliadoros "Law & Theology" Haskins Society Journal 16 p. 78
- ^ a b c Bell "Commentary" Recherches de Théologie Ancienne et Médiévale pp. 83–87
- ^ a b c Sharpe Handlist of Latin Writers pp. 144–145
- ^ Quoted in Hunt "English Learning" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society pp. 33–34
- ^ a b Hunt "English Learning" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society pp. 33–34
- ^ Sharpe Handlist of the Latin Writers p. 919
- ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 258
- ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings pp. 502–503
- ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 509
- ^ Turner English Judiciary p. 91
- ^ Moreton "Before Grosseteste" Isis p. 562 footnote 2
- ^ Evans "Ysagoge in Theologiam" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes p. 1
- ^ Evans "Ysagoge in Theologiam" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes p. 40
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Further reading
- Foliot, Gilbert (October 1948). Adrian Morey; S2CID 159652315.
- Foliot, Gilbert (2008). Adrian Morey; ISBN 978-0-521-07288-5.
- Graham, Rose (1945). "An Appeal about 1175 for the Building Fund for St Paul's Cathedral Church". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. Third series. x: 73–76. S2CID 194817377.
- S2CID 159714542.