Gilgit-Baltistan

Gilgit-Baltistan گلگت بلتستان
Region administered by Pakistan as an administrative territory
Top: Union Councils		113
Website	gilgitbaltistan.gov.pk

Gilgit-Baltistan (

The territory of present-day Gilgit-Baltistan became a separate administrative unit in 1970 under the name "Northern Areas". It was formed by the amalgamation of the former Gilgit Agency, the Baltistan district, and several small former princely states, the largest of which were Hunza and Nagar.^[19] In 2009, the region was renamed to "Gilgit-Baltistan" and granted limited autonomy through the Self-Governance Order signed in by former Pakistani president Asif Ali Zardari, a move that was reportedly intended to also empower the territory's people; however, scholars state that the real power rests with the governor and not with the chief minister or elected assembly.^[20][21] Much of the population of Gilgit-Baltistan reportedly wants the territory to become integrated with Pakistan proper as a fifth province, and opposes integration with the rest of the Kashmir region.^[22][23] The Pakistani government had rejected calls from the territory for provincial status on the grounds that granting such a request would jeopardise Pakistan's demands for the entire Kashmir conflict to be resolved according to all related United Nations resolutions.^[24] However, in November 2020, Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan announced that Gilgit-Baltistan would attain provisional provincial status after the 2020 Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly election.^[25][26][27]

Gilgit-Baltistan covers an area of over 72,971 km² (28,174 sq mi)^[7] and is highly mountainous. It had an estimated population of 1.249 million people in 2013^[28][29] (estimated to be 1.8 million in 2015 (Shahid Javed Burki (2015)). Its capital city is Gilgit with an estimated population of 216,760. The economy is dominated by agriculture and the tourism industry.^[30] The region is home to five of the 14 eight-thousanders, including K2, and additionally has more than fifty mountain peaks above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft). Three of the world's longest glaciers outside of Earth's polar regions are found in Gilgit-Baltistan. The main tourism activities are trekking and mountaineering, and this industry has been growing in importance throughout the region.

History

Early history

The rock carvings found in various places in Gilgit-Baltistan, especially in the

Between 399 and 414, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Faxian visited Gilgit-Baltistan.^[34] In the 6th century Somana Palola (greater Gilgit-Chilas) was ruled by an unknown king. Between 627 and 645, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang travelled through this region on his pilgrimage to India.

According to Chinese records from the

In mid-600s, Gilgit came under Chinese suzerainty after the fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate to Tang military campaigns in the region. In the late 600s CE, the rising Tibetan Empire wrestled control of the region from the Chinese. However, faced with growing influence of the Umayyad Caliphate and then the Abbasid Caliphate to the west, the Tibetans were forced to ally themselves with the Islamic caliphates. The region was then contested by Chinese and Tibetan forces, and their respective vassal states, until the mid-700s.^[38] Rulers of Gilgit formed an alliance with the Tang Chinese, and held back the Arabs with their help.^[39]

Between 644 and 655, Navasurendrāditya-nandin became king of the Palola Sāhi dynasty in Gilgit.^[40] Numerous Sanskrit inscriptions, including the Danyor Rock Inscriptions, were discovered to be from his reign.^[41] In the late 600s and early 700s, Jayamaṅgalavikramāditya-nandin was king of Gilgit.^[40]

According to Chinese court records, in 717 and 719 respectively, delegations of a ruler of Great Palola (Baltistan) named Su-fu-she-li-ji-li-ni (Chinese: 蘇弗舍利支離泥; pinyin: sūfúshèlìzhīlíní) reached the Chinese imperial court.^[42][43] By at least 719/720, Ladakh (Mard) became part of the Tibetan Empire. By that time, Buddhism was practised in Baltistan, and Sanskrit was the written language.

In 720, the delegation of Surendrāditya (Chinese: 蘇麟陀逸之; pinyin: sūlíntuóyìzhī) reached the Chinese imperial court. He was referred to in Chinese records as the king of Great Palola; however, it is unknown if Baltistan was under Gilgit rule at the time.^[44] The Chinese emperor also granted the ruler of Cashmere, Chandrāpīḍa ("Tchen-fo-lo-pi-li"), the title of "King of Cashmere". By 721/722, Baltistan had come under the influence of the Tibetan Empire.^[45]

In 721–722, the Tibetan army attempted but failed to capture Gilgit or Bruzha (

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

After Pakistan's independence, Jammu and Kashmir initially remained an independent state. Later on 22 October 1947, tribal militias backed by Pakistan crossed the border into Jammu and Kashmir after Poonch rebellion and Jammu Muslim massacre.^[60][61] Hari Singh made a plea to India for assistance and signed the Instrument of Accession, making his state a part of India. India air-lifted troops to defend the Kashmir Valley and the invaders were pushed back behind Uri.

Gilgit's population did not favour the State's accession to India.

Alam replied [to the locals], "you are a crowd of fools led astray by a madman. I shall not tolerate this nonsense for one instance... And when the Indian Army starts invading you there will be no use screaming to Pakistan for help, because you won't get it."... The provisional government faded away after this encounter with Alam Khan, clearly reflecting the flimsy and opportunistic nature of its basis and support.[67]

The provisional government lasted 16 days. According to scholar Yaqub Khan Bangash, it lacked sway over the population. The Gilgit rebellion did not have civilian involvement and was solely the work of military leaders, not all of whom had been in favour of joining Pakistan, at least in the short term. Historian

After taking control of Gilgit, the Gilgit Scouts along with Azad irregulars moved towards Baltistan and Ladakh and captured Skardu by May 1948. They successfully blocked Indian reinforcements sent to relieve Skardu, and proceeded towards Kargil and Leh. Indian forces mounted an offensive in the autumn of 1948 to push them back from Ladakh, but Baltistan came into the rebels' territory.^[74][75]

On 1 January 1948, India took the issue of Jammu and Kashmir to the

While the residents of Gilgit-Baltistan expressed a desire to join Pakistan after gaining independence from Maharaja Hari Singh, Pakistan declined to merge the region into itself because of the territory's link to Jammu and Kashmir.^[72] For a short period after joining Pakistan, Gilgit-Baltistan was governed by Azad Kashmir if only "theoretically, but not practically" through its claim of being an alternative government for Jammu and Kashmir.^[79] In 1949, the Government of Azad Kashmir handed over the administration of Gilgit-Baltistan to the federal government under the Karachi Agreement. According to Indian journalist Paul Sahni, this is seen as an effort by Pakistan to legitimise its rule over Gilgit-Baltistan.^[80]

According to Pakistani analyst Ershad Mahmud, there were two reasons why administration was transferred from Azad Kashmir to Pakistan:

• the region was inaccessible from Azad Kashmir, and
• because both the governments of Azad Kashmir and Pakistan knew that the people of the region were in favour of joining Pakistan in a potential referendum over Kashmir's final status.^[72]

According to the International Crisis Group, the Karachi Agreement is highly unpopular in Gilgit-Baltistan because Gilgit-Baltistan was not a party to it even while it was its own fate was being decided.^[81]

From then until the 1990s, Gilgit-Baltistan was governed through the colonial-era

A primary reason for this state of affairs was the remoteness of Gilgit-Baltistan. Another factor was that the whole of Pakistan itself was deficient in democratic norms and principles, therefore the federal government did not prioritise democratic development in the region. There was also a lack of public pressure as an active civil society was absent in the region, with young educated residents usually opting to live in Pakistan's urban centers instead of staying in the region.[87]

Northern Areas

In 1970 the two parts of the territory, viz., the Gilgit Agency and Baltistan, were merged into a single administrative unit, and given the name "Northern Areas".^{[88][failed verification]} The Shaksgam tract was ceded by Pakistan to China following the signing of the Sino-Pakistani Frontier Agreement in 1963.^[89][90] In 1969, a Northern Areas Advisory Council (NAAC) was created, later renamed to Northern Areas Council (NAC) in 1974 and Northern Areas Legislative Council (NALC) in 1994. But it was devoid of legislative powers. All law-making was concentrated in the KANA Ministry of Pakistan. In 1994, a Legal Framework Order (LFO) was created by the KANA Ministry to serve as the de facto constitution for the region.^[91][92]

In 1974, the former State Subject law was abolished in Gilgit Baltistan, and Pakistanis from other areas could buy land and settle.^[93]

In 1984 the territory's importance shot up within Pakistan with the opening of the Karakoram Highway and the region's population became more connected to mainland Pakistan. The improved connectivity facilitated the local population to avail itself of educational opportunities in the rest of Pakistan.^[94] Italso allowed the political parties of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir to set up local branches, raise political awareness in the region. According to Ershad Mahmud, these Pakistani political parties have played a 'laudable role' in organising a movement for democratic rights among the residents of Gilgit-Baltistan.^[87]

In the

In the late 1990s, the President of Al-Jihad Trust filed a petition in the Supreme Court of Pakistan to determine the legal status of Gilgit-Baltistan. In its judgement of 28 May 1999, the Court directed the Government of Pakistan to ensure the provision of equal rights to the people of Gilgit-Baltistan, and gave it six months to do so. Following the Supreme Court decision, the government took several steps to devolve power to the local level. However, in several policy circles, the point was raised that the Pakistani government was helpless to comply with the court verdict because of the strong political and sectarian divisions in Gilgit-Baltistan and also because of the territory's historical connection with the still disputed Kashmir region, and that this prevented the determination of Gilgit-Baltistan's real status.[96]

A position of 'Deputy Chief Executive' was created to act as the local administrator, but the real powers still rested with the 'Chief Executive', who was the Federal Minister of KANA. "The secretaries were more powerful than the concerned advisors," in the words of one commentator. In spite of various reforms packages over the years, the situation is essentially unchanged.^[97] Meanwhile, public rage in Gilgit-Baltistan "[grew] alarmingly." Prominent "antagonist groups" have mushroomed protesting the absence of civic rights and democracy.^[98] The Pakistani government has debated granting provincial status to Gilgit-Baltistan.^[99] Gilgit-Baltistan has been a member state of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization since 2008.^[100] According to Antia Mato Bouzas, the PPP-led Pakistani government has attempted a compromise through its 2009 reforms between its traditional stand on the Kashmir dispute and the demands of locals, most of whom may have pro-Pakistan sentiments. While the 2009 reforms have added to the self-identification of the region, they have not resolved the constitutional status of the region within Pakistan.^[101]

According to 2010 news reports, the people of Gilgit-Baltistan want to merge into Pakistan as a separate fifth province.^[22][23] However, as of 2015 leaders of Azad Kashmir were opposed to any step towards integrating Gilgit-Baltistan into Pakistan.^[102] The people of Gilgit-Baltistan have opposed integration with Azad Kashmir. They desire Pakistani citizenship and a constitutional status for their region.^[22][23]

In 2016, for the first time in the country's Constitution, Gilgit-Baltistan had been mentioned by name.^[103]

In September 2020, it was reported that Pakistan decided to elevate Gilgit-Baltistan's status to that of a full-fledged province.^[104][105]

Government

The territory of present-day Gilgit-Baltistan became a separate administrative unit in 1970 under the name "Northern Areas". It was formed by the amalgamation of the former

Gilgit-Baltistan is administratively divided into three divisions: Baltistan, Diamer and Gilgit,^[117] which, in turn, are divided into fourteen districts. The principal administrative centers are the towns of Gilgit and Skardu.

* Combined population of Skardu, Shigar, Kharmang and Roundu districts. Shigar and Kharmang Districts were carved out of Skardu District after 1998. The estimated population of Gilgit-Baltistan was about 1.8 million in 2015^[19] and the overall population growth rate between 1998 and 2011 was 63.1% making it 4.85% annually.^[120][121]

Security

Security in Gilgit-Baltistan is provided by the Gilgit-Baltistan Police, the

The Gilgit-Baltistan Police (GBP) is responsible for law enforcement in Gilgit-Baltistan. The mission of the force is the prevention and detection of crime, maintenance of law and order and enforcement of the Constitution of Pakistan.

Geography and climate

Naltar Lakes

Naltar Lake or Bashkiri Lake-I

Naltar Lake or Bashkiri Lake-II

Azure coloured water of Naltar Lake III

Surface elevation = 3050–3150 m^{[citation needed]}

Gilgit-Baltistan borders Pakistan's

Gilgit-Baltistan is home to all five of Pakistan's "

Three of the world's longest glaciers outside the polar regions are found in Gilgit-Baltistan: the Biafo Glacier, the Baltoro Glacier, and the Batura Glacier. There are, in addition, several high-altitude lakes in Gilgit-Baltistan:

• Deosai Plains, Skardu
• Naltar lakes in the Naltar Valley, Gilgit
• Satpara Tso Lake in Skardu, Baltistan
• Katzura Tso Lake in Skardu, Baltistan
• Zharba Tso Lake in Shigar, Baltistan
• Phoroq Tso Lake in Skardu, Baltistan
• Gangche
  , Baltistan
• Byarsa Tso Lake in Gultari, Astore
• Borith Lake in Gojal, upper Hunza, Gilgit
• Rama Lake near Astore
• Nagar
  , Gilgit
• Kromber Lake at Kromber Pass, Ishkoman Valley, Ghizer District
• Barodaroksh Lake in Bar Valley, Nagar
• Ghorashi Lake in Ghandus Valley, Kharmang

The

• 
  Satpara Lake, Skardu, in 2002
• 
  Upper Kachura Lake
• 
  Shangrila Lake, Skardu
• 
  Manthokha Waterfall

Rock art and petroglyphs

There are more than 50,000 pieces of rock art (petroglyphs) and inscriptions all along the Karakoram Highway in Gilgit-Baltistan, concentrated at ten major sites between Hunza and Shatial. The carvings were left by invaders, traders, and pilgrims who passed along the trade route, as well as by locals. The earliest date back to between 5000 and 1000 BCE, showing single animals, triangular men and hunting scenes in which the animals are larger than the hunters. These carvings were pecked into the rock with stone tools and are covered with a thick patina that proves their age.

The

The climate of Gilgit-Baltistan varies from region to region, since the surrounding mountain ranges create sharp variations in weather. The eastern part has the moist zone of the western Himalayas, but going toward Karakoram and Hindu Kush, the climate gets considerably drier.^[124]

There are towns like Gilgit and Chilas that are very hot during the day in summer yet cold at night and valleys like Astore, Khaplu, Yasin, Hunza, and Nagar, where the temperatures are cold even in summer.^[125]

Climate Change Effects

Climate change has adversely effected this region with more rains every year. On 26 August 2022, most villages in Ghizer district and Hunza were severely effected by the ongoing flooding displacing many people.

Economy and resources

The economy of the region is primarily based on a traditional trade route, the historic Silk Road. The China Trade Organization forum led the people of the area to actively invest and learn modern trade know-how from their Chinese neighbour, Xinjiang.^{[citation needed]} Later, the establishment of a chamber of commerce and the Sust dry port in Gojal Hunza are milestones. The rest of the economy is shouldered by mainly agriculture and tourism. Agricultural products are wheat, corn (maize), barley, and fruits. Tourism is mostly in trekking and mountaineering, and this industry is growing in importance.^[126][127]

In early September 2009,

Gilgit-Baltistan is home to more than 20 peaks of over 6,100 metres (20,000 ft), including K-2 the second highest mountain on Earth.

Khaplu Valley

. The following peaks have so far been scaled by various expeditions:

Name of Peak	Photos	Height	First known ascent	Location
1.K-2		(28,250 ft)	31 July 1954	Karakoram
2. Nanga Parbat		(26,660 ft)	3 July 1953	Himalaya
3. Gasherbrum I		(26,360 ft)	7 July 1956	Karakoram
4. Broad Peak		(26,550 ft)	9 June 1957	Karakoram
5. Muztagh Tower		(23,800 ft)	6 August 1956	Karakoram
6. Gasherbrum II		(26,120 ft)	4 July 1958	Karakoram
7. Hidden Peak		(26,470 ft)	4 July 1957	Karakoram
8. Khunyang Chhish		(25,761 ft)	4 July 1971	Karakoram
9. Masherbrum		(25,659 ft)	4 August 1960	Karakoram
10. Saltoro Kangri		(25,400 ft)	4 June 1962	Karakoram
11. Chogolisa		(25,148 ft)	4 August 1963	Karakoram

Basic facilities

Gilgit has not received a gas pipeline infrastructure since Pakistan's independence, unlike other cities. Through the importation of gas cylinders from other provinces, many private gas contractors offer gas cylinders. The LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) Air Mix Plant project by Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited was unveiled in 2020 with the goal of bringing the gas facility to Gilgit. This will significantly reduce deforestation as public uses wood from trees for heating and lighting purpose. The first head office has been built in Gilgit City.^[131]

Tourism

Gilgit Baltistan is the capital of tourism in

Before 1978, Gilgit-Baltistan was cut off from the rest of the Pakistan and the world due to the harsh terrain and the lack of accessible roads. All of the roads to the south opened toward the Pakistan-administered state of Azad Kashmir and to the southeast toward the present-day Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. During the summer, people could walk across the mountain passes to travel to Rawalpindi. The fastest way to travel was by air, but air travel was accessible only to a few privileged local people and to Pakistani military and civilian officials. Then, with the assistance of the Chinese government, Pakistan began construction of the Karakoram Highway (KKH), which was completed in 1978. The journey from Rawalpindi / Islamabad to Gilgit takes approximately 20 to 24 hours.

The

In March 2006, the respective governments announced that, commencing on 1 June 2006, a thrice-weekly bus service would begin across the boundary from Gilgit to Kashgar and road-widening work would begin at 600 kilometres (370 mi) of the Karakoram Highway. There would also be one daily bus in each direction between the Sust and Taxkorgan border areas of the two political entities.[134]

A railway through the region has been proposed; see Khunjerab Railway for details.

Demographics

Population

The population of Gilgit Baltistan is 1,492,924 as of 2017.^[2] The estimated population of Gilgit-Baltistan in 2013 was 1.249 million,^[28][29] and it was 873,000 in 1998.^[135] Approximately 14% of the population was urban.^[136] The fertility rate is 4.7 children per woman, which is the highest in Pakistan.^[137]

The population of Gilgit-Baltistan consists of many diverse linguistic, ethnic, and religious sects, due in part to the many isolated valleys separated by some of the world's highest mountains. The ethnic groups include

In 2017 census, Gilgit District has the highest population of 330,000 and Hunza District the lowest of 50,000.^[135]

Languages

Gilgit-Baltistan is a multilingual region where Urdu being a national and official language serves as the lingua franca for inter ethnic communications. English is co-official and also used in education, while Arabic is used for religious purposes. The table below shows a break-up of Gilgit-Baltistan first-language speakers.

Religion

The population of Gilgit-Baltistan is entirely

Architecture

Tibetan Architecture as the above images are testimonials of it."^[31]

Gilgit-Baltistan is home to diversified cultures, ethnic groups, languages and backgrounds.^[156] Major cultural events include the Shandoor Polo Festival, Babusar Polo Festival and Jashn-e-Baharan or the Harvest Time Festival (Navroz).^[156] Traditional dances include: Old Man Dance in which more than one person wears old-style dresses; Cow Boy Dance (Payaloo) in which a person wears old style dress, long leather shoes and holds a stick in hand and the Sword Dance in which the participants show taking one sword in right and shield in left. One to six participants can dance in pairs.

Sports

Shandur, Gupis-Yasin District

.

Many types of sports are in currency, throughout the region, but most popular of them is

Ahmed Hasan Dani it was originated in same region.^[160] For testimonies, they present the Epic of King Gesar of balti version where king gesar started polo by killing his step son and hit head of cadaver with a stick thus started the game^[161] they also held that the very simple rules of local polo game also testifies its primitiveness. The English word Polo has Balti origin, that is spoken in same region, dates back to the 19th century which means ball.^[162][163]

Other popular sports are

Everest (8848 m) besides K2 (8611 m), Gasherbrum I (8080 m), Gasherbrum II (8034 m), Nanga Parbat (8126 m), Broad Peak

(8051 m).

Notable people

• Amen Aamir, first woman from Gilgit-Baltistan to qualify as a pilot
• Muslim cleric and chief^[164]

See also

• Northern Pakistan
• List of cities in Gilgit Baltistan
• List of cultural heritage sites in Gilgit-Baltistan
• List of mountains in Pakistan

Notes

1. ^ The Indian government and Indian sources refer to Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan as "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" ("PoK")^[14] or "Pakistan-held Kashmir" ("PhK").^[15] Sometimes Azad Kashmir alone is meant by these terms.^[14] "Pakistan-administered Kashmir" and "Pakistan-controlled Kashmir"^[16][17] are used by neutral sources. Conversely, Pakistani sources refer to the territories under Indian control as "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IoK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" ("IhK").^[14]
2. Xerxes
   's army invading Greece. Herodotus also mentions the gold-digging ants of Central Asia.
3. ^ In the 1st century, Pliny repeats that the Dards were great producers of gold.
4. ^ Ptolemy situates the Daradrai on the upper reaches of the Indus
5. ^ The 1941 census shows 80% Shias in the Skardu tehsil,^[151] 50% Shias in the Gilgit tehsil,^[152] and 32% Shias in the Astore tehsil.^[153] The figures for the Gilgit Agency territories were not available, but it was stated that "a large proportion of the Muslims of the Gilgit Agency belong to the Shia Sect."^[154]

References

1. ^
   due weight
   in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below).
   (a) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, archived from the original on 13 August 2019, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
   (b) Pletcher, Kenneth, Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, archived from the original on 2 April 2019, retrieved 16 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
   (c) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328,
   ISBN 978-1-84904-621-3
   Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
2. ^ ^{a b} "Gilgit-Baltistan". City Population. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
3. ^ "Skardu". Skardu. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
4. ^ Nagri, Jamil (26 October 2023). "Gilgit-Baltistan gets new chief secretary". Dawn. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
5. ^ "Supreme Appellate Court GB". sacgb.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
6. ISBN 978-1-317-40544-3
   : "While AJK formally possesses most of the government institutions of a state, GB now formally has the institutions of a Pakistani province. However, AJK remains a quasi-state and GB a quasi-province because neither territory enjoys the full rights and powers connected with the respective political formations. In both areas, Pakistan retains ultimate control."
7. ^ ^{a b} "UNPO: Gilgit Baltistan: Impact Of Climate Change On Biodiversity". unpo.org. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
8. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
9. ^ Legislative Assembly will have directly elected 24 members, besides six women and three technocrats. "Gilgit Baltistan: New Pakistani Package or Governor Rule Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine" 3 September 2009, The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
10. ^ ^{a b} "GB notifies four more districts, total number of districts now 14", Pakistan Today, 17 June 2019, archived from the original on 15 June 2020, retrieved 16 March 2020
11. ^ "Gilgit-Baltistan at a Glance, 2020" (PDF). PND GB. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2021.
12. ^ "گلگت بلتستان اسمبلی کادوسرا اجلاس". Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly (in Urdu). 19 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
13. ISBN 978-1-61228-103-2, archived
    from the original on 21 July 2023, retrieved 20 June 2016
14. ^ ^{a b c} Snedden 2013, pp. 2–3.
15. ^ Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Aditya; Mukherje, Mridula (2008). India since Independence. Penguin Books India. p. 416.
    ISBN 978-0143104094
    .
16. ^ Bose, Sumantra (2009). Contested lands: Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus and Sri Lanka. Harvard University Press. p. 193.
    ISBN 978-0674028562
    .
17. ^ Behera 2007, p. 66.
18. ^ Dutta, Prabhash K. (25 March 2017). "Gilgit-Baltistan: Story of how region 6 times the size of PoK passed on to Pakistan". India Today. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
19. ^ ^{a b} Shahid Javed Burki 2015.
20. ^ In Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, residents see experiment with autonomy as 'illusion' Archived 20 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Christian Science Monitor, 28 November 2011
21. S2CID 154847994
    , Instead of the chief minister, the order rests all administrative, political and judicial authority with the governor, which makes him the supreme authority and portrays the assembly as a toothless tiger. At best, the order legitimises Pakistan's occupation and claims political rights for the locals without changing the power equation.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Singh, Pallavi (29 April 2010). "Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2016. But it falls short of the main demand of the people of Gilgit- Baltistan for a constitutional status to the region as a fifth province and for Pakistani citizenship to its people.
23. ^ ^{a b c} Shigri, Manzar (12 November 2009). "Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2016. Many of the 1.5 million people of Gilgit-Baltistan oppose integration into Kashmir and want their area to be merged into Pakistan and declared a separate province.
24. ^
    ISBN 9781860648984
    .
25. ^ "Fifth province". Fifth province | The Express Tribune. The Express Tribune. 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
26. ^ "Pakistani PM says he will upgrade status of part of Kashmir, angering India". Pakistani PM says he will upgrade status of part of Kashmir, angering India | Reuters. Reuters. 1 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
27. ^ "Gilgit-Baltistan to get provisional provincial status post-election: PM Imran". Gilgit-Baltistan to get provisional provincial status post-election: PM Imran. The News International. 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
28. ^ ^{a b} Geography & Demography of Gilgit Baltistan Archived 5 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Gilgit Baltistan Scouts, retrieved 30 March 2020.
29. ^ ^{a b} Under Pakistan Rule, Gilgit-Baltistan Most Neglected, Backward Area in South Asia, Says New Book Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, News18, 18 August 2019.
30. ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. (22 December 2016). "Here is why Pakistan is more diverse than you thought". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
31. ^ ^{a b} "Episode 1: A Window to Gilgit-Baltistan". 4 July 1997. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
32. ISBN 9781483440736
    .
33. ^ Petech, Luciano (1977). The Kingdom of Ladakh c. 950–1842 A.D. Istituto Italiano per il media ed Estremo Oriente.
34. ISBN 9780875868592
    .
35. ISBN 9781442254732
    . Retrieved 19 February 2017.
36. ISBN 978-3447056762
    . Retrieved 23 January 2018.
37. ISBN 9783639151718
    . Retrieved 19 February 2017.
38. Clarendon Press
    . pp. 4–18.
39. ^ ^{a b} Bradnock, Robert W. (1994). South Asian Handbook. Trade & Travel Publications. p. 1168.
40. ^
    ISBN 9789004181595. Archived from the original
    on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
41. ^ Stein, Aurel (2011). "Archæological Notes form the Hindukush Region". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 76 (1–2): 5–24.
    S2CID 163127705
    . Sri-Nava-Surendraditya-Nandideva
42. ^ "Baltistan". Tibetan Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
43. ^ 董誥. "卷0039#冊勃律國王文" . 全唐文  [Complete collection of Tang prose] (in Chinese). Vol. 0039 – via Wikisource.
44. ^ ^{a b} "卷221下" . 新唐書  [New Book of Tang] (in Chinese). Vol. 221 – via Wikisource.
45. ^ Francke, August Hermann (1992). Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 1. Asian Educational Services.
    ISBN 9788120607699
    .
46. ^ Grousset, René (1952). The Rise and Splendour of the Chinese Empire. p. 160.
47. ^ By Angela Falco Howard (2006). Chinese Sculpture. Yale University Press. p. 313.
    ISBN 978-0300100655
    .
48. ISSN 1768-2959. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
49. ^ By Henry Osmaston, Philip Denwood (1995). Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5: Proceedings of the Fourth and Fifth ... Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
    ISBN 9788120814042
    .
50. ^ P. Stobdan (April 2008). The last colony: Muzaffarabad-Gilgit-Baltistan. India Research Press with Centre for Strategic and Regional Studies, University of Jammu.
    ISBN 9788183860673
    .
51. ^ International Council on Archives, National Archives of Pakistan (1990). Guide to the Sources of Asian History: National archives, Provincial archives, District archives. National Archives of Pakistan.
    ISBN 9789698156022
    .
52. ^ Philippe Fabry, Yousuf Shahid (1995). Wandering with the Indus. Ferozsons.
    ISBN 9789690102249
    .
53. ISBN 978-81-206-1043-9
54. ISBN 9788185431963
    .
55. ISBN 9788173871863
    .
56. ISBN 9788185182759
    .
57. ^ Bubandt, Nils Ole; Beek, Martijn Van (12 March 2012). Varieties of Secularism in Asia: Anthropological Explorations of Religion, Politics and the Spiritual. Routledge.
    ISBN 9781136668647
    – via Google Books.
58. ^ By Peter Berger, Frank Heidemann (3 June 2013). The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory. Routledge.
    ISBN 978-1134061112
    .
59. ^ Bangash 2010, pp. 125–126.
60. ^ "Quick guide: Kashmir dispute". BBC News. 29 June 2006. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
61. ^ "Who changed the face of '47 war?". The Times of India. 14 August 2005. Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2005.
62. ^ Bangash 2010, p. 128: [Ghansara Singh] wrote to the prime minister of Kashmir: 'in case the State accedes to the Indian Union, the Gilgit province will go to Pakistan', but no action was taken on it, and in fact Srinagar never replied to any of his messages.
63. ^ Snedden 2013, p. 14, "Similarly, Muslims in Western Jammu Province, particularly in Poonch, many of whom had martial capabilities, and Muslims in the Frontier Districts Province strongly wanted Jammu and Kashmir to join Pakistan."
64. ^ Schofield 2003, pp. 63–64.
65. ^ Bangash 2010.
66. ISBN 978-1-86064-898-4
    .
67. ^ Bangash 2010, p. 133.
68. ^ Bangash 2010, p. 132.
69. ^ Bangash 2010, p. 137.
70. ^ Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (9 January 2016). "Gilgit-Baltistan—part of Pakistan by choice". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2017. Nearly 70 years ago, the people of the Gilgit Wazarat revolted and joined Pakistan of their own free will, as did those belonging to the territories of Chilas, Koh Ghizr, Ishkoman, Yasin and Punial; the princely states of Hunza and Nagar also acceded to Pakistan. Hence, the time has come to acknowledge and respect their choice of being full-fledged citizens of Pakistan.
71. ISBN 978-1-85065-700-2
    .
72. ^ ^{a b c} Mahmud 2008, p. 24.
73. S2CID 161647755, archived
    (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2020, retrieved 14 December 2019
74. ^ Schofield 2003, p. 66.
75. ISBN 978-1-84904-230-7
76. ^ Bose, Tapan K. (2004). Raṇabīra Samāddāra (ed.). Peace Studies: An Introduction To the Concept, Scope, and Themes. Sage. p. 324.
    ISBN 978-0-7619-9660-6
    .
77. ISBN 978-0-8133-8343-9
78. ^ Warikoo, Kulbhushan (2008). Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 78.
    ISBN 978-0-415-46839-8
    .
79. ^ Snedden 2013, p. 91.
80. ^ Sahni 2009, p. 73.
81. ^ Discord in Pakistan's Northern Areas 2007, p. 5.
82. ^ Bansal 2007, p. 60.
83. ^ ^{a b} "From the fringes: Gilgit-Baltistanis silently observe elections". Dawn. 1 May 2013. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
84. ^ Priyanka Singh 2013, p. 16.
85. ^ Raman 2009, p. 87.
86. ^ Behera 2007, p. 180.
87. ^ ^{a b c} Mahmud 2008, p. 25.
88. ISBN 978-0-471-63084-5
    .
89. ISBN 978-1-58901-771-9
    .
90. ^ "China's Interests in Shaksgam Valley". Sharnoff's Global Views. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
91. ^ Discord in Pakistan's Northern Areas 2007, pp. 8–9.
92. ^ Mahmud 2008, pp. 28–29.
93. ^ "GB's aspirations". Dawn. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021.
94. ^ Mahmud 2008, p. 25-26.
95. ^ Levy & Scott-Clark, Deception (2010), Chapter 13: "Undaunted, Musharraf had in 1988 been called on by General Beg to put down a Shia riot in Gilgit, in the north of Pakistan. Rather than get the Pakistan army bloodied, he inducted a tribal band of Pashtun and Sunni irregulars, many from the SSP which had recently put out a contract on Bhutto, led by the mercenary Osama bin Laden (who had been hired by Hamid Gul to do the same four years earlier)."
96. ^ Mahmud 2008, p. 27.
97. ^ Mahmud 2008, pp. 26–27.
98. ^ Mahmud 2008, p. 32.
99. ^ Mahmud, Ershad (24 January 2016). "Gilgit-Baltistan: A province or not". The News on Sunday. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
100. ^ "UNPO: Gilgit Baltistan". unpo.org. 11 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
101. ^ Bouzas, Antia Mato (2012). "Mixed Legacies in Contested Borderlands: Skardu and the Kashmir Dispute". Geopolitics. 17 (4): 867–886.
     S2CID 73717097
     .
102. ^ Naqash, Tariq (9 July 2015). "AJK opposes giving provincial status to GB". Dawn. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2016. MUZAFFARABAD: Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) Prime Minister Chaudhry Abdul Majeed warned the federal government on Wednesday against any attempt to convert Gilgit-Baltistan into a province of Pakistan.
103. ^ "Pak desire to integrate Gilgit-Baltistan may help solve Kashmir Tangle; NDT submission". mail.pakistanchristianpost.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
104. ^ "Pakistan to make Gilgit-Baltistan a full-fledged province: report". The Hindu. 17 September 2020. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
105. ^ ^{a b} Mukhopadhyaya, Ankita (13 November 2020). "Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan 'province': Will it make the Kashmir dispute irrelevant?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
106. ^ "Dividing governance: Three new districts notified in G-B". The Express Tribune. 5 February 2017. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
107. ^ "Those Troubled Peaks". 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
108. ^ Mehdi, Tahir (16 June 2015). "GB's aspirations". Dawn. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
109. ^ ^{a b} "Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy". Indian Express. 21 September 2009. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
110. ^ Shigri, Manzar (12 November 2009). "Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls". Reuters.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
111. ^ "Pakistani president signs Gilgit-Baltistan autonomy order _English_Xinhua". News.xinhuanet.com. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
112. ^ ^{a b} "Gilgit-Baltistan autonomy". Dawn. 9 September 2009. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
113. ^ "Gilgit Baltistan Geography, History, Politics and Languages". 19 November 2016. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
114. ^ Abbas, Ghulam (21 February 2022). "Govt accelerates move to grant GB provincial status". Profit by Pakistan Today. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
115. ^ "Plan finalised to give G-B provisional status of province". Brecorder. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
116. ^ "Gilgit-Baltistan part of Jammu and Kashmir: India". The Times of India. 10 March 2006. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.
117. ^ "Gilgit-Baltistan divided into three divisions". The Express Tribune. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
118. ^ ^{a b} "Gilgit-Baltistan: Districts & Places – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
119. ^ Shafqat Hussain 2015.
120. ^ "Pak population increased by 46.9% between 1998 and 2011". The Times of India. PTI. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
121. ^ "Statistical Booklet on Gilgit-Baltistan" (PDF). Government of Gilgit-Baltistan, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
122. ^ "Rock Carvings and Inscriptions along the Karakorum Highway (Pakistan) –- a brief introduction". Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
123. ^ "Between gandhara and the silk roads". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
124. ^ "Climate of Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas)". WWF Pakistan. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
125. ^ "Weather of Gilgit, Skardu, Chitral, Chilas, Islamabad | Gilgit Baltistan - promoting culture and tourism". Gilgit Baltistan. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
126. ^ "Baltistan (region, Northern Areas, Kashmir, Pakistan)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
127. ^ "Gilgit (Kashmir region, Indian subcontinent)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
128. ^ Yusra, Khan. "The Economic Benefits of CPEC for Gilgit Baltistan". Centre For Peace, Security and Developmental Studies. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
129. ^ "Welcome to PAKISTANALPINE.COM". pakistanalpine.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
130. ^ Baltistan in History, Banat Gul Afridi
131. ^ "The Pride - Official Newsletter of SNGPL" (PDF). Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited. 13 (9): 9. November 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
132. ^ Skardu, pk. "Top 10 Most beautiful plces to visit in Pakistan". Skardu.pk. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
133. ^ "5 Most Beautiful Places To Visit in Gilgit Baltistan". Skardu.pk. www.skardu.pk. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
134. ^ "Kashgar-Gilgit bus service planned". Dawn. 23 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
135. ^ ^{a b} "Census shows patterns the same across LoC". 21 September 2017. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
136. ^ "Population, poverty and environment" (PDF). Northern Areas Strategy for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2004. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
137. ^ ""Exploring the potential for fertility change: A ranking of districts based on socio-demographic conduciveness to family planning"" (PDF). United Nations Population Fund. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
138. ^ "Pakistan's Fragile Foundations". Council on Foreign Relations. 12 March 2009. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
139. ^ "International Programs". Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
140. ^ "Khowar – South Asia Blog". 12 June 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
141. ISBN 978-0-7007-1104-8
     .
142. ^ "Election : Gilgit-Baltistan – 8 Languages, 10 Ethnic Groups, 6 Districts, 4 Religious sects – 24 National Assembly Seats ! – GILGIT BALTISTAN (GB)". 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
143. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2
     , ... he agreed with Grierson in seeing Rajasthani influence on Pahari and 'Dardic' influence on (or under) the whole Northwestern group + Pahari [...] Sindhi and including 'Lahnda', Dardic, Romany and West Pahari, there has been a tendency to transfer of 'r' from medial clusters to a position after the initial consonant ...
144. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, archived
     from the original on 24 March 2023, retrieved 11 May 2010, Based on historical sub-grouping approximations and geographical distribution, Bashir (2003) provides six sub-groups of the Dardic languages ...
145. ISBN 978-81-215-0644-1
     , retrieved 26 May 2010, ... drakhat 'tree' ...
146. ^ electricpulp.com. "DARDESTĀN". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
147. ^ ^{a b} "Sectarian conflict in Gilgit-Baltistan" (PDF). pildat. May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
148. ^ Naumann & Fischer-Tahir 2013, p. 87.
149. ^ Spencer C. Tucker & Priscilla Roberts 2008, p. 917.
150. ^ ^{a b} Raman 2009, p. 79.
151. ^ Census of India, 1941, Volume XXII, Part III 1942, p. 502–.
152. ^ Census of India, 1941, Volume XXII, Part III 1942, p. 512–.
153. ^ Census of India, 1941, Volume XXII, Part III 1942, p. 520–.
154. ^ Census of India, 1941, Volume XXII, Parts I & II 1942, p. 337.
155. ISBN 9781317618041
     .
156. ^ ^{a b} "Culture and Heritage of Gilgit". visitgilgitbaltistan.gov.pk. Gov.Pk. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
157. ^ Amanullah Khan (1999). Gilgit Baltistan, a disputed territory or a fossil of intrigues?.
158. ^ F. M. Khan (2002). The story of Gilgit, Baltistan and Chitral: a short history of two millenniums AD 7-1999.
159. ISBN 9781843311683
     .
160. ^ De Filippi, Filippo; Luigi Amedeo di Savoia (1912). Karakoram and Western Himalaya 1909. Dutton. polo was originated in baltistan.
161. ^ Edward Delmar Morgan, ed. (1893). Transactions of the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists ..., Volume 2.
162. ISBN 9780195798890
     .
163. ^ Banat Gul Afridi (1988). Baltistan in History.
164. ^ Sahni, Ajai (31 October 2005). "Gilgit-Baltistan: Hidden Tremors". South Asia Intelligence Review. Retrieved 27 March 2007.

Bibliography

• "Discord in Pakistan's Northern Areas" (PDF). Asia Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group. 2 April 2007. N°131. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
• Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (2010), "Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar", The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 38 (1): 117–143,
  S2CID 159652497
• Bansal, Alok (2007), "In Pursuit of Forced Assimilation: Sectarian and Ethnic Marginalisation in Gilgit-Baltistan", India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, 63 (2): 56–80,
  S2CID 153450836
• Burki, Shahid Javed (2015), Historical Dictionary of Pakistan, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 228,
  ISBN 978-1-4422-4148-0
• Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India,
  ISBN 978-81-317-0846-0, archived
  from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 1 November 2016
• Bouzas, Antia Mato (12 January 2013), "Securitization and Development as Modes of Peripheralization in North-Eastern Pakistan", in Matthias Naumann; Andrea Fischer-Tahir (eds.), Peripheralization: The Making of Spatial Dependencies and Social Injustice, Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 77–98,
  ISBN 978-3-531-19018-1
• Hussain, Shafqat (2015), Remoteness and Modernity: Transformation and Continuity in Northern Pakistan, Yale University Press, p. 14,
  ISBN 978-0-300-20555-8
• Levy, Adrian; Scott-Clark, Catherine (2010), Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons, Bloomsbury Publishing,
  ISBN 978-0-8027-1860-0
• Mahmud, Ershad (2008), "The Gilgit-Baltistan Reforms Package 2007: Background, Phases and Analysis", Policy Perspectives, 5 (1): 23–40,
  JSTOR 42909184
• Naumann, Matthias; Fischer-Tahir, Andrea (12 January 2013), Peripheralization: The Making of Spatial Dependencies and Social Injustice, Springer Science & Business Media,
  ISBN 978-3-531-19018-1
• Raman, B. (2009), "The Northern Areas of Jammu and Kashmir", in K. Warikoo (ed.), Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives, Routledge, pp. 78–88,
  ISBN 978-1-134-03294-5
• ISBN 978-1-86064-898-4
• Sahni, Paul (2009), "The Ceasefire Line and Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir: Evolution of a border", in K. Warikoo (ed.), Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives, Routledge, pp. 67–77,
  ISBN 978-1-134-03294-5
• Singh, Priyanka (2013), Gilgit Baltistan: Between Hope and Despair, New Delhi:
  ISBN 978-93-82169-13-0, archived
  from the original on 12 March 2016, retrieved 23 April 2016
• ISBN 978-18-4904-150-8
• Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (12 May 2008), The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History, ABC-CLIO,
  ISBN 978-1-85109-842-2
• Wang, S. (2004). "Of Rivers and Human Rights: the Northern Areas, Pakistan's Forgotten Colony in Jammu and Kashmir". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 11: 187.
  doi:10.1163/1571811041631272
  .
• Weightman, Barbara A. (2 December 2005). Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 193.
  ISBN 978-0-471-63084-5
  .
• Wreford, R.G. (1942), Census of India, 1941, Volume XXII – Jammu and Kashmir, Parts I & II, The Ranbir Government Press
• Wreford, R.G. (1942), Census of India, 1941, Volume XXII – Jammu and Kashmir, Part III (PDF), The Ranbir Government Press

External links

• Official Website of the Gilgit-Baltistan Council
• Official Website of the Government of Gilgit-Baltistan
• Official Tourism Website of the Government of Gilgit-Baltistan
• Official Website of Ministry of Kashmir & Gilgit-Baltistan
• Azar, Amjad Hussain. "Gilgit-Baltistan: Disputed or Victim of Kashmir Dispute?". Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
• Gilgit-Baltistan at
  Curlie