Giorgio Napolitano

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Giorgio Napolitano
Official portrait, 2006
11th President of Italy
In office
15 May 2006 – 14 January 2015
Prime Minister
Preceded byCarlo Azeglio Ciampi
Succeeded bySergio Mattarella
President of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
3 June 1992 – 14 April 1994
Preceded byOscar Luigi Scalfaro
Succeeded byIrene Pivetti
Minister of the Interior
In office
18 May 1996 – 21 October 1998
Prime MinisterRomano Prodi
Preceded byGiovanni Rinaldo Coronas
Succeeded byRosa Russo Iervolino
Parliamentary offices
Member of the
Naples
In office
25 June 1953 – 15 May 1963
ConstituencyNaples
Personal details
Born(1925-06-29)29 June 1925
Naples, Kingdom of Italy
Died22 September 2023(2023-09-22) (aged 98)
Rome, Italy
Political partyIndependent
Other political
affiliations
  • PCI (1945–1991)
  • PDS (1991–1998)
  • DS (1998–2006)
Spouse
(m. 1959)
Children2
Alma materUniversity of Naples Federico II
Signature

Giorgio Napolitano (Italian:

Italian politics, some critics have sometimes referred to him as Re Giorgio ("King Giorgio").[4]

Napolitano was a longtime member of the

revisionist Marxism.[9] First elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1953, he took an assiduous interest in parliamentary life and was president of the Chamber of Deputies from 1992 to 1994. He was Minister of the Interior from 1996 to 1998 during the first Prodi government.[10] A close friend of Henry Kissinger,[11] he was also the first high-ranking leader of a communist party to visit the United States, which he did in 1978.[10]

In 2005, Napolitano was appointed a

prime minister of Italy amid financial and economic problems. In keeping with his constitutional role, Napolitano then asked former European commissioner Mario Monti to form a cabinet,[15] which critics referred to as a "government of the president".[16]

Napolitano intended to retire from politics after his seven-year presidential term expired, but reluctantly agreed to run again in the

Italian Senate seat,[21][22] which he held until his death in 2023.[23]

Napolitano was often accused by his critics of having transformed a largely ceremonial role into a political and executive one, acting as kingmaker during his political tenure.[24][25] Supporters instead credited him with saving Italy from the brink of default during the European debt crisis and subsequent political stalemates,[26] which helped to stabilize the country.[27] At the time of his death in 2023, he was the longest-serving Italian President as well as the longest-lived Italian President on record.[3] He was also the oldest head of state in Europe and the third oldest in the world, behind the Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe and Abdullah of Saudi Arabia.[28] A state funeral in secular form was held for Napolitano on 22 September 2023.

Early life

Napolitano was born in

anti-fascist intellectual energies, disguised and to a certain extent tolerated".[32]

An enthusiast of the theatre since secondary school, during his university years he contributed a theatrical review to the IX Maggio weekly magazine and had small parts in plays organized by the Gioventù Universitaria Fascista itself. He played in a comedy by

Teatro Mercadante in Naples. Napolitano dreamt of being an actor and spent his early years performing in several productions at the Teatro Mercadante.[33][34][35] He also loved reading the poetry of Giuseppe Ungaretti, Eugenio Montale, and Salvatore Quasimodo.[36]

Napolitano has often been cited as the author of a collection of

Neapolitan dialect published under a pseudonym, Tommaso Pignatelli, and entitled Pe cupià 'o chiarfo ("To Mimic the Downpour"). He denied this in 1997 and on the occasion of his presidential election, when his staff described the attribution of authorship to Napolitano as a "journalistic myth".[37] He published his first acknowledged book, entitled Movimento Operaio e Industria di Stato ("Workers' Movement and State Industry"), in 1962.[29]

Early political career

World War II and anti-fascist resistance

During the existence of the

Comintern in Moscow.[41] In 1945, Napolitano joined the PCI.[42][43]

From post-war years to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Following the end of the war in 1945, Napolitano became the PCI's federal secretary for Naples and

Mezzogiorno following the Unification of Italy and the Special Law of 1904 for Naples").[44] He became a member of the Secretariat of the Italian Economic Centre for Southern Italy in 1946, which was represented by Giuseppe Paratore, where he remained for two years. Napolitano played a major role in the Movement for the Rebirth of Southern Italy for over ten years.[29]

On 11 June 1946, nine days after the

Savoy monarchy and by the ancient feeling of Southern Italy separatism, which had reawakened against Northern Italy, which had first wanted fascism and had imposed it on the South, and now wanted to impose the republic. About this event, which became known as the via Medina massacre [it], he later ruled out that it was only "the work of provocateurs, troublemakers, professional agitators, and criminals".[46]

In the

Naples. Apart from the 1963 Italian general election, when he did not seek re-election because he was the secretary of the Naples federation, a position he held from 1962 to 1966, he was always re-elected up to the 1996 Italian general election.[44] He was elected to the National Committee of the party during its eighth national congress in 1956, largely thanks to the support offered by Togliatti, who wanted to involve younger politicians in the central direction of the party. He became responsible for the commission for Southern Italy within the National Committee.[47]

A 26 May 1953 document of the

Italian Ministry of the Interior reported Napolitano as a member of the secret armed paramilitary groups of the PCI in the city of Rome, what became known as Gladio Rossa.[48] When the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and its military suppression by the Soviet Union (USSR) occurred, the leadership of the PCI labelled the insurgents as counter-revolutionaries, and the official party newspaper L'Unità referred to them as "thugs" and "despicable agents provocateurs". Napolitano complied with the party-sponsored position on this matter, a choice for which he was later criticized;[49] he repeatedly declared to have become uncomfortable with the decision, developing what his autobiography describes as a "grievous self-critical torment". He would reason that his compliance was motivated by concerns about the role of the PCI as "inseparable from the fates of the socialist forces guided by the USSR" as opposed to imperialist forces.[32]

The decision to support the Soviets against the Hungarian revolutionaries generated a split in the PCI, and the

CGIL (Italy's largest trade union, then supportive of the PCI) refused to conform to the party-sponsored position and applauded the revolution, on the basis that the eighth national congress of the PCI had stated that the "Italian Way to Socialism" was to be democratic and specific to the nation. These views were supported in the party by Giorgio Amendola, whom Napolitano would always look up to as a teacher. Frequently seen together, Amendola and Napolitano would jokingly be referred to by friends as respectively Giorgio 'o chiatto and Giorgio 'o sicco ("Giorgio the Pudgy" and "Giorgio the Slim" in the Neapolitan dialect).[50][51]

Leading member of the Italian Communist Party

From the 1960s to 1980s

Napolitano with Romanian president Nicolae Ceaușescu in 1974

Between 1963 and 1966, Napolitano was party chairman in the city of Naples and later, between 1966 and 1969, he was appointed as chairman of the secretary's office and of the political office. In 1964, following the death of Togliatti, Napolitano was one of the main leaders who supported an alliance with the Italian Socialist Party, which after the end of the Popular Democratic Front joined the government with Christian Democracy. During the 1970s and 1980s, Napolitano was in charge for cultural activities, economic policy, and the international relations of the party.[27]

Napolitano's political thought was somewhat moderate in the context of the PCI; he became the leader of the wing of the party called

gradualist means.[28] Henry Kissinger is said to have called Napolitano his "favourite Communist",[53][54] while La Stampa described him as an atypical Communist,[55] and once called him "the least communist Communist [sic] that the party ever enlisted".[56] In 2015, Kissinger presented him the Henry A. Kissinger Prize, which is awarded by the American Academy in Berlin for exceptional contributions to transatlantic relations.[57]

Napolitano with Enrico Berlinguer

In the mid-1970s, Napolitano was invited by the

president of the Italian Republic, Gardner stated to the Associated Press Television News that he considered Napolitano "a real statesman", "a true believer in democracy", and "a friend of the United States [who] will carry out his office with impartiality and fairness".[59]

Thanks to this role and in part by the good offices of Giulio Andreotti, in the 1980s Napolitano was able to travel to the United States and give lectures at Aspen, Colorado and at Harvard University. He has since visited and lectured in the United States several times. After the death of Enrico Berlinguer in 1984, Napolitano was among the possible successors as secretary of the party; Alessandro Natta was elected instead, and it was the second time that he came close to the party's highest position, the first time being in 1972 when Berlinguer was favoured over him.[60] In July 1989, Napolitano became Foreign Minister in the PCI shadow government, from which he resigned the day after the Congress of Rimini, where the PCI was dissolved. That same year, Napolitano supported the motion that led to the PCI's transformation and name change.[61]

After the Italian Communist Party

Napolitano in 1992

After the dissolution of the PCI in February 1991, Napolitano followed most of its membership into the

post-Communist evolution of the PCI.[65][66][67]

President of the Chamber of Deputies

In 1992, Napolitano was elected

Late 1990s and early 2000s

After the

Italian centre-left Prime Minister Romano Prodi selected him as Minister of the Interior. He was the first former Communist to hold the office, a role traditionally occupied by Christian Democrats.[27] In this capacity, he took part, together with fellow lawmaker and cabinet minister Livia Turco, in drafting the government-sponsored law on immigration control (Law No. 40 of 6 March 1998),[68] which is better known as the Turco–Napolitano Act [it].[69][70][71] This bill was partially reformed by the third Berlusconi government in 2002 with the Bossi–Fini Act [it].[72]

Napolitano remained Minister of the Interior until October 1998, when Prodi's government lost its majority in the Italian Parliament. He also served a second term as a member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2004 within the Party of European Socialists, and was part of the European Parliament Committee on Constitutional Affairs.[73][74] In October 2005, Napolitano was named senator for life,[75] and was one of the last two to be appointed by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, the then Italian president of the Republic, together with Sergio Pininfarina.[76][77]

President of Italy

First term (2006–2013)

Election

Napolitano with his predecessor Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

The

Italian centre-right Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. After the election, the presidents of both houses of Parliament were chosen by the winning centre-left coalition, and so the centre-right House of Freedoms demanded an impartial candidate for the role of president of the Italian Republic. The Union stressed the fact that the Italian constitution demands that the president be a defender of the constitution, hinting that such a quality was scarce among the opposition members. Berlusconi complained about Napolitano's over fifty-year Communist militancy, reiterated his allegations of election fraud, and said that "there is a fake majority that with a 24 thousand vote difference in just one month has occupied the government, presidency of the Chamber, the Senate, and the Republic!"[78]

In line with the anti-communist stance he had taken in the campaign, Berlusconi was the most vocal opponent of any candidate that came from the PCI. His allies, especially the

Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), openly disagreed with his intransigence but vowed to stick with their ally's decision. When Napolitano was elected, Berlusconi gave an interview to Panorama, one of his political magazines, saying that the UDC betrayed him by letting 60 of his electors cast a blank vote on the first ballot, instead of supporting the official candidate Gianni Letta. When the UDC argued that this might have spelt the end of the coalition, Berlusconi changed his stance by saying that he had been misunderstood and that he never gave that journalist an interview.[79]

The candidacy of Massimo D'Alema was supported by Napolitano's party, the Democrats of the Left, and by other parties of the coalition, such as the Party of Italian Communists, the Communist Refoundation Party, and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy; it was opposed by others, such as the Rose in the Fist, arguing that his candidacy was driven by a particracy's mentality. Part of the more left-wing coalition considered D'Alema far too willing to conduct backroom deals with the opposition. Some moderate journalists liked D'Alema because his presidency would have given Prodi a stable government since the biggest party of the Union had not been rewarded with any institutional position. Initially, it was also thought that the incumbent president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, who nominated Napolitano senator for life in 2005, could be re-elected, being favoured by the centre-right coalition over D'Alema; Ciampi refused, and the frontrunner soon became D'Alema.[80]

In the opposition coalition, while Berlusconi vehemently opposed a D'Alema presidency, some of his aides, such as Mediaset president Fedele Confalonieri and Marcello Dell'Utri, used the electoral fraud allegations as a means to get a president more favourable to Berlusconi saying that they were willing to move on from the electoral fraud allegations, and some right-leaning newspapers, such as Il Foglio, campaigned for D'Alema. The official stance of the centre-right was that D'Alema, being an important left-wing politician and having participated in the election campaign, was ill-suited for president, a role that it is supposed to be impartial. When the Union proposed Napolitano, the House of Freedom objected that the Union should have presented a list of names. Even though Napolitano appeared at first a candidate that the House of Freedoms could converge on, the proposal was rejected much like that of D'Alema. On 5 May, Berlusconi had been unable to convince Gianfranco Fini of National Alliance to support D'Alema, while the Democrats of the Left explored the candidacy of Giuliano Amato and Emma Bonino before Piero Fassino and D'Alema, in agreement with Prodi, shifted to then 81-year-old Napolitano.[80]

On 7 May, the centre-left majority coalition officially endorsed Napolitano as its candidate in the 2006 Italian presidential election, which began on 8 May. The Holy See endorsed him as president through its official newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, just after the Union named him as its candidate, as did Marco Follini, former secretary of the UDC, a member party of the House of Freedoms. Napolitano was elected on 10 May, in the fourth round of voting — the first of those requiring only an absolute majority, unlike the first three which required two-thirds of the votes — with 543 votes (out of a possible 1,009).[81] At the age of 80, he became the first former Communist to become president of Italy, as well as the third Neapolitan after Enrico De Nicola and Giovanni Leone. He came out of retirement to accept.[58]

After Napolitano's election, expressions of esteem toward him personally as regarding his authoritative character as the future president of the Italian Republic were made by both members of the Union and of the House of Freedoms, which had turned in

Mediaset trial.[80]

Prodi Cabinet

Napolitano with Romano Prodi in 2006

On 9 July 2006, Napolitano was present at the 2006 FIFA World Cup final, in which the Italy national team defeated France and won its fourth World Cup, and afterwards he joined the players' celebrations. He is the second president of the Italian Republic to be present at a FIFA World Cup final won by the Italian team after Sandro Pertini in 1982.[84] On 26 September 2006, Napolitano made an official visit to Budapest, Hungary, where he paid tribute to the fallen in the 1956 revolution, which he initially opposed as member of the PCI, by laying a wreath at Imre Nagy's grave.[85] On 10 February 2007, a diplomatic crisis arose between Italy and Croatia after Napolitano made an official speech during the celebration of the National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe. In the speech, he stated:

Already in the unleashing of the first wave of blind and extreme violence in those lands, in the autumn of 1943, summary and tumultuous justicialism, nationalist paroxysm, social retaliation and a plan to eradicate Italian presence intertwined in what was, and ceased to be, the Julian March. There was, therefore, a movement of hate and bloodthirsty fury, and a Slavic annexationist design, which prevailed above all in the peace treaty of 1947, and assumed the sinister shape of "ethnic cleansing". What we can say for sure is that what was consumed – in the most evident way through the inhuman ferocity of the foibe – was one of the barbarities of the past century.[86]

Napolitano with United States president George W. Bush in 2007

The

Peace Treaty of 1947, saying that it is "absolutely unacceptable".[90]

On 21 February 2007, Prodi submitted his resignation after losing a foreign policy vote in Parliament;

vote of confidence.[94] Prodi's cabinet remained in office after he won the vote in the upper house on 28 February,[95][96] and then in the lower house on 2 March.[97]

2008 political crisis

On 24 January 2008, Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate of the Republic by a vote of 161 to 156 votes, after the Union of Democrats for Europe ended its support for the Prodi-led government.[98] On 30 January, Napolitano appointed the president of the Senate Franco Marini to try to form a caretaker government with the goal of changing the current electoral system rather than call a quick election.[99]

Napolitano with Silvio Berlusconi in 2008

The state of the

White Rose, while Ferdinando Adornato and Angelo Sanza [it] (two leading members of the Forza Italia faction Liberal-Popular Union) switched allegiance to the UDC. On 4 February, the Liberal Populars (a UDC faction that favoured merging with Forza Italia) seceded from UDC to join Berlusconi's People of Freedom later this year. That same day, Marini acknowledged that he had failed to find the necessary majority for an interim government.[100]

After having met with all major political forces and having found opposition to forming an interim government mainly from centre-right coalition parties, such as Forza Italia and

dissolved the Italian Parliament on 6 February. The ensuing snap election was held on 13 and 14 April 2008,[104][105] together with the 2008 Italian local elections [it].[103] The elections resulted in a decisive victory for Berlusconi's centre-right coalition.[106]

On 7 May, Napolitano appointed Berlusconi as Prime Minister of Italy following his landslide victory in the 2008 Italian general election. The cabinet was officially inaugurated one day later, with Berlusconi thus becoming the second of five prime ministers in nine years under Napolitano. During the ensuing Belusconi government, Napolitano was at times criticized by the parliamentary opposition for having signed some of the laws approved by Parliament on the government's proposal, which were view critically by part of the opposition, particularly Antonio Di Pietro,[107][108][109] who evaluated the possibility of an impeachment motion of Napolitano after he had signed a government decree-law for the readmission of the excluded Berlusconi's party lists in Lazio and Lombardy a few weeks before the 2010 Italian regional elections.[110][111]

Eluana Englaro incident

On 6 February 2009, Napolitano refused to sign an emergency decree made by the Berlusconi government in order to suspend a final court sentence allowing suspension of nutrition to 38-year-old coma patient Eluana Englaro; the decree could not be enacted by Berlusconi. This caused a major political debate within Italy regarding the relationship between Napolitano and the government in office.[112]

2011 political crisis

Napolitano with Mario Monti and the then German chancellor Angela Merkel

In July 2011, Napolitano was Italy's most popular politician, with an 80% popularity rating compared to Berlusconi's 30% rating as Prime Minister. Citing

cross the floor and join the opposition. On 8 November, the Chamber of Deputies approved the law on the budget of the state that was previously rejected but with only 308 votes, while opposition parties did not participate in the vote to highlight that Berlusconi had lost his majority.[116][117] After the vote, Berlusconi announced his resignation after Parliament passed economic reforms,[118] as the bid–ask spread almost reached 600 points.[119]

On 12 November, after a final meeting with his cabinet, Berlusconi met Napolitano at the Quirinal Palace to tend his resignation, which Napolitano accepted,[120] in what was described as an end of an era, Berlusconi being Italy's longest-serving post-war prime minister,[121] and his 17-year premiership in total marred by many scandals.[122] This event was met with jeering and celebrations.[123] As Berlusconi arrived at the presidential residence, a hostile crowd gathered with banners shouting insults at Berlusconi and throwing coins at the car. After his resignation, the booing and jeering continued as he left in his convoy, with the public shouting words like buffoon, dictator, and mafioso.[124]

Following

Monti Cabinet was subsequently confirmed by an overwhelming majority of both houses of Parliament in what was a technocratic cabinet,[125] which was widely referred to as a "government of the president". He also earned the nickname "King George" (re Giorgio), which The New York Times attributed to "his stately defense of Italian democratic institutions".[4][126] Napolitano's management of the events led to widespread international attention in his capacity as president, a role normally regarded as largely ceremonial. He received complimentary calls from multiple world leaders,[27] including by the United States under Barack Obama, with whom he had positive relations.[127] In December 2011, L'Espresso declared 2011 to be the year of Napolitano and named him the man of the year.[128] While also used affectionately, the "King George" moniker was seen negatively by his critics on the Italian right, as they alleged that he had helped engineer the end of Berlusconi's final government after colluding with European Union authorities.[129]

Monti later said that, due to Napolitano's role, he had achieved the largest parliamentary majority and argued that he did not fuel populism. He said that in 2013 he was implored by the governing parties to remain as Prime Minister.

conspiracy theories related to the alleged 2011 coup against Belusconi.[132]

Second term (2013–2015)

Re-election

Napolitano with Laura Boldrini and Pietro Grasso

In February 2013, Napolitano wrote for L'Osservatore Romano. About the

conservative ideology survived the end of Communism, increasingly taking on the appearance of that 'market fundamentalism', translated into deregulation and the abdication of politics, which only the global financial crisis which broke out in 2008 would have called into question."[133]

Following five inconclusive ballots for the

April 2013 Italian presidential election, Napolitano accepted to be re-elected as president – an unprecedented move – following pleas by Monti and the leaders of the main political blocks, Pier Luigi Bersani and Berlusconi.[134] Napolitano reluctantly agreed to serve for another term in order to safeguard the continuity of the country's institutions.[17][135] Napolitano was easily re-elected on 20 April, receiving 738 of the 1,007 possible votes, and was sworn in on 22 April after a speech when he asked for constitutional and electoral reforms.[136] The critical findings on Porcellum (the Italian electoral law of 2005) echoed the words that Napolitano gave on 22 April before the Electoral College that had re-elected him for a second term.[137]

Letta Cabinet

Napolitano with Enrico Letta in 2013

After his re-election, Napolitano immediately began consultations with the chairmen of the Chamber of Deputies, Senate, and political forces after the failure of the previous attempt with Bersani after the inconclusive

February 2013 Italian general election, and the establishment of a panel of ten experts by Napolitano himself, who were dubbed as wise men by the press,[138][139][140] in order to outline priorities and formulate an agenda to deal with the persistent economic hardship and growing unemployment and end the country's political deadlock,[141][142][143] as well as to nominate his successor.[144][145]

Queen Elizabeth II
in 2014

On 24 April, Napolitano gave to the vice-secretary of the centre-left

Italy Common Good, could not form a government because it did not have a majority in the Senate.[147] Bersani refused a coalition with Berlusconi's party and attempted to form a government with the anti-establishment Five Star Movement but failed in his bid.[148]

On 27 April, Letta formally accepted the task of leading a

Letta Cabinet. Napolitano described it as the "only government possible",[149] and said: "I hope that this government can get to work quickly in the spirit of fervent co-operation and without any prejudice or conflict. It was and is the only possible government."[150]

The government formed by Letta became the first in the history of the Italian Republic to include representatives of all the major candidate-coalitions that had competed in the election, and included a record number of women.

On 30 January 2014, the Five Star Movement deposited an impeachment motion,[154][155] which was criticized by the other parties and was later dismissed by the impeachment committee,[156] for six charges accusing Napolitano of harming the Italian constitution,[157][158][159] to allow unconstitutional laws and in relation to the State-Mafia Pact,[160] which remained controversial after his death in 2023.[161][162][163]

Renzi Cabinet

Napolitano with Matteo Renzi in 2014

In the 2013 Democratic Party leadership election, Matteo Renzi, the mayor of Florence, was elected with 68% of the popular vote, compared to 18% for Gianni Cuperlo, and 14% for Giuseppe Civati. He became the new secretary of the Democratic Party and the centre-left's prospective candidate for Prime Minister. His victory was welcomed by Letta, who had been the vice-secretary of the party under Bersani's leadership. In an earlier speech, Renzi had paid tribute to Letta, saying that he was not intended to put him "on trial". Without directly proposing himself as the next Prime Minister, he said the Eurozone's third-largest economy urgently needed "a new phase" and "radical programme" to push through badly-needed reforms. The motion he put forward made clear "the necessity and urgency of opening a new phase with a new executive". Speaking privately to party leaders, Renzi said that Italy was "at a crossroads" and faced either holding fresh elections or a new government without a return to the polls.[164]

On 13 February, Letta dismissed rumours of his resignation.

Renzi Cabinet was established.[172]

Resignation

On 9 November 2014, the Italian press reported that Napolitano would step down at the end of the year.[173] The press office of the Quirinal Palace "neither confirmed nor denied" the reports.[174] Citing age reasons,[175] Napolitano officially resigned on 14 January 2015 after the end of the six-month Italian presidency of the European Union.[176]

Later life

After the presidency, Napolitano once again became

18th legislature of the Italian Republic.[177]

Napolitano had surgery on his

19th legislature of the Italian Republic, he renounced to the role of provisional president of the Senate, which was taken by Liliana Segre.[178]

Personal life

Abdullah Gul
and his wife in 2009

At the beginning of 1959, Napolitano met Clio Maria Bittoni, who had graduated in law. They were married at the town hall in Rome a few months later in a civil ceremony. From the marriage were born Giovanni (born 1961), who has two children named Sofia and Simone,[179] and Giulio (born 1969).[180]

Relations with the Catholic Church

Napolitano was a laico (secular layman) and non credente (non-believer), effectively an

agnostic, which he did not like as formulas, and said that he was a non-believer, a layman who maintained close and positive relations with the Catholic Church and Pope Benedict XVI. During one of their first meetings, Napolitano quoted from Thomas Mann, one of his favourite writers, that "Christianity remains one of the pillars of the Western spirit and the other is the ancient Mediterranean culture."[182]

Napolitano was the first to know about the pope's resignation. Andrea Riccardi, founder of the Community of Sant'Egidio and former minister in the Monti Cabinet, said that "Napolitano considered the Church a component of great importance in the social stability of the country" and was concerned by the rightward shift of Catholics.[183]

Death and state funeral

Napolitano lying in state before the funeral

In 2023, Napolitano was hospitalized in Rome shortly after his 98th birthday on 29 June.

critical condition with his health deteriorating, and was taken off life support.[185] He died three days later on 22 September at the age of 98.[27][13] Italy's Council of Ministers proclaimed a day of national mourning and ordered flags to be flown half-mast for five days in his honour.[186]

Napolitano's

Legacy

Napolitano is considered one of the most important figures of the Italian Republic, particularly of the Second Italian Republic between the 1990s and 2010s, and is described as a giant of Italian politics.

Soviet Communism from the 1940s to the 1960s, from the moderate transition in the 1960s and 1980s, and a man of the institutions from the 1990s to the 2010s.[195] He is considered to have been a social-democratic, pro-European, and reformist Communist;[196] Le Monde described him as "a reformist Communist, capable of dialogue with the leaders of the Christian Democrats and with the trade unions, a convinced pro-European, he participated in many international conferences in Europe, and formed ties with left-wing leaders, such as Willy Brandt in Germany."[197] Aldo Tortorella, another long-time Communist member, described him as "a great left-wing fighter".[198]

The New York Times described him as the "Italian post-Communist pillar".[197] As president of Italy, Napolitano was charged by his critics of having transformed a largely ceremonial role into a political and executive one; he became the de facto kingmaker of Italian politics. In 2008 and 2011, he refused to hold snap elections and favoured the formation of new governments instead to carry out reforms. This failed in 2008 when Berlusconi won the ensuing elections, while he succeeded in 2011 when he mandated Monti to form a government,[199] a decision that remains controversial and polarizing but that it is considered to have saved Italy during the European debt crisis and praised for ending the country's political deadlock.[27] In 2013, he accepted re-election reluctantly;[17] before his resignation in 2015 due to age reasons,[175] he again played a key role in forming Italy's first grand coalition government and ending the political stalemate.[150][200][201]

Napolitano's death attracted international attention and recognition.[202] The German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung described Napolitano as being "highly appreciated at an international level", where he was considered "an impartial and reliable interlocutor",[197] while Deutsche Welle said that he "helped guide Italy through the EU sovereign debt crisis".[197] In Spain, El País characterized him as a "convinced European and renowned statesman" who "helped bring his country out of a debt crisis in 2011".[197] In France, Le Monde described him as a "tireless militant" who "played a leading role in Italian political life" and a "symbol of stability and political longevity" during his nine years as head of state, and underscored his evolution from the "Red Prince" to "King George".[197] In the United States, The New York Times emphasized Napolitano's crucial role in stabilizing the country.[197]

Electoral history

Election House Constituency Party Votes Result
1953 Chamber of Deputies
Naples–Caserta
PCI 42,956 checkY Elected
1958 Chamber of Deputies
Naples–Caserta
PCI 31,969 checkY Elected
1968 Chamber of Deputies
Naples–Caserta
PCI 78,380 checkY Elected
1972 Chamber of Deputies
Naples–Caserta
PCI 71,412 checkY Elected
1976 Chamber of Deputies
Naples–Caserta
PCI 109,776 checkY Elected
1979 Chamber of Deputies
Naples–Caserta
PCI 89,465 checkY Elected
1983 Chamber of Deputies
Naples–Caserta
PCI 145,283 checkY Elected
1987 Chamber of Deputies
Naples–Caserta
PCI 96,853 checkY Elected
1989 European Parliament Southern Italy PCI 358,363 checkY Elected
1992 Chamber of Deputies
Naples–Caserta
PDS 30,274 checkY Elected
1994 Chamber of Deputies
Naples Fuorigrotta
PDS 37,214 checkY Elected
1999 European Parliament Southern Italy DS 183,812 checkY Elected

First-past-the-post elections

1994 general election (C): NaplesFuorigrotta
Candidate Coalition Votes %
Giorgio Napolitano Alliance of Progressives 37,214 53.0
Angelo Tramontano Pole of Good Government 25,819 36.8
Vittorio Pellegrino Pact for Italy 4,409 6.3
Others 2,740 3.9
Total 70,182 100.0

Presidential elections

2006 presidential election (4th ballot)
Candidate Supported by Votes %
Giorgio Napolitano
The Union
543 53.8
Umberto Bossi LN 42 4.2
Others 44 4.3
Blank or invalid votes 361 35.7
Abstentions 19 1.8
Total 1,009 100.0
2013 presidential election (6th ballot)
Candidate Supported by Votes %
Giorgio Napolitano PD, PdL, SC, LN 738 73.3
Stefano Rodotà M5S, SEL 217 21.5
Others 18 1.8
Blank or invalid votes 22 2.2
Abstentions 10 1.0
Total 1,007 100.0

Source: "Eligendo Archivio" (in Italian). Italian Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2023.

Honours

Napolitano received a number of honours, both nationally and internationally. In 2009, he received the Medaglia Teresiana at the University of Pavia.[203] In 2010, he was awarded the Dan David Prize "for his dedication to the cause of Parliamentary democracy, thereby contributing to a strengthening of democratic values and institutions in Italy and Europe; and for his courage and intellectual integrity which have been crucial in healing the wounds of the Cold War in Europe, as well as the scars left in Italy in the wake of fascism."[204]

National honours

Source: "Napolitano Dott. Giorgio". Quirinale (in Italian). Retrieved 24 September 2023.

Foreign honours

See also

References

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Bibliography

External links

Political offices
Preceded by President of the Chamber of Deputies
1992–1994
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of the Interior
1996–1998
Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Italy
2006–2015
Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Invocation Speaker of the College of Europe
2011
Succeeded by