Giorgio Napolitano
Giorgio Napolitano | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11th President of Italy | |||||||||||
In office 15 May 2006 – 14 January 2015 | |||||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||||
Preceded by | Carlo Azeglio Ciampi | ||||||||||
Succeeded by | Sergio Mattarella | ||||||||||
President of the Chamber of Deputies | |||||||||||
In office 3 June 1992 – 14 April 1994 | |||||||||||
Preceded by | Oscar Luigi Scalfaro | ||||||||||
Succeeded by | Irene Pivetti | ||||||||||
Minister of the Interior | |||||||||||
In office 18 May 1996 – 21 October 1998 | |||||||||||
Prime Minister | Romano Prodi | ||||||||||
Preceded by | Giovanni Rinaldo Coronas | ||||||||||
Succeeded by | Rosa Russo Iervolino | ||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||
Born | Naples, Kingdom of Italy | 29 June 1925||||||||||
Died | 22 September 2023 Rome, Italy | (aged 98)||||||||||
Political party | Independent | ||||||||||
Other political affiliations | |||||||||||
Spouse | |||||||||||
Children | 2 | ||||||||||
Alma mater | University of Naples Federico II | ||||||||||
Signature | |||||||||||
Giorgio Napolitano (Italian:
Napolitano was a longtime member of the
In 2005, Napolitano was appointed a
Napolitano intended to retire from politics after his seven-year presidential term expired, but reluctantly agreed to run again in the
Napolitano was often accused by his critics of having transformed a largely ceremonial role into a political and executive one, acting as kingmaker during his political tenure.[24][25] Supporters instead credited him with saving Italy from the brink of default during the European debt crisis and subsequent political stalemates,[26] which helped to stabilize the country.[27] At the time of his death in 2023, he was the longest-serving Italian President as well as the longest-lived Italian President on record.[3] He was also the oldest head of state in Europe and the third oldest in the world, behind the Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe and Abdullah of Saudi Arabia.[28] A state funeral in secular form was held for Napolitano on 22 September 2023.
Early life
Napolitano was born in
An enthusiast of the theatre since secondary school, during his university years he contributed a theatrical review to the IX Maggio weekly magazine and had small parts in plays organized by the Gioventù Universitaria Fascista itself. He played in a comedy by
Napolitano has often been cited as the author of a collection of
Early political career
World War II and anti-fascist resistance
During the existence of the
From post-war years to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Following the end of the war in 1945, Napolitano became the PCI's federal secretary for Naples and
On 11 June 1946, nine days after the
In the
A 26 May 1953 document of the
The decision to support the Soviets against the Hungarian revolutionaries generated a split in the PCI, and the
Leading member of the Italian Communist Party
From the 1960s to 1980s
Between 1963 and 1966, Napolitano was party chairman in the city of Naples and later, between 1966 and 1969, he was appointed as chairman of the secretary's office and of the political office. In 1964, following the death of Togliatti, Napolitano was one of the main leaders who supported an alliance with the Italian Socialist Party, which after the end of the Popular Democratic Front joined the government with Christian Democracy. During the 1970s and 1980s, Napolitano was in charge for cultural activities, economic policy, and the international relations of the party.[27]
Napolitano's political thought was somewhat moderate in the context of the PCI; he became the leader of the wing of the party called
In the mid-1970s, Napolitano was invited by the
Thanks to this role and in part by the good offices of Giulio Andreotti, in the 1980s Napolitano was able to travel to the United States and give lectures at Aspen, Colorado and at Harvard University. He has since visited and lectured in the United States several times. After the death of Enrico Berlinguer in 1984, Napolitano was among the possible successors as secretary of the party; Alessandro Natta was elected instead, and it was the second time that he came close to the party's highest position, the first time being in 1972 when Berlinguer was favoured over him.[60] In July 1989, Napolitano became Foreign Minister in the PCI shadow government, from which he resigned the day after the Congress of Rimini, where the PCI was dissolved. That same year, Napolitano supported the motion that led to the PCI's transformation and name change.[61]
After the Italian Communist Party
After the dissolution of the PCI in February 1991, Napolitano followed most of its membership into the
President of the Chamber of Deputies
In 1992, Napolitano was elected
Late 1990s and early 2000s
After the
Napolitano remained Minister of the Interior until October 1998, when Prodi's government lost its majority in the Italian Parliament. He also served a second term as a member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2004 within the Party of European Socialists, and was part of the European Parliament Committee on Constitutional Affairs.[73][74] In October 2005, Napolitano was named senator for life,[75] and was one of the last two to be appointed by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, the then Italian president of the Republic, together with Sergio Pininfarina.[76][77]
President of Italy
First term (2006–2013)
Election
The
In line with the anti-communist stance he had taken in the campaign, Berlusconi was the most vocal opponent of any candidate that came from the PCI. His allies, especially the
The candidacy of Massimo D'Alema was supported by Napolitano's party, the Democrats of the Left, and by other parties of the coalition, such as the Party of Italian Communists, the Communist Refoundation Party, and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy; it was opposed by others, such as the Rose in the Fist, arguing that his candidacy was driven by a particracy's mentality. Part of the more left-wing coalition considered D'Alema far too willing to conduct backroom deals with the opposition. Some moderate journalists liked D'Alema because his presidency would have given Prodi a stable government since the biggest party of the Union had not been rewarded with any institutional position. Initially, it was also thought that the incumbent president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, who nominated Napolitano senator for life in 2005, could be re-elected, being favoured by the centre-right coalition over D'Alema; Ciampi refused, and the frontrunner soon became D'Alema.[80]
In the opposition coalition, while Berlusconi vehemently opposed a D'Alema presidency, some of his aides, such as Mediaset president Fedele Confalonieri and Marcello Dell'Utri, used the electoral fraud allegations as a means to get a president more favourable to Berlusconi saying that they were willing to move on from the electoral fraud allegations, and some right-leaning newspapers, such as Il Foglio, campaigned for D'Alema. The official stance of the centre-right was that D'Alema, being an important left-wing politician and having participated in the election campaign, was ill-suited for president, a role that it is supposed to be impartial. When the Union proposed Napolitano, the House of Freedom objected that the Union should have presented a list of names. Even though Napolitano appeared at first a candidate that the House of Freedoms could converge on, the proposal was rejected much like that of D'Alema. On 5 May, Berlusconi had been unable to convince Gianfranco Fini of National Alliance to support D'Alema, while the Democrats of the Left explored the candidacy of Giuliano Amato and Emma Bonino before Piero Fassino and D'Alema, in agreement with Prodi, shifted to then 81-year-old Napolitano.[80]
On 7 May, the centre-left majority coalition officially endorsed Napolitano as its candidate in the 2006 Italian presidential election, which began on 8 May. The Holy See endorsed him as president through its official newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, just after the Union named him as its candidate, as did Marco Follini, former secretary of the UDC, a member party of the House of Freedoms. Napolitano was elected on 10 May, in the fourth round of voting — the first of those requiring only an absolute majority, unlike the first three which required two-thirds of the votes — with 543 votes (out of a possible 1,009).[81] At the age of 80, he became the first former Communist to become president of Italy, as well as the third Neapolitan after Enrico De Nicola and Giovanni Leone. He came out of retirement to accept.[58]
After Napolitano's election, expressions of esteem toward him personally as regarding his authoritative character as the future president of the Italian Republic were made by both members of the Union and of the House of Freedoms, which had turned in
Prodi Cabinet
On 9 July 2006, Napolitano was present at the 2006 FIFA World Cup final, in which the Italy national team defeated France and won its fourth World Cup, and afterwards he joined the players' celebrations. He is the second president of the Italian Republic to be present at a FIFA World Cup final won by the Italian team after Sandro Pertini in 1982.[84] On 26 September 2006, Napolitano made an official visit to Budapest, Hungary, where he paid tribute to the fallen in the 1956 revolution, which he initially opposed as member of the PCI, by laying a wreath at Imre Nagy's grave.[85] On 10 February 2007, a diplomatic crisis arose between Italy and Croatia after Napolitano made an official speech during the celebration of the National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe. In the speech, he stated:
Already in the unleashing of the first wave of blind and extreme violence in those lands, in the autumn of 1943, summary and tumultuous justicialism, nationalist paroxysm, social retaliation and a plan to eradicate Italian presence intertwined in what was, and ceased to be, the Julian March. There was, therefore, a movement of hate and bloodthirsty fury, and a Slavic annexationist design, which prevailed above all in the peace treaty of 1947, and assumed the sinister shape of "ethnic cleansing". What we can say for sure is that what was consumed – in the most evident way through the inhuman ferocity of the foibe – was one of the barbarities of the past century.[86]
The
On 21 February 2007, Prodi submitted his resignation after losing a foreign policy vote in Parliament;
2008 political crisis
On 24 January 2008, Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate of the Republic by a vote of 161 to 156 votes, after the Union of Democrats for Europe ended its support for the Prodi-led government.[98] On 30 January, Napolitano appointed the president of the Senate Franco Marini to try to form a caretaker government with the goal of changing the current electoral system rather than call a quick election.[99]
The state of the
After having met with all major political forces and having found opposition to forming an interim government mainly from centre-right coalition parties, such as Forza Italia and
On 7 May, Napolitano appointed Berlusconi as Prime Minister of Italy following his landslide victory in the 2008 Italian general election. The cabinet was officially inaugurated one day later, with Berlusconi thus becoming the second of five prime ministers in nine years under Napolitano. During the ensuing Belusconi government, Napolitano was at times criticized by the parliamentary opposition for having signed some of the laws approved by Parliament on the government's proposal, which were view critically by part of the opposition, particularly Antonio Di Pietro,[107][108][109] who evaluated the possibility of an impeachment motion of Napolitano after he had signed a government decree-law for the readmission of the excluded Berlusconi's party lists in Lazio and Lombardy a few weeks before the 2010 Italian regional elections.[110][111]
Eluana Englaro incident
On 6 February 2009, Napolitano refused to sign an emergency decree made by the Berlusconi government in order to suspend a final court sentence allowing suspension of nutrition to 38-year-old coma patient Eluana Englaro; the decree could not be enacted by Berlusconi. This caused a major political debate within Italy regarding the relationship between Napolitano and the government in office.[112]
2011 political crisis
In July 2011, Napolitano was Italy's most popular politician, with an 80% popularity rating compared to Berlusconi's 30% rating as Prime Minister. Citing
On 12 November, after a final meeting with his cabinet, Berlusconi met Napolitano at the Quirinal Palace to tend his resignation, which Napolitano accepted,[120] in what was described as an end of an era, Berlusconi being Italy's longest-serving post-war prime minister,[121] and his 17-year premiership in total marred by many scandals.[122] This event was met with jeering and celebrations.[123] As Berlusconi arrived at the presidential residence, a hostile crowd gathered with banners shouting insults at Berlusconi and throwing coins at the car. After his resignation, the booing and jeering continued as he left in his convoy, with the public shouting words like buffoon, dictator, and mafioso.[124]
Following
Monti later said that, due to Napolitano's role, he had achieved the largest parliamentary majority and argued that he did not fuel populism. He said that in 2013 he was implored by the governing parties to remain as Prime Minister.
Second term (2013–2015)
Re-election
In February 2013, Napolitano wrote for L'Osservatore Romano. About the
Following five inconclusive ballots for the
Letta Cabinet
After his re-election, Napolitano immediately began consultations with the chairmen of the Chamber of Deputies, Senate, and political forces after the failure of the previous attempt with Bersani after the inconclusive
On 24 April, Napolitano gave to the vice-secretary of the centre-left
On 27 April, Letta formally accepted the task of leading a
The government formed by Letta became the first in the history of the Italian Republic to include representatives of all the major candidate-coalitions that had competed in the election, and included a record number of women.
On 30 January 2014, the Five Star Movement deposited an impeachment motion,[154][155] which was criticized by the other parties and was later dismissed by the impeachment committee,[156] for six charges accusing Napolitano of harming the Italian constitution,[157][158][159] to allow unconstitutional laws and in relation to the State-Mafia Pact,[160] which remained controversial after his death in 2023.[161][162][163]
Renzi Cabinet
In the 2013 Democratic Party leadership election, Matteo Renzi, the mayor of Florence, was elected with 68% of the popular vote, compared to 18% for Gianni Cuperlo, and 14% for Giuseppe Civati. He became the new secretary of the Democratic Party and the centre-left's prospective candidate for Prime Minister. His victory was welcomed by Letta, who had been the vice-secretary of the party under Bersani's leadership. In an earlier speech, Renzi had paid tribute to Letta, saying that he was not intended to put him "on trial". Without directly proposing himself as the next Prime Minister, he said the Eurozone's third-largest economy urgently needed "a new phase" and "radical programme" to push through badly-needed reforms. The motion he put forward made clear "the necessity and urgency of opening a new phase with a new executive". Speaking privately to party leaders, Renzi said that Italy was "at a crossroads" and faced either holding fresh elections or a new government without a return to the polls.[164]
On 13 February, Letta dismissed rumours of his resignation.
Resignation
On 9 November 2014, the Italian press reported that Napolitano would step down at the end of the year.[173] The press office of the Quirinal Palace "neither confirmed nor denied" the reports.[174] Citing age reasons,[175] Napolitano officially resigned on 14 January 2015 after the end of the six-month Italian presidency of the European Union.[176]
Later life
After the presidency, Napolitano once again became
Napolitano had surgery on his
Personal life
At the beginning of 1959, Napolitano met Clio Maria Bittoni, who had graduated in law. They were married at the town hall in Rome a few months later in a civil ceremony. From the marriage were born Giovanni (born 1961), who has two children named Sofia and Simone,[179] and Giulio (born 1969).[180]
Relations with the Catholic Church
Napolitano was a laico (secular layman) and non credente (non-believer), effectively an
Napolitano was the first to know about the pope's resignation. Andrea Riccardi, founder of the Community of Sant'Egidio and former minister in the Monti Cabinet, said that "Napolitano considered the Church a component of great importance in the social stability of the country" and was concerned by the rightward shift of Catholics.[183]
Death and state funeral
In 2023, Napolitano was hospitalized in Rome shortly after his 98th birthday on 29 June.
Napolitano's
Legacy
Napolitano is considered one of the most important figures of the Italian Republic, particularly of the Second Italian Republic between the 1990s and 2010s, and is described as a giant of Italian politics.
The New York Times described him as the "Italian post-Communist pillar".[197] As president of Italy, Napolitano was charged by his critics of having transformed a largely ceremonial role into a political and executive one; he became the de facto kingmaker of Italian politics. In 2008 and 2011, he refused to hold snap elections and favoured the formation of new governments instead to carry out reforms. This failed in 2008 when Berlusconi won the ensuing elections, while he succeeded in 2011 when he mandated Monti to form a government,[199] a decision that remains controversial and polarizing but that it is considered to have saved Italy during the European debt crisis and praised for ending the country's political deadlock.[27] In 2013, he accepted re-election reluctantly;[17] before his resignation in 2015 due to age reasons,[175] he again played a key role in forming Italy's first grand coalition government and ending the political stalemate.[150][200][201]
Napolitano's death attracted international attention and recognition.[202] The German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung described Napolitano as being "highly appreciated at an international level", where he was considered "an impartial and reliable interlocutor",[197] while Deutsche Welle said that he "helped guide Italy through the EU sovereign debt crisis".[197] In Spain, El País characterized him as a "convinced European and renowned statesman" who "helped bring his country out of a debt crisis in 2011".[197] In France, Le Monde described him as a "tireless militant" who "played a leading role in Italian political life" and a "symbol of stability and political longevity" during his nine years as head of state, and underscored his evolution from the "Red Prince" to "King George".[197] In the United States, The New York Times emphasized Napolitano's crucial role in stabilizing the country.[197]
Electoral history
Election | House | Constituency | Party | Votes | Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1953 | Chamber of Deputies | Naples–Caserta
|
PCI | 42,956 | Elected | |
1958 | Chamber of Deputies | Naples–Caserta
|
PCI | 31,969 | Elected | |
1968 | Chamber of Deputies | Naples–Caserta
|
PCI | 78,380 | Elected | |
1972 | Chamber of Deputies | Naples–Caserta
|
PCI | 71,412 | Elected | |
1976 | Chamber of Deputies | Naples–Caserta
|
PCI | 109,776 | Elected | |
1979 | Chamber of Deputies | Naples–Caserta
|
PCI | 89,465 | Elected | |
1983 | Chamber of Deputies | Naples–Caserta
|
PCI | 145,283 | Elected | |
1987 | Chamber of Deputies | Naples–Caserta
|
PCI | 96,853 | Elected | |
1989 | European Parliament | Southern Italy | PCI | 358,363 | Elected | |
1992 | Chamber of Deputies | Naples–Caserta
|
PDS | 30,274 | Elected | |
1994 | Chamber of Deputies | Naples Fuorigrotta
|
PDS | 37,214 | Elected | |
1999 | European Parliament | Southern Italy | DS | 183,812 | Elected |
First-past-the-post elections
1994 general election (C): Naples — Fuorigrotta | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Coalition | Votes | % | |
Giorgio Napolitano | Alliance of Progressives | 37,214 | 53.0 | |
Angelo Tramontano | Pole of Good Government | 25,819 | 36.8 | |
Vittorio Pellegrino | Pact for Italy | 4,409 | 6.3 | |
Others | 2,740 | 3.9 | ||
Total | 70,182 | 100.0 |
Presidential elections
2006 presidential election (4th ballot) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Supported by | Votes | % | |
Giorgio Napolitano | The Union
|
543 | 53.8 | |
Umberto Bossi | LN | 42 | 4.2 | |
Others | 44 | 4.3 | ||
Blank or invalid votes | 361 | 35.7 | ||
Abstentions | 19 | 1.8 | ||
Total | 1,009 | 100.0 |
2013 presidential election (6th ballot) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Supported by | Votes | % | |
Giorgio Napolitano | PD, PdL, SC, LN | 738 | 73.3 | |
Stefano Rodotà | M5S, SEL | 217 | 21.5 | |
Others | 18 | 1.8 | ||
Blank or invalid votes | 22 | 2.2 | ||
Abstentions | 10 | 1.0 | ||
Total | 1,007 | 100.0 |
Source: "Eligendo Archivio" (in Italian). Italian Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
Honours
Napolitano received a number of honours, both nationally and internationally. In 2009, he received the Medaglia Teresiana at the University of Pavia.[203] In 2010, he was awarded the Dan David Prize "for his dedication to the cause of Parliamentary democracy, thereby contributing to a strengthening of democratic values and institutions in Italy and Europe; and for his courage and intellectual integrity which have been crucial in healing the wounds of the Cold War in Europe, as well as the scars left in Italy in the wake of fascism."[204]
National honours
- Italy: Head of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, 15 May 2006 – 14 January 2015.
- Italy: Head of the Military Order of Italy, 15 May 2006 – 14 January 2015.
- Italy: Head of the Order of Merit for Labour, 15 May 2006 – 14 January 2015.
- Italy: Head of the Order of the Star of Italy reformed from Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity, 15 May 2006 – 14 January 2015.
- Italy: Head of the Order of Vittorio Veneto, 15 May 2006 – 14 January 2015.
- Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, 28 October 1998, Grand Cross with Collar, 15 May 2006.[205]
Source: "Napolitano Dott. Giorgio". Quirinale (in Italian). Retrieved 24 September 2023.
Foreign honours
- Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, 26 June 2007.[206]
- Order of the White Rose, 9 September 2008.[207]
- France: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour, 21 November 2012.[208]
- Malta: Honorary Companions of Honour with Collar of the National Order of Merit, 30 June 2010.
- Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 23 October 2012.[209]
- Poland: Grand cross of the Order of the White Eagle, 11 June 2012.[210]
- Qatar: Collar of the Collar of the Independence, 13 November 2007.
- Romania: Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania, 15 September 2011.[211]
- Slovakia: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Double Cross, 27 February 2007.[212]
- Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, 26 September 1998.[213]
- Royal Order of the Seraphim, 13 March 2009.
- Order of Umayyad, 18 March 2010.-->
- First Class of the Order of the State of Republic of Turkey, 26 November 2009.[214]
- Order of Pius IX, November 2006.[215]
See also
References
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Già nello scatenarsi della prima ondata di cieca violenza in quelle terre, nell'autunno del 1943, si intrecciarono giustizialismo sommario e tumultuoso, parossismo nazionalista, rivalse sociali e un disegno di sradicamento della presenza italiana da quella che era, e cessò di essere, la Venezia Giulia. Vi fu dunque un moto di odio e di furia sanguinaria, e un disegno annessionistico slavo, che prevalse innanzitutto nel Trattato di pace del 1947, e che assunse i sinistri contorni di una 'pulizia etnica'. Quel che si può dire di certo è che si consumò – nel modo più evidente con la disumana ferocia delle foibe – una delle barbarie del secolo scorso.
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Il Presidente della Repubblica Giorgio Napolitano, in visita ufficiale a Sua Santità Benedetto XVI, indossa il collare e la placca dell'Ordine Piano [The President of the Republic Giorgio Napolitano, during an official visit to His Holiness Benedict XVI, wears the collar and plaque of the Order of Pius IX]
Bibliography
- Franchi, Paolo (2013). Giorgio Napolitano (in Italian) (E-book ed.). Milan: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-88-586-4213-9. Retrieved 27 September 2023 – via Google Books.
External links
- Media related to Giorgio Napolitano at Wikimedia Commons
- Appearances on C-SPAN