Giovanni Morone
Cardinal-Bishop | |
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| Personal details | |
| Born | Giovanni Girolamo Morone 25 January 1509 |
| Died | 1 December 1580 (aged 71) Rome, Italy |
| Buried | Santa Maria sopra Minerva |
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Giovanni Morone (or Moroni) (25 January 1509 – 1 December 1580) was an Italian
Biography
Early life and ordination
Morone was born in Milan, on 25 January 1509, where his father, Count Girolamo Morone (d. 1529), was grand chancellor.[2] His father, who had been imprisoned for opposing encroachments on the liberties of Milan by Charles V (whom he afterwards cordially supported), removed to Modena, where his youngest son had most of his early education. Proceeding to Padua he studied jurisprudence with distinction. In return for important service rendered by his father, he was, on 7 April 1529, at the age of 20, nominated by Pope Clement VII to the see of Modena[3][4] as a demonstration of gratitude.[5] His father Girolamo had been one of the commissioners who negotiated the terms of the release of the Pope from imprisonment in the Castel St. Angelo in 1527 during the Sack of Rome. Giovanni was seven years too young to be consecrated a bishop, and in any event his appointment was disputed by the future Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este, son of the Duke of Ferrara, who claimed that the Pope had promised the See of Modena and a Cardinalate for him in a treaty of 14 November 1528.[6] D'Este was finally bought off with an annual pension. Giovanni Morone was finally ordained priest and consecrated bishop on 12 January 1533.
Diplomatic missions
From 1535 he was repeatedly entrusted by
He participated in the Conclave of 1549, where his friend and fellow President of the Council of Trent, Reginald Pole, came close to being elected pope.[13]
Relations with Protestants
The views of the Reformers had spread in his
He participated in the Conclave of 5–10 April 1555, which saw the election of Cardinal Marcello Cervini as Pope Marcellus II.[15] However Marcellus died after only twenty-two days in office. A second Conclave in May, on the nomination of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Cardinal Ippolito d' Este, elected (23 May) the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Gianpietro Carafa, the Grand Inquisitor of the Roman Inquisition. This was much to the distaste of the Emperor, who was aware of Carafa's deep hatred of the Spanish and his religious fanaticism.
Incarceration on orders of the Pope
Morone opted for the titulus of
Upon the election of Pius IV, Morone's name was cleared publicly, and he accepted the office of Cardinal Bishop of Albano,[23] which he exchanged for that of Sabina in 1561, then Palestrina in 1562, and Porto and Santa Rufina in 1565. In 1564 he had the pleasure of receiving back from Pius IV the diocese of Modena, upon the decease of the incumbent, and he held the post until 1571. In 1566 he was a candidate at the Conclave summoned to elect a successor to Pius IV. He had the support of the Emperor and the Spanish, and was supported by Cardinal Carlo Borromeo; but the French faction and some of the Italian princes (Ferrara and Florence) were able to exclude him from the Papal Throne.[24] Cardinal Ghislieri declared that he had reconsidered Morone's case and could not in conscience elect him, though he did not impose that judgment upon the other cardinals.[25] Nonetheless, Morone received as many as twenty-nine votes in the scrutinies, a majority, but not the two-thirds majority (35) needed to elect. Ghislieri himself was ultimately elected unanimously and took the name of Pope Pius V.[26]
He became Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1570, and assumed the Bishopric of Ostia and Velletri[27] which went with the Deanship. In that capacity he presided over the Conclave of 1572, which elected Ugo Boncompagni as Pope Gregory XIII.[28] As Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri, he was attentive to the implementation of the decrees of the Council of Trent, especially as regards the holding of regular diocesan synods. On 3 June 1573, a Synod took place under his authority in the Diocese of Veletri, with his Suffragan bishop, Lorenzo Bernardini, presiding. In October 1579, the Cardinal Bishop himself presided. The original Acta are preserved, with his handwriting and seal on them.[29]
Years as a senior statesman
Morone continued to explore issues within the Church and between Catholics and Protestants in hopes of reuniting the two sides. He commissioned
When the festival of the Jubilee of 1575 began in Rome, Cardinal Morone presided over the ceremony of the opening of the Holy Door, through which hordes of pilgrims passed, at the Basilica of San Paolo Fuori le Mura on the Via Ostiensis. In 1575, likewise he was invited to join a legation which included Matteo Senarega, a minister of the Emperor and a minister of the King of Spain, to visit Genoa, which had fallen into complete disorder because of civil strife.[31] Morone was able to bring peace to the troubled city with a new civic constitution, the major part of which was written by Morone. Next year he was asked to attend the Diet at Ratisbon, in the presence of the Emperor Maximilian II, and his very presence had the effect of calming the participants. In 1578 he was sent to Flanders to restore peace there, but (as might have been expected) he was unable to achieve his goal.[32]
He died on 1 December 1580, and was buried in the Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva,[33] the headquarters of the Dominicans, whose Protector he was.
References
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Girolamo Rossi, Vita di Girolamo Morone (Oneglia, 1865). Carlo Gioda, Girolamo Morone e i suoi tempi: studio storico (Milano: Paravia 1887).
- ^ Diocesi di Modena
- ^ a b c d Gordon 1911.
- ^ Giuseppe Cappelletti, Le chiese d' Italia Volume 15 (Venezia 1859), 287. Frédéric Sclopis, Le cardinal Jean Morone (Paris 1869), 2. One sometimes sees the date of 1527, as in Nicola Bernabei, Vita del Cardinale Giovanni Morone Vescovo di Modena (Modena 1885), 3. But this is an error. Ercole Cardinal Rangoni was Bishop of Modena from 12 September 1520, until his death in Castel St. Angelo on 25 August 1527, during the siege. His successor as bishop was Cardinal Piero Gonzaga on 21 November 1527, and he died on 28 January 1529.
- ^ Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa Tomo Quarto (Roma 1793), 240.
- ^ Cardella, 240-241.
- ^ Franz Dittrich (editor), Nuntiaturberichte Giovanni Morones vom deutschen Königshofe 1539. 1540. (Paderborn 1892).
- ^ Frédéric Sclopis, Le cardinal Jean Morone , 5–9.
- ^ Cardinal-Priests of the titulus of San Vitale
- ^ Cardella, 242.
- ^ Cardinal-Priests of the titulus of San Stefano
- ^ Conclave of 1549. Dr. J. P. Adams
- ^ Cardinal-Priests of San Lorenzo in Lucina
- ^ Conclave of 1555. Dr. J. P. Adams
- ^ Cardinal-Priests of the titulus of Santa Maria in Trastevere
- ^ Massimo Firpo, Inquisizione romana e controriforma: studi sul cardinal Giovanni Morone e il suo processo d'eresia (Bologna: II Mulino, 1992).
- ^ Sclopis, 89–91, an anonymous report of the events of the two days, found in the Ambrosian Library.
- ^ Morone names them himself in his written defense to the charges: Cesare Cantù, "Il Cardinale Giovanni Morone," Illustri Italiani Volume II (Milano: Brigola, 1873), 393–465, at p. 421.
- ^ Cantù, pp. 440-442.
- ^ Cardella 242–243: ...furono deputati quattro Cardinali per esaminare la sua causa, tra questi vi fu il Cardinale Michele Ghislieri poi Summo Pontifice col nome di Pio V., il quale avendo sottoposto il Morone a rigidissimo esame in ordine a tutti gli articoli, de' quali era accusato, alla fine pronunciò, che era astatto innocente, e restiticollo all presenze di Paolo IV., quantunque poi si opponesse quando si tratto di farlo Papa. Ebbe dunque il Morone la libertà di sortire dal suo carcere, ma ricusò di aprofittarne, sintanto che il Papa non avesse renduta esatta giustizia alla sua innocenza. Paolo IV. tuttavia ne disserì l' assoluzione, forse per tema di no condannare se medesimo, e lo, e lo lascio prigione fino al Pontificato di Pio IV., in cui rivedutasi con la più squisita, ed esatta diligenza da due Cardinali maggiori di ogni eccezione, cioè dal Puteo, e dal prelodato Ghislieri, la sua causa, fu datto stesso Pontefice Pio IV., non solo giustificato, ma di più dichiarato in pieno concistorio innocente, e ingiustamente carcerato, e della cattolica religione fervido zelatore, e uomo per insigne pietà riguardevole, e chiaro.
- ^ Conclave of 1559. Dr. J. P. Adams
- ^ Cardinal-Bishops of the Suburbicarian See of Albano
- ^ F. Petruccelli della Gattina, Histoire diplomatique des conclaves Volume II (Paris: 1864), 208–235. T. Adolphus Trollope, The Papal Conclaves, as they were and as they are (London 1876), 250-257.
- ^ Conclavi de' Pontifici Romani (Cologne 1692), 292–334, at p. 310: "Le creature di Paolo Quarto, erano poche, e trà esse era il Cardinal d'Araceli (D'Olera), il quale, per non alienarsi Borromeo, haveva promesso di dare l'ultimo accesso, di maniera che molti stavano sospeti, e frà essi il Cardinal Alessandrino (Ghislieri) apertamente diceva, che in conscienza sua non poteva eleggere Morone Papa, mà che nondimeno non s'opponeva alla conscienza degli altri, ne diceva che non potessero eleggerlo per l'imputatione datagli nelle cose della Religione."
- ^ Conclave of 1566. Dr. J. P. Adams
- ^ Cardinal-Bishops of the Suburbicarian See of Ostia and Velletri
- ^ Conclave of 1572. Dr. J. P. Adams
- ^ Tommaso Bauco, Storia della città di Veletri edizione seconda Volume II (Veletri 1851), 90-91.
- ^ JEDIN, H. "Trent, Council of." New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., vol. 14, Gale, 2003, pp. 168-176. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3407711234/GVRL?u=sain44199&sid=GVRL&xid=c7aad1f8. Accessed 1 Mar. 2021.
- ^ Sclopis, 67–79. In 1528 the famous Genoese admiral, Andrea Doria, having driven out the French garrison, restored the Republic of Genoa in an assembly which produced a new constitution on 13 September 1528, sharing power between the Old Nobility, the New Nobility, and the people. This constitution was modified by Doria in 1547, in the face of continued civil strife, involving as well the Adorno and Fregoso families; it was called the garibetto. Doria died in 1560, and the internal situation of Genoa continually deteriorated, causing alarm throughout Italy, especially to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco de' Medici, and the Prince of Piedmont, Emmanuel Philibert. In 1575, in a period of terror, the Genoese Senate abolished the garibetto, and a civil war began, made no less dangerous because Genoa was the port for fifty galleons of the navy of Don John of Austria, half-brother of King Philip II of Spain. Gregory XIII intervened in the name of Italian liberty and tranquillity.
- ^ Cardella, 243.
- ^ Vinzenzo Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chiese e d' altri edificii di Roma Volume I (Roma 1869) p. 547 no. 2096 (Morone's epitaph): D O M HIC . IACET . CORPUS . IOANNIS . CARD . MORONI PATRITII . MEDIOLANENSIS . ET . EPISCOPI . OSTIENSIS QUI . IULII . III . LEGATUS . APOSTOLICUS IN . SACRO . CONCILIO . TRIDENTINO ET . PARESES . VIXIT . ANNOS . LXXI . MENSES X . DIES . V . OBIIT . I . DECEMBRIS . MDLXXX ORATE . DEUM . PRO . EO HIERONIMUS . MORONUS . COMES . PONTIS . CORONI . HAERES HORATIUS . MORONUS . EPISC . SUTRIN . ET . NEPESIN FRATRIS . FILII . DNO . AC . PATRUO . OPTIMO EX . TESTAMENTO . MOERENTES . POSUERUNT
Books
- Dittrich, Franz (1892). Nuntiaturberichte Giovanni Morones vom deutschen Königshofe. 1539. 1540 (in German). Paderborn: F. Schöningh.
- Robinson, Adam Patrick (2016). The Career of Cardinal Giovanni Morone (1509–1580): Between Council and Inquisition. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-03937-2.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gordon, Alexander (1911). "Morone, Giovanni". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 861.
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