Gisborne, New Zealand
Gisborne
Tūranga-nui-a-Kiwa ( UTC+13 (NZDT) | |
---|---|
Area code | 06 |
Website | GDC.govt.nz |
Gisborne is a city in northeastern New Zealand and the largest settlement in the Gisborne District (or Gisborne Region). It has a population of 38,200 (June 2023).[1] Gisborne District Council has its headquarters in the central city.
Etymology
The Gisborne area was known in Māori as Tūranganui-a-Kiwa (the "great standing place of Kiwa"), after
Early history
First arrivals
The Gisborne region has been settled for over 700 years.[4] For centuries, the region has been inhabited by the tribes of Te Whānau-a-Kai, Ngaariki Kaiputahi, Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, Rongowhakaata, Ngāi Tāmanuhiri and Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti. They descend from the voyagers of the Te Ikaroa-a-Rauru, Horouta and Tākitimu waka.[5]
East Coast oral traditions offer differing versions of Gisborne's establishment by Māori. One legend recounts that in the 14th century the great navigator Kiwa landed at the Tūranganui River first on the waka Tākitimu after voyaging to the region from Hawaiki[6][7] and that Pāoa, captain of the waka Horouta, followed later. An alternative legend recounts that Kiwa waited so long for the Horouta canoe to arrive that he called its final landing place Tūranganui-a-Kiwa (the long waiting place of Kiwa).[8]
A more popular version of events is that Horouta preceded Tākitimu. In 1931,
During the 14th century, Māori tribes built fishing villages close to the sea and built pā on nearby hilltops.[7]
Captain Cook landing
Gisborne's Kaiti Beach is the place where British navigator
On 9 October, Cook came ashore on the eastern bank of the Tūranganui River, accompanied by a party of men.[8] Their arrival was marred by misunderstanding and resulted in the death and wounding of nine Māori over four days. It was also on the banks of the Tūranganui River that first the township of Turanga, then the city of Gisborne, grew as European traders and whalers began to settle in the river and port area.[7][15]
The landing site was commemorated by a monument in 1906, on the 137th anniversary of Cook's arrival. In 1964, the Gisborne committee of the New Zealand Historic Places Trust registered the land around the monument as a historic reserve, and in 1990 it was designated a National Historic Reserve and put under the care of the Department of Conservation.[13][16]
In 2019, a memorial was erected by Ngāti Oneone on Titirangi, a local hill, to honour Te Maro, who was one of the first casualties of the arrival of the ship Endeavour.[17]
European settlement and town growth
Starting in the early 1830s,
Geography
Gisborne is on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island, in the southern part of the Gisborne District and on the north side of Poverty Bay. The Poverty Bay flats encompass Gisborne city as well as surrounding areas Mākaraka, Matawhero and Ormond, where vineyards and farms predominate.[18] Gisborne is flat towards the shoreline, but hilly and forested inland.[19]
Gisborne boasts a large stretch of coastline encompassing the Waikanae and Midway, Kaiti, Sponge Bay, Wainui and Makorori white sand beaches, which are popular for swimming and surfing.[20] Sometimes referred to as the 'City of Rivers', Gisborne sits at the convergence of the Waimata, Taruheru and Tūranganui rivers.[21] The Tūranganui, only 1.2 kilometres long, is the shortest river in New Zealand.[22]
In the wider area surrounding Gisborne are two arboreta, Eastwoodhill, the National Arboretum of New Zealand at Ngatapa which spans over 130 hectares, and the smaller 50 hectare Hackfalls Arboretum at Tiniroto.[26][27]
Until Samoa and Tokelau's dateline shift in December 2011, Gisborne claimed to be the first city on Earth to see the sun rise each day. However, this is now only accurate in New Zealand's summer months.[28] Sunrise in Gisborne ranges from 5:36 am in early December to 7:26 am in late June.[29]
Climate
The region is sheltered by high country to the west. Gisborne enjoys a
Winters are slightly cooler than more northerly areas, rendering that over the course of the calendar year, Gisborne is not the warmest station in the country.[33] Even summer mean temperatures are lower than in northerly areas, despite the highs, due to the cooler nights. Despite this, yearly mean temperatures are still some way above average for New Zealand as a whole.
Climate data for Gisborne (1981–2010 normals) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 38.1 (100.6) |
36.6 (97.9) |
35.1 (95.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
26.1 (79.0) |
23.2 (73.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
34.5 (94.1) |
38.1 (100.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
22.6 (72.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
14.7 (58.5) |
14.1 (57.4) |
14.9 (58.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.2 (66.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.3 (50.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.6 (56.5) |
13.6 (56.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
5.4 (41.7) |
6.8 (44.2) |
8.6 (47.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.3 (54.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
2.6 (36.7) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
1.2 (34.2) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 54 (2.1) |
78 (3.1) |
99 (3.9) |
103 (4.1) |
97 (3.8) |
125 (4.9) |
119 (4.7) |
93 (3.7) |
101 (4.0) |
63 (2.5) |
65 (2.6) |
67 (2.6) |
1,050 (41.3) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 249.9 | 200.7 | 190.7 | 164.9 | 145.6 | 128.6 | 124.1 | 163.3 | 180.7 | 219.4 | 217.5 | 232.4 | 2,217.7 |
Source 1: NIWA Climate Data[34] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Météo Climat[35] |
Demographics
SA2 name | Population | Dwellings | Median age | Median income |
---|---|---|---|---|
Centennial Crescent | 1,566 | 573 | 33.1 years | $23,100 |
Elgin | 2,583 | 900 | 31.0 years | $22,100 |
Gisborne Central | 300 | 210 | 44.3 years | $29,600 |
Kaiti North | 2,178 | 783 | 40.9 years | $29,300 |
Kaiti South | 3,060 | 1,026 | 30.3 years | $22,400 |
Lytton | 1,371 | 567 | 67.2 years | $23,700 |
Makaraka-Awapuni | 969 | 387 | 44.6 years | $29,400 |
Mangapapa East | 1,179 | 477 | 38.7 years | $33,200 |
Mangapapa North | 1,425 | 510 | 31.9 years | $27,500 |
Mangapapa South | 1,926 | 690 | 31.0 years | $25,300 |
Outer Kaiti | 2,565 | 753 | 25.9 years | $19,700 |
Riverdale | 1,275 | 510 | 43.0 years | $30,400 |
Tamarau | 2,367 | 744 | 29.2 years | $21,900 |
Te Hapara East | 1,992 | 840 | 37.4 years | $24,800 |
Te Hapara North | 2,013 | 768 | 39.9 years | $26,100 |
Te Hapara South | 2,178 | 816 | 33.4 years | $23,800 |
Wainui-Okitu | 1,716 | 714 | 41.0 years | $43,500 |
Whataupoko East | 1,812 | 720 | 42.8 years | $38,600 |
Whataupoko West | 2,052 | 864 | 41.4 years | $30,100 |
Economy
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2023) |
The harbour was host to many ships in the past, and had developed as a river port to provide a more secure location for shipping compared with the open roadstead of Poverty Bay, which can be exposed to southerly swells. A meat works was sited beside the harbour and meat and wool were shipped from here. Now the harbour is the home of many smaller fishing boats as well as ships loading logs for export. In February 2018, the first grants from the
The city maintains a rural charm and is a popular holiday spot. Local industries include agriculture, horticulture, farming and forestry. Wine production is also valuable to the local economy.
Transport
Air
Gisborne Airport serves as the domestic airport for the Gisborne District. Regular flights between Auckland and Wellington are serviced by Air New Zealand under the Link brand, while the smaller Air Napier provides services to Napier and Wairoa. For 25 years Sunair operated from Gisborne to Hamilton, Rotorua, Napier, Whakatāne, Tauranga, Palmerston North, Paraparaumu and Wellington but those services were suspended in 2022.[43] In 2023 Sunair announced it would give Gisborne another chance with services from Hamilton and Tauranga.[44]
Highways
Public transport
Public transport is poorly developed in Gisborne, with only 0.2% of trips made by bus in 2013/14. This compares with 2.3% nationally,[45] which itself is amongst the lowest proportions in the world.[46] Go Bus is contracted to the council to run 30 services a day on 4 routes Monday to Friday under the Gizzy Bus brand.[47] Gizzy Bus accepts Bee Card for fares, as well as cash.
From 1913 to 1929, Gisborne had battery-powered trams. Since then, public transport has declined to about a fifth of the usage then. In 1930, the municipal buses travelled 6,631 mi (10,672 km), and carried 28,531 passengers in 2 weeks.[48] In 2012/13 the city buses carried about 78,000 passengers in 52 weeks, at a cost of about $120,000 a year, with about another $85,000 from fares.[49]
Rail
Gisborne is the northern terminus of the
Rail passenger services were provided between Gisborne and Wellington until 1988, when the Endeavour express was cancelled north of Napier. Today, only the Gisborne City Vintage Railway operates limited heritage train rides out of Gisborne.
Culture
Te Poho-o-Rawiri and Te Kuri a Tuatai marae are located in the city suburbs.
The Lowe Street Museum was the first museum in Gisborne, located in the Lowe Street Municipal Offices. In 1955, the collection of Māori artefacts of William Lysner were put in his former residence, Lysner House, which was sold to the city for a nominal sum. It is now known as the Tairāwhiti Museum.[50]
The Tairāwhiti Tamararo Regionals are an annual regional haka competition held in Gisborne in memory of Karaitiana Tamararo.[51]
Gisborne is host to Rhythm & Vines, an annual 3-day music festival held over the New Year at Waiohika Estate. In 2012 and 2013, Rhythm and Vines made skinny-dipping world record attempts.[52]
Since 2019 the Te Tairāwhiti Arts Festival is an annual event in the region with many events taking place in Gisborne.[53]
Sport
In rugby union Gisborne is home to Poverty Bay Rugby Football Union, who play in the Heartland Championship. The city is also home to several clubs who compete in the Poverty Bay competition – Horouta Sports Club, High School Old Boys (HSOB) Sports Club, Old Boys Marist (OBM) RFC, Pirates RFC, Waikohu Sports Club, and Young Māori Party (YMP) RFC. There are several other clubs in the wider Gisborne District.
In
Gisborne is home to the
In football, Gisborne Thistle AFC, Gisborne Marist AFC, Gisborne United AFC, Gisborne Bohemians FC, and Riverina AFC compete in competitions organised by the Central Football Federation. The now-defunct Gisborne City AFC won the Chatham Cup in 1987.
Netball in Gisborne is organised by the Gisborne Netball Centre. Netball teams in Gisborne are often associated with rugby or football clubs. Clubs include Horouta, High School Old Girls (HSOG), Old Boys Marist (OBM), Young Māori Party (YMP), and Gisborne Thistle.
Golf, basketball, rowing, hockey, tennis, and squash are also catered to.
Education
Gisborne City has four main high (secondary) schools: Gisborne Boys' High, Gisborne Girls' High, Lytton High and Campion College. Campion College is a Catholic co-educational school.
Suburbs
- Awapuni
- Elgin
- Gaddums Hill
- Ilminster
- Inner Kaiti
- Kaiti
- Makaraka
- Manutuke
- Mangapapa
- Makorori
- Riverdale
- Riverside
- Riverview
- Sponge Bay
- Tamarau
- Te Hapara
- Te Wharau
- Victoria[59]
- Waikanae
- Waikirikiri
- Wainui Beach
- Whataupoko
In popular culture
Gisborne City was the setting of the 2014 drama film The Dark Horse, a biographical film starring Cliff Curtis about the late speed-chess champion, Genesis Potini. The film was shot in Gisborne and Auckland in the winter of 2013.[60]
In March 2016, Gisborne hosted the premiere of Mahana, a New Zealand film set in Patutahi and Manutuke, and based on Witi Ihimaera's semi-autobiographical novel Bulibasha: King Of The Gypsies.[61]
Sister cities
Gisborne has four sister cities, a sister port, and five friendly cities.[62]
- Mahina, French Polynesia
- Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
- Palm Desert, California, United States
- Rizhao, Shandong, China
Sister port
Friendly cities
- Cassino, Italy
- Victoria, Australia
- Valverde del Majano, Spain
- Wenchang, Hainan, China
- Whitby, England, United Kingdom
See also
References
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- ^ Walsh, Kristine (2 April 2016). "Glowing reviews as Dark Horse hits US". The Gisborne Herald. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
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External links
- Tourism Eastland Archived 17 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- Historic Poverty Bay and the East Coast, N.I., N.Z., (1949) Joseph Angus Mackay