Gla
Gla (Greek: Γλα), also called Glas (Γλας), was an important fortified site of the Mycenaean civilization, located in Boeotia, mainland Greece. Despite its impressive size, more than ten times larger than contemporary Athens or Tiryns, Gla is not mentioned in the Iliad.[1]
Description
Name
The ancient name of the site is unknown. Despite much speculation, it has not been identified with any of the placenames in the Iliad's Catalogue of Ships. The modern local population calls the site Palaiokastro (Greek: Παλαιόκαστρο "ancient fortress").[2] The name Gla comes from the Arvanitic goulas (γουλάς), ultimately borrowed from Turkish kulle 'tower'. There is also a settlement on the south side of the former Lake Copais named Goulas (Γουλάς).[3]
Location
The site is located on a limestone outcrop or hill that jutted into
Size
Walls
The walls surrounding Gla were about 3 m thick, and 2.8 km long, enclosing about 235,000 square meters of land.[4] These massive walls were made from Cyclopean masonry.[5] In many locations they are built directly on the cliffs that form the limit of the outcrop. It had four gates, an unusually high number for a Mycenaean fortification, in the north, west, south and southeast. Elaborate built ramps led to the gates. The fortification can be dated to early Late Helladic III B, that is, circa 1300 BC.
Within the walls, there was thought to be a palatial complex, but recent evidence has pointed in the direction of a military establishment with much storage space.[4] Of all the space that is enclosed within the walls of Gla, there are very few permanent structures, and they take up less than a quarter of the space inside the walls.[5] Some of this empty space possibly was used to house temporary structures, especially in times when there was construction and draining in progress.[5]
Draining of the Kopais
Much of the area within the walls is vacant, leading
The system comprised two large canals that met about 1 km north of Gla. These canals combined covered over 50 km in length, and collected water from the
Interior structures
Palace
The most striking interior feature is a large L-shaped building, often described as a "palace". It is in the north of the site, which is subdivided by several internal walls in this area. The "palace" is located on an artificial terrace and consists of three wings. Each of the wings contains mostly very small rooms, arranged in groups of six and accessed by corridors. At the two ends of the L, there are similar arrangements of rooms resembling the megaron complexes known from Tiryns, Mycenae Dimini and Pylos. Nevertheless, the lack of several typical features of other Mycenaean palaces, namely of a "throne room", a (circular) hearth and a "bathroom" casts some doubt on the designation of the structure as a palace.
Agora
Two further Mycenaean architectural complexes were found further south, in the area of the so-called "agora", which is separated from the "palace area" by a wall. The two complexes are parallel to each other (north-south orientation) and have similar plans. In each, a long corridor links buildings in the north and south of the complex. They are subdivided into small rooms. There is no scholarly consensus on their function. Suggestions include use as barracks, storage spaces/distribution centres, or workshops. The storage theory is supported by the discovery of large amounts of carbonised grain (probably burnt during the destruction of the site) in one of the buildings.
Tiles
An interesting feature of the buildings at Gla is the discovery of fired pan and cover tiles, suggesting that some Mycenaean buildings already featured pitched, tiled roofs similar to those known from Classical antiquity.[6]
There is some evidence that human occupation of Gla was not limited to the Mycenaean period. For example, the site yielded pottery from
Gallery
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Model of archaeological site of Gla (Archaeological Museum of Thebes) -
Looking toward the citadel proper from the northeast corner. -
View of the northern wall of Gla from below the citadel -
Standing in the citadel proper looking to the east with a view of the northern wall -
Sideview of one of the towers of the SE gate -
View of the gate from the outside
Notes
- ^ Samuel Mark, Homeric Seafaring (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2005), p. 11.
- ^ Nic Fields & Donato Spedaliere, 2004: Mycenaean Fortifications, Oxford: Osprey Publishing; p. 39
- ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5, retrieved 2023-07-16
- ^ ISBN 9780786417483.
- ^ ISBN 9781136787997.
- ^ Ione Mylonas Shear, “Excavations on the Acropolis of Midea: Results of the Greek-Swedish Excavations under the Direction of Katie Demakopoulou and Paul Åström”, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 104, No. 1. (Jan., 2000), pp. 133-134 (134)
External links
38°29′00″N 23°10′56″E / 38.48333°N 23.18222°E
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