Glenn T. Seaborg
It has been suggested that Glenn T. Seaborg bibliography be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2023. |
Glenn T. Seaborg | |
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Born | Glen Theodore Seaborg April 19, 1912 |
Died | February 25, 1999 | (aged 86)
Education | |
Known for | Contributions to the synthesis, discovery and investigation of ten transuranium elements |
Spouse | |
Children | 7, including David |
Awards |
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Scientific career | |
Fields | Nuclear chemistry |
Institutions |
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Thesis | The interaction of fast neutrons with lead (1937) |
Doctoral advisors |
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Doctoral students | |
Other notable students | Margaret Melhase, Geoffrey Wilkinson |
Chairman of the Edward W. Strong | |
Signature | |
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (
Seaborg spent most of his career as an educator and research scientist at the
Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer of ten elements:
After sharing the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with
Early life
Glenn Theodore Seaborg was born in Ishpeming, Michigan, on April 19, 1912, the son of Herman Theodore (Ted) and Selma Olivia Erickson Seaborg. He had one sister, Jeanette, who was two years younger. His family spoke Swedish at home. When Glenn Seaborg was a boy, the family moved to Los Angeles County, California, settling in a subdivision called Home Gardens, later annexed to the City of South Gate, California. About this time he changed the spelling of his first name from Glen to Glenn.[6]
Seaborg kept a daily journal from 1927 until he suffered a stroke in 1998.
Seaborg graduated from Jordan in 1929 at the top of his class and received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1933.[6] He worked his way through school as a stevedore and a laboratory assistant at Firestone.[9] Seaborg received his PhD in chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1937 with a doctoral thesis on the "Interaction of Fast Neutrons with Lead",[10][11] in which he coined the term "nuclear spallation".[12]
Seaborg was a member of the professional chemistry fraternity
Seaborg also became an adept interlocutor of Berkeley physicist
Pioneering work in nuclear chemistry
Seaborg remained at the University of California, Berkeley, for post-doctoral research. He followed
In 1939 he became an instructor in chemistry at Berkeley, was promoted to assistant professor in 1941 and professor in 1945.[20] University of California, Berkeley, physicist Edwin McMillan led a team that discovered element 93, which he named neptunium in 1940. In November, he was persuaded to leave Berkeley temporarily to assist with urgent research in radar technology. Since Seaborg and his colleagues had perfected McMillan's oxidation-reduction technique for isolating neptunium, he asked McMillan for permission to continue the research and search for element 94. McMillan agreed to the collaboration.[21] Seaborg first reported alpha decay proportionate to only a fraction of the element 93 under observation. The first hypothesis for this alpha particle accumulation was contamination by uranium, which produces alpha-decay particles; analysis of alpha-decay particles ruled this out. Seaborg then postulated that a distinct alpha-producing element was being formed from element 93.[22]
In February 1941, Seaborg and his collaborators produced
In addition to plutonium, he is credited as a lead discoverer of americium, curium, and berkelium, and as a co-discoverer of californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and seaborgium, the first element named after a living person.[25] He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1951 with Edwin McMillan for "their discoveries in the chemistry of the first transuranium elements."[3]
Scientific contributions during the Manhattan Project
On April 19, 1942, Seaborg reached Chicago and joined the chemistry group at the
Seaborg's theoretical development of the
Professor and Chancellor at the University of California, Berkeley
After the conclusion of World War II and the Manhattan Project, Seaborg was eager to return to academic life and university research free from the restrictions of wartime secrecy. In 1946, he added to his responsibilities as a professor by heading the nuclear chemistry research at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory operated by the University of California on behalf of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Seaborg was named one of the "Ten Outstanding Young Men in America" by the US Junior Chamber of Commerce in 1947 (along with Richard Nixon and others). Seaborg was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1948. From 1954 to 1961 he served as associate director of the radiation laboratory. He was appointed by President Truman to serve as a member of the General Advisory Committee of the AEC, an assignment he retained until 1960.[28]
Seaborg served as
Seaborg was an enthusiastic supporter of Cal's sports teams. San Francisco columnist Herb Caen was fond of pointing out that Seaborg's surname is an anagram of "Go Bears", a popular cheer at UC Berkeley.[31] Seaborg was proud of the fact that the Cal Bears won their first and only National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship in 1959, while he was chancellor. The football team also won the conference title and played in the Rose Bowl that year.[32] He served on the Faculty Athletic Committee for several years and was the co-author of a book, Roses from the Ashes: Breakup and Rebirth in Pacific Coast Intercollegiate Athletics (2000), concerning the Pacific Coast Conference recruiting scandal, and the founding of what is now the Pac-12, in which he played a role in restoring confidence in the integrity of collegiate sports.[32][33]
Seaborg served on the
Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission
After appointment by President John F. Kennedy and confirmation by the United States Senate, Seaborg was chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from 1961 to 1971. His pending appointment by President-elect Kennedy was nearly derailed in late 1960 when members of the Kennedy transition team learned that Seaborg had been listed in a U.S. News & World Report article as a member of "Nixon's Idea Men". Seaborg said that as a lifetime Democrat he was baffled when the article appeared associating him with outgoing Vice President Richard Nixon, a Republican whom Seaborg considered a casual acquaintance.[36]
During the early 1960s, Seaborg became concerned with the ecological and biological effects of nuclear weapons, especially those that would impact human life significantly. In response, he commissioned the Technical Analysis Branch of the AEC to study these matters further.[37] Seaborg's provision for these innovative studies led the US Government to more seriously pursue the development and possible use of "clean" nuclear weapons.[38]
While chairman of the AEC, Seaborg participated on the negotiating team for the
Seaborg enjoyed a close relationship with President
Seaborg published several books and journal articles during his tenure at the AEC. He predicted the existence of elements beyond those on the periodic table,
Return to California
Following his service as Chairman of the AEC, Seaborg returned to UC Berkeley where he was awarded the position of University Professor. At the time, there had been fewer University Professors at UC Berkeley than Nobel Prize winners. He also served as Chairman of the Lawrence Hall of Science where he became the principal investigator for Great Explorations in Math and Science (GEMS)[45] working with director Jacqueline Barber. Seaborg served as chancellor at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1958 to 1961, and served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1972 and as president of the American Chemical Society in 1976.[46]
In 1980, he
As gold has four fewer protons and (taking the only naturally occurring bulk isotopes of either) eight fewer neutrons than bismuth, a total of twelve nucleons have to be removed from the bismuth nucleus to produce gold using Seaborg's method.In 1981, Seaborg became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.[50]
In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Seaborg to serve on the National Commission on Excellence in Education. The commission produced a report "A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform",[51] which focused national attention on education as a national issue germane to the federal government.[52] In 2008, Margaret Spellings wrote that
A Nation at Risk delivered a wake up call for our education system. It described stark realities like a significant number of functionally illiterate high schoolers, plummeting student performance, and international competitors breathing down our necks. It was a warning, a reproach, and a call to arms.[53]
Seaborg lived most of his later life in Lafayette, California, where he devoted himself to editing and publishing the journals that documented both his early life and later career. He rallied a group of scientists who criticized the science curriculum in the state of California, which he viewed as far too socially oriented and not nearly focused enough on hard science. California Governor Pete Wilson appointed Seaborg to head a committee that proposed changes to California's science curriculum despite outcries from labor organizations and others.[54]
Personal life
In 1942, Seaborg married Helen Griggs, the secretary of physicist Ernest Lawrence. Under wartime pressure, Seaborg had moved to Chicago while engaged to Griggs. When Seaborg returned to accompany Griggs for the journey back to Chicago, friends expected them to marry in Chicago. But, eager to be married, Seaborg and Griggs impulsively got off the train in the town of Caliente, Nevada, for what they thought would be a quick wedding. When they asked for City Hall, they found Caliente had none—they would have to travel 25 miles (40 km) north to Pioche, the county seat. With no car, this was no easy feat, but one of Caliente's newest deputy sheriffs turned out to be a recent graduate of the Cal Berkeley chemistry department and was more than happy to do a favor for Seaborg. The deputy sheriff arranged for the wedding couple to ride up and back to Pioche in a mail truck. The witnesses at the Seaborg wedding were a clerk and a janitor.[55] Glenn Seaborg and Helen Griggs Seaborg had seven children, of whom the first, Peter Glenn Seaborg, died in 1997 (his twin Paulette having died in infancy).[56] The others were Lynne Seaborg Cobb, David Seaborg, Steve Seaborg, Eric Seaborg, and Dianne Seaborg.[57]
Seaborg was an avid hiker. Upon becoming Chairman of the AEC in 1961, he commenced taking daily hikes through a trail that he blazed at the headquarters site in
There is a beauty in discovery. There is mathematics in music, a kinship of science and poetry in the description of nature, and exquisite form in a molecule. Attempts to place different disciplines in different camps are revealed as artificial in the face of the unity of knowledge. All literate men are sustained by the philosopher, the historian, the political analyst, the economist, the scientist, the poet, the artisan and the musician.
—Glenn Seaborg[60]
Seaborg was elected a foreign member of the
Seaborg kept a close bond to his Swedish origin. He visited Sweden every so often, and his family were members of the Swedish Pemer Genealogical Society, a family association open for every descendant of the Pemer family, a Swedish family with German origin, from which Seaborg was descended on his mother's side.[63] (In recent years, after both men's passings, it has been discovered that physicist colleague Edward J. Lofgren was also descended from the Pemer family.)[64] Seaborg even responded to the Swedish king's Nobel prize toast in his mother's native region's dialect,[65] which he described as "It was as if a Swede had ''y'alled" in English with a Southern Accent."".[66]
Death
On August 24, 1998, while in Boston to attend a meeting by the American Chemical Society, Seaborg suffered a stroke, which led to his death six months later on February 25, 1999, at his home in Lafayette.[67]
Honors and awards
During his lifetime, Seaborg is said to have been the author or co-author of numerous books and 500 scientific journal articles, many of them brief reports on fast-breaking discoveries in nuclear science while other subjects, most notably the actinide concept, represented major theoretical contributions in the history of science. He held more than 40 patents—among them the only patents ever issued for chemical elements, americium and curium, and received more than 50 doctorates and honorary degrees in his lifetime.[68] At one time, he was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as having the longest entry in Marquis Who's Who in America. In February 2005, he was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.[44] In April 2011 the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) selected Seaborg for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.[69] His papers are in the Library of Congress.[70]
Seaborg was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1948,[71] the American Philosophical Society in 1952,[72] and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958.[73] The American Chemical Society-Chicago Section honored him with the Willard Gibbs Award in 1966.[74] The American Academy of Achievement presented Seaborg with the Golden Plate Award in 1972.[75] The element
Selected bibliography
- Seaborg, G. T.; James, R.A.; Morgan, L.O. (January 1948). The New Element Americium (Atomic Number 95). OSTI 4435330.
- Seaborg, G. T.; James, R.A.; Ghiorso, A. (January 1948). The New Element Curium (Atomic Number 96). OSTI 4421946.
- Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Ghiorso, A. (April 1950). The New Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97). OSTI 4421999.
- Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Street, K. Jr.; Ghiroso, A. (June 1950). The New Element Californium (Atomic Number 98). OSTI 932819.
- Seaborg, G. T. (December 1951). The Transuranium Elements – Present Status: Nobel Lecture. OSTI 4406579.
- Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Harvey, B.G.; Choppin, G.R. (July 1954). Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100 (Einsteinium and Fermium). S2CID 54678232.
- Seaborg, G. T. (September 1967). The First Weighing of Plutonium. OSTI 814965.
- Seaborg, G. T. (July 1970). Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy: A Collection of Speeches. OSTI 4042849.
- Seaborg, G. T. (ed ). (January 1980). Seaborg, G. T. (ed.). Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of the Discovery of Mendelevium. OSTI 6468225.
- Seaborg, G. T. (August 1990). Transuranium Elements: a Half Century. OSTI 6604648.
- Seaborg, G. T. (March 1995). "My career as a radioisotope hunter". PMID 7884957.
Citations
- ^ "SCI Perkin Medal". Science History Institute. May 31, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- ^ JSTOR 20461382.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
- ^ Office of the Chancellor. "Past Chancellors". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
- ^ a b "UCLA Glenn T. Seaborg Symposium – Biography". www.seaborg.ucla.edu. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ a b Hoffman (2007), p. 330.
- ^ Hoffman (2007), p. 336.
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), pp. 13–14.
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), pp. 15, 29.
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), p. 40.
- .
- ^ a b "Scientific and Luminary Biography – Glenn Seaborg". Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ISSN 0002-7863.
- ISSN 0002-7863.
- ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), pp. 57–59.
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), p. 26.
- ISBN 978-0520064263.
- ^ "National Award of Nuclear Science & History". National Museum of Nuclear Science & History. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
- ^ "Seaborg Timeline: A Lifetime of Differences". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. March 5, 1999. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
- ^ Jackson, D. J.; Panofsky, W. K. H. (1996). Edwin Mattison McMillan (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. Vol. 69. National Academies Press.
- ^ ISSN 1538-6449.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), pp. 77–79.
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Archived from the originalon February 28, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ^ "Glenn Seaborg | Biographies". www.atomicarchive.com. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ "Glenn Seaborg's Greatest Hits". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on October 15, 2004. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
- ^ Rhodes (1986), pp. 320, 340–43, 348, 354, 369, 377, 395.
- ^ Hoffman (2007), pp. 333–334.
- ^ a b Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), pp. 174–179.
- ^ House, P. (April 1999). "Glenn T. Seaborg: Citizen-Scholar". The Seaborg Center Bulletin. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-87772-343-1.
- ^ a b Yarris, Lynn (March 5, 1999). "Glenn Seaborg: A Sporting Life". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- American Academy of Achievement.
- ^ "National Service". Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- ^ "Space Sciences Laboratory". University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), p. 181.
- ^ "Glenn Seaborg Diary Entry, 2 January 1962". National Security Archive. August 30, 2017.
- ^ ""Clean" Nukes and the Ecology of Nuclear War". National Security Archive. August 30, 2017.
- ^ "Meet Glenn Seaborg". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on October 14, 2004. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), pp. 200–206.
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), pp. 218–221.
- .
- ^ "Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. March 30, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006.
- ^ Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Archived from the originalon December 9, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- ^ "Glenn Seaborg's Works". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
- ^ "ACS President: Glenn T. Seaborg (1912–1999)". American Chemical Society. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- from the original on April 3, 2023.
- .
- ^ Matthews, Robert (December 2, 2001). "The Philosopher's Stone". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ^ "About Us". World Cultural Council. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
- ^ Yarris, L. (March 5, 1999). "Glenn Seaborg, Teacher and Educator". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
- ^ "A Nation at Risk' Turns 30: Where Did It Take Us?". National Education Association. April 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- ^ Spellings, Margaret (May 8, 2014). "25 Years After A Nation at Risk". U.S. Department of Education.
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), pp. 193–194.
- ^ Seaborg & Seaborg (2001), pp. 79–85.
- ^ "Today at Berkeley Lab: Seaborg Family Remembers: Helen 'a Mixture of Efficiency and Diplomacy'". www2.lbl.gov. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
- ^ Hoffman (2007), p. 332.
- ^ "Glenn Seaborg Trail". Department of Energy. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ^ Hoffman (2007), p. 335.
- ^ Hoffman (2007), p. 337.
- ^ Hoffman (2007), p. 334.
- ^ "Glenn T. Seaborg No. 719 Vasa Order of America". Vasa Order of America. Archived from the original on September 18, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ISBN 978-1-86094-087-3.
- ^ "Kända ättlingar".
- ^ "Glenn T. Seaborg - His Biography". www2.lbl.gov. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ISBN 9780374299910.
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Archived from the originalon April 28, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ^ ISSN 0882-1305. Archived from the originalon May 29, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
- ^ "The Pantheon of Skeptics". CSI. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ "Glenn Theodore Seaborg – A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ^ "Glenn T. Seaborg". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
- ^ "Glenn Theodore Seaborg". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
- ^ "Willard Gibbs Award". American Chemical Society Chicago Section.
- ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". American Academy of Achievement.
- ^ Winters, J. (January 1, 1998). "What's in a Name?". Discover. 19. Retrieved October 17, 2006.
- .
- ^ "IUPAC is naming the four new elements nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson". IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. June 8, 2016. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
General references
- Hoffman, D. C. (2007). "Glenn Theodore Seaborg 19 April 1912 – 25 February 1999". JSTOR 20461382.
- OCLC 13793436.
- Seaborg, G. T.; Seaborg, E. (2001). Adventures in the Atomic Age: From Watts to Washington. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-29991-0.
Further reading
- Coffey, Patrick (2008). Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532134-0.
External links
- Glenn T. Seaborg on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture on December 12, 1951 "The Transuranium Elements: Present Status"
- 1965 Audio Interview with Glenn Seaborg by Stephane Groueff Voices of the Manhattan Project
- National Academy of Sciences biography
- Annotated bibliography for Glenn Seaborg from the Alsos Digital Library
- Nobel Institute Official Biography
- UC Berkeley Biography of Chancellor Glenn T. Seaborg Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Glenn T. Seaborg website Archived May 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- American Association for the Advancement of Science, List of Presidents Archived July 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- Glenn Seaborg Trail, at Department of Energy official site
- Glenn T. Seaborg Center at Northern Michigan University Archived October 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
- Glenn T. Seaborg Medal and Symposium at the University of California, Los Angeles
- Video interview with Glenn Seaborg from 1986 with transcript
- "Clean" Nukes and the Ecology of Nuclear War, published by the National Security Archive
- Works by or about Glenn T. Seaborg at Internet Archive
- Appearances on C-SPAN