Gloriosa superba
Gloriosa superba | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Liliales |
Family: | Colchicaceae |
Genus: | Gloriosa |
Species: | G. superba
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Binomial name | |
Gloriosa superba | |
Synonyms[2] | |
List
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Gloriosa superba is a species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae. Common names include flame lily, climbing lily, creeping lily, glory lily,[3] gloriosa lily, tiger claw, the Poison Plant, [4] agnishikha[5] and fire lily.[6]
Description
This
The style may be more than 6 cm (2.4 in) long. One flower may weigh over 2.5 g (0.09 oz).[11] The fruit is a fleshy capsule up to 6 to 12 cm (2.4 to 4.7 in) long[8][12] containing red seeds.[7][9] Cultivars of this popular garden plant may vary from these wild-type characteristics; the cultivar 'Lutea' has all-yellow tepals, 'Citrina' is yellow with red markings, and 'Nana' is a dwarf.[4] Whitish forms are also known.[12]
Distribution and ecology
The native (indigenous) distribution of Gloriosa superba is in two discrete areas: on the African continent it occurs in sub-Saharan countries and all the way southwards to South Africa, as well as in Madagascar. The second area is the Indian sub continent including Sri Lanka, south-central China, and south-east Asian countries as far east as the Aru Islands in Indonesia.[2] The list of countries where it occurs as a native is as follows:
Andaman Islands, Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Benin, Borneo, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cabinda, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Caprivi Strip, Central African Republic, Chad, China South-Central, Congo, East Himalaya, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Islands, India, Ivory Coast, Jawa, Kenya, Laccadive Islands, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Maldives, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Pakistan, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Zambia, Zaïre, and Zimbabwe.[2]
The plant has been introduced to eastern parts of Australia (New South Wales and Queensland), Alabama in the United States, Suriname, parts of the Caribbean, and various Pacific Islands. The list of countries where it has been introduced is as follows:
Alabama, Cook Islands, Fiji, Gilbert Islands, Hong Kong, Kiribati, Line Island, Nauru, New South Wales, Norfolk Island, Queensland, Réunion, Santa Cruz Islands, Singapore, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Tokelau-Manihiki, Trinidad-Tobago, Vanuatu, and Windward Islands.[2][6]
The plant likely is pollinated by butterflies and sunbirds.[8] It grows in many types of habitat, including tropical jungles,[4] forests, thickets,[7] woodlands, grasslands, and sand dunes.[8] It can grow in nutrient-poor soils.[13] It can be found at as high as 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in elevation.[8]
Toxicity
This plant is poisonous, and
Human uses
The alkaloid-rich plant has long been used as a traditional medicine in many cultures. It has been used in the treatment of
Other uses for this plant include
This species is the
In Tamil, this flower is commonly known as Karthigaipoo (கார்த்திகைப்பூ) because it grows during the Tamil month of Karthigai (November–December). It is the state flower of Tamil Nadu state in India.[22] It was also designated as the national flower of the de facto state of Tamil Eelam by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), because it contains all the colours contained in the Tamil Eelam national flag and because it grows during November, coinciding with Maaveerar Naal.[23]
In cultivation
The plant can be propagated sexually by seed or vegetatively by dividing the rhizome. Problems during cultivation include inadequate pollination, fungal diseases such as leaf blight and tuber rot, and crop pests such as the moths Polytela gloriosa and Chrysodeixis chalcites.[16] It is also a crop that is slow to propagate; each split tuber produces only one extra plant in a year's time. In vitro experiments with plant tissue culture have been performed,[24] and some increased the yield.[25]
Both the fruit and the rhizome are harvested. The fruits are dried and split, and the seeds are removed and dried further. The seeds and rhizomes are sold whole, as powder, or as oil extracts.[16]
Conservation and invasion
In general, this plant is common in the wild. It is in great demand for medicinal use, so it is cultivated on farms in India, but most plant material sold into the pharmaceutical trade comes from wild populations.
References
- . Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Gloriosa superba L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ "Gloriosa superba". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ a b c Scheper, J. Gloriosa superba. Floridata.com.
- ^ Gloriosa superba Flowers of india.net
- ^ a b c Gloriosa superba. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER).
- ^ a b c d e f Gloriosa superba. Flora of China.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gloriosa superba. Archived 2013-06-06 at the Wayback Machine World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. 2011. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ a b c d Thorp, J. R. and M. Wilson. (1998 onwards). Gloriosa superba. Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine Weeds Australia. The National Weeds Strategy.
- ^ a b c d Oudhia, P. (2002). Gloriosa Superba. New Crop Resource Online Program. Center for New Crops & Plant Products. Purdue University.
- ^ Selvarasu, A. and R. Kandhasamy. (2012). Reproductive biology of Gloriosa superba. Open Access Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 3(2) 5-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fernando, R. and D. Widyaratna. (1989). Gloriosa superba. INCHEM. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS).
- ^ a b c d e f g Lal, H. S.; P. K. Mishra (2011). "Gloriosa superba – an endangered plant spotted for the first time from forest of Tpchanchi, Hazaribag (Jharkhand) India". Science Research Reporter. 1 (2): 61–64.
- ^ PMID 5909848.
- ^ Gloriosa Lily. ASPCA.
- ^ a b c d e f Dounias, E. Gloriosa superba L. Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine Protabase Record Display. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA).
- Abu Dhabi Media. February 26, 2010.
- ^ Gloriosa superba. Flora of Zimbabwe.
- ^ Winter, N. Glory lily vines are exotic and wonderful. Office of Agricultural Communications. Mississippi State University. July 13, 2006.
- .
- ^ Flame Lily Brooch, 1947. Archived 2013-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Queen and Commonwealth, The Royal Tour. The Royal Collection Trust.
- ^ "About Tamil Nadu | Tamil Nadu Government Portal".
- ^ "Karthigaipoo declared as National flower of Eelam Tamils".
- ^ Singh, D., et al. (2012). Callus induction from corm of Gloriosa superba Linn: An endangered medicinal plant. BioTechnology: An Indian Journal 6(2) 53-55.
- .
External links
- Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Gloriosa superba". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.