Glosas Emilianenses
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The Glosas Emilianenses (Spanish for "glosses of [the monastery of Saint] Millán/Emilianus") are
- A simplified version of Latin
- The medieval form of a Hispanic Romance language (traditionally regarded as Castilian or Old Spanish, but now most often classified as Navarro-Aragonese or a related dialect);
- Medieval Basque
The latter two would have been the vernacular languages in the region surrounding the monastery, although there is a possibility that the author of the glosses was a newcomer in the area.[2]
The literary critic and director of the Instituto Castellano y Leonés de la Lengua Gonzalo Santonja has argued that the language of the Glosses is a "Latin language assaulted by a living language of the street which has crept into these writings".[3]
The Glosses were formerly considered to include the first instances of early Spanish. However, in November 2010, the
Background
Location and name
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The monasteries of San Millán de Suso (6th century) and San Millán de Yuso (11th century) are two monasteries situated in the village of
Linguistic and political situation
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At the time the Glosses were written, the monastery would have been located in the Kingdom of Navarre.
Discovery
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Latin text
The codex is a compilation of several codices, including
Location of the glosses
The codex is known as Aemilianensis 60 (Aemilianus is Latin for
Romance glosses
Some of the marginalia are grammar notes, others are additions and others, glosses. There is still some debate as to whether the
However, should the Romance language of the glosses be classified, San Millán de la Cogolla's former reputation as the "birthplace of the Spanish language" was important in its designation as a World Heritage Site ("cultural" type) in 1997.[7]
Text and translation
The longest gloss appears on page 72 of the manuscripts. The Spanish
Old text[citation needed] (some of the paleographic abbreviations cannot be rendered properly in Unicode)
Con o aiutorio de nuestro
dueno duenoχρο, dueno
ſalbatore, qual dueno
yet ena honore et qual
duenno tienet ela
mandatione con o
patre con o ſpu ſco
en oſ ſieculoſ de lo ſiecu
loſ. facanoſ dſ ompeſ
tal serbitio fere ke
denante ela sua face
gaudioſo ſeyamuſ. Amen.
Translation
With the help of our
lord Lord Christ, Lord
Savior, Lord
who is in honor,
Lord that has
command with
the Father, with the Holy Spirit
for ever and ever.
God Omnipotent, make us
do such a service that
before His face
joyful we are. Amen.
Comparative table
Comparison of some words used in the glosses, along with their current corresponding forms in Aragonese, Spanish and Latin language. English translation provided.
Glosses | Aragonese | Spanish | Latin |
Translation to English |
---|---|---|---|---|
de loſ (delo) | de los, d’os | de los | < DE ILLOS | of the (masculine, plural article) |
ela | a, l’ | la | < ILLA | the (feminine, singular article) |
ena, enoſ | en a, en os | en la, en los | < IN ILLAM, IN ILLOS | in the (feminine, singular and masculine, plural articles) |
fere | fer | hacer[9] | < FACERE | to make |
ſieculoſ | sieglos | (sieglos >) siglos | < SAECULU | centuries |
yet | ye | es | < EST | is (3rd person, singular, verb "to be") |
Basque glosses
Aemilianensis 60 has been publicized as the earliest known codex with inscriptions in Basque, though other codices are posited. [citation needed]
Only two of the glosses in Aemilianensis 60 (of a total of about one thousand) are actually in Basque.[10] These short texts (only 6 words in total) can be seen on the 1974 plaque. However, it has been suggested that some of the Romance glosses reflect the influence of the Basque language, the implication being that their author was a fluent Basque-speaker.
References
- ^ a b c d Ruiz, Elisa (2001). "Glosas Emilianenses (Catálogo de la exposición Tesoros de la Real Academia de la Historia)". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ The vernacular language in the region is now Spanish, but there are still some Basque place-names nearby, e.g. Ezcaray.
- ^ a b Vergaz, Miguel A. (2010-11-07). "La RAE avala que Burgos acoge las primeras palabras escritas en castellano". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-10.
- ^ "Académicos de la RAE tildan de "revolucionario" el estudio de los cartularios de Valpuesta" (in Spanish). Diario de Burgos
- Universidad Complutense, Madrid.
- ^ Roger Wright, A Sociophilological Study of Late Latin, 242.
- ^ Entry on the World Heritage website
- ^ (in Spanish) Primer vagido de la lengua española Dámaso Alonso (retrieved from www.espanolsinfronteras.com)
- ^ In Old Spanish this verb also appears in the forms far, fer y fazer (facer).
- ^ (in Spanish) Glosas en vascuence article by Juan Ángel Nieto Viguera on the Basque glosses