Gnawa
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2013) |
The Gnawa (/ɡ(ə)ˈnɑːwə/) (or Gnaoua, Ghanawa, Ghanawi, Gnawi'; Arabic: ڭناوة) are an ethnic group inhabiting Morocco, that had been brought as slaves from West African Sahel, especially northern Nigeria.
The name Gnawa probably originated in the indigenous language of North Africa and the Sahara Desert. The phonology of this term according to the grammatical principles of Berber is agnaw (singular) and ignawen (plural), which means "black person."
Gnawa music was inscribed in 2019 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[1]
History
The Gnawa population is generally believed to originate from the
Gnawa and music
Gnawa music mixes classical Islamic
Gnawas play deeply
Gnawa music has won an international profile and appeal. Many Western musicians, including Bill Laswell, Brian Jones, Randy Weston, Adam Rudolph, Tucker Martine, Robert Plant, Jacob Collier and Jimmy Page, have drawn on and collaborated with Gnawa musicians such as brothers Mahmoud Guinia and Mokhtar Gania of Essaouira, brothers Mustapha Baqbou & Ahmed Baqbou, Abdelkebir Merchane, Brahim Belkani, all from Marrakesh, as well as Hamid El Kasri and Abdelkader Amlil of Rabat and the late Ahmida Boussou and Saïd Oughassal of Casablanca, who have all participated at the annual festival in Essaouira. Some traditionalists regard modern collaborations as a mixed blessing, leaving or modifying sacred traditions for more explicitly commercial goals. International recording artists such as Hassan Hakmoun have introduced Gnawa music and dance to Western audiences through their recordings and concert performances.
The centres for Gnawa music are
The Gnawa of Khamlia hold their annual festival in August at the village of Khamlia in Erg Chebbi.[5]
Finally there is also a special tribe inside Gnawa called Ganga. The Ganga are of subsaharan African origin and typically speak
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Gnaouas fromguembri.
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Gnaoua in a North African Interior
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Gnawa from Algiers with his guembri (circa 1906) by Jean Geiser (1848-1923).
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Gnawas circa 1920s
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Music Teacher
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Gnawa Musicians, by Harry Humphrey Moore.
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A group of Gnawas dance to a song.
See also
References
- ^ "UNESCO - Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 14.COM 10.B.26". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
- ^ Amraoui, Ahmed El. "Gnawa music: From slavery to prominence". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
- ^ Sinclair, Mandy. "A Brief History Of Gnaoua Music In Morocco". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- ^ "Yobadi, friendship through Music". ArcGIS StoryMaps. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
- ^ "Les Gnaouas - Histoire et Culture | Holidway Maroc". Holidway (in French). 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
General references
- Ibiblio.org: Gnawa Stories: Mystical Musician Healers from Morocco
- gnawa at the Moroccan ministry of Communication website
- WorldMusicCentral.org
- PTWMusic.com: gnawa by Chouki El Hamel at Duke University December 1, 2000
- Etymology of "Gnawa" from Encyclopædia Britannica
- Ben Saidi, A (2003) Amazigh Kateb Yassin discusses Maghreb Blues and Ghanawa Music-a diffusion of Berber, Arabic genres
Further reading
- Bernasek, L & Burger, H. S. (2008) Imazighen!: Beauty and Artisanship in Berber Life, Peabody Museum Press
- Courtney-Clarke, M & Brooks, G. (1996) Imazighen: The Vanishing Traditions of Berber Women, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London, UK
- El-Ghissassi, H. (2006) Regard sur Le Laroc de Mohamed VI, Michel Lafon
- Ennaji, M (2005) Multilingualism, Cultural Identity and Education in Morocco, Springer, New York, USA
- Harris, W. (2003) Morocco that Was, Eland Books, London, UK
- Hart, D.M. (2000) Tribe and Society in Rural Morocco, Frank Cass Publishers
- Howe, M (2005) Morocco: The Islamist Awakening and Other Challenges, University of Oxford Press, New York, USA
- Hoffman, K.E. (2008) We Share Walls: Language, Land, and Gender in Berber Morocco, Wiley-Blackwell
- Maxwell, G (2000) Lords of the Atlas, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Illustrated
- Maxwell, G (2002) Lords of the Atlas: The Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua 1893–1956, The Lyons Press
- McKissack, F. & McKissack, P. (1995) The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa, Henry Holt and Co. LLC
- Pennell, C.R. (2003) Morocco: From Empire to Independence, OneWorld Publications
- Pennel, C.R. (2001) Morocco since 1830: A History, NYU Press, USA
- Porch, D (1983) The Conquest of Morocco - The Bizarre History of France's Last Great Colonial Adventure, the Long Struggle to Subdue a Medieval Kingdom By Intrigue and Force of Arms 1903–1914, Knopf
- Porch, D, 2nd Ed (2005) The Conquest of the Sahara, Ferrar, Straus & Giroux
- Rogerson, B & Lavington, S Edited by (2004) Marrakech, The Red City: The City through Writers' Eyes, Sickle Moon Books
External links
- Gnawa.net Archived 2009-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
- http://www.vodeo.tv/4-33-3982-des-gnawa-dans-le-bocage.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102727/http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=video&no=1052
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063425/http://prep-cncfr.seevia.com/idc/data/Cnc/Recherche/fiche2.asp?idf=3313
- Essaouira at WorldMusicCentral.org
- gnawa at brickhaus.com
- Gnawa Music
- [1]- Festival d'Essaouira Gnaoua et Musiques du Monde