Goan Catholics
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
Goan Konkani, English, Portuguese | |
Religion | |
Catholicism (Latin Rite) | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Konkani Catholics, Karwari Catholics, Mangalorean Catholics |
Goan Catholics (
Their culture is an amalgam of
The Goan Catholic diaspora is concentrated in the
Ethnic identity
Christian adherents to the
Due to the distance from Portugal, Goans (like the people of Macão and Timor) had a high level of autonomy, although still a part of Portugal. Goans moved for work to other parts of the Portuguese Empire, and hence it is possible to find people of Goan descent in the Americas, Africa, Europe, as well as other parts of Asia.[21]
A large-scale emigration of Goan Catholics to Bombay (now
History
Renaissance and Baroque eras
The Portuguese came to India with the ambition of capturing the Asian trade to Europe through the
In 1534 the
The Portuguese built many churches; the most notable are
Modern era
In 1787, some Goan Catholic priests, unhappy with the process of promotion within the Church and other discriminatory practices of the Portuguese, organised the unsuccessful Pinto Revolt against the Portuguese.[35]
From the 19th century, Catholic Goans started emigrating to British-run cities in India, especially to
According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population was 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).[39]
On 1 May 1928, the Archdiocese of Goa was renamed and was promoted to the Metropolitan
After British India gained independence in 1947, the Portuguese government refused to accept Nehru's demand that they hand over Goa to India. On 18 December 1961 India moved in with troops and after intense warfare, the Portuguese administration was forced to surrender. On 30 May 1987 Goa was elevated as India's 25th state.[40]
According to the 2011 census, Christians formed 26.01% of Goa's total population.[41]
Geographical distribution
According to the 2001 census there were around 359,568 Christians in Goa..
Goan Catholics are also found abroad, either as
In 1999 the Goan Overseas Association, the Canorient Christian Association, and other Goan associations estimated that there were around 23,000 Goan Catholics in Canada, out of which 13,000 were in Ontario.[10] During 1954 it was estimated that there were 20,000 Goan Catholics in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, while 30,000 were living in Pakistan, out of which 10,000 were settled in Karachi.[9] In 1931 it was estimated that there were around 1,772 Goan Catholics in Tanzania[7] of which 700 were in Dar es Salaam.[8] In Uganda during 1931, there were around 1,124 Goan Catholics,[5] out of which 500 were settled in its capital of Kampala.[6] Prior to the 1960s it was estimated that there were around 5,000 Goan Catholics in Nairobi, Kenya.[4] By the 20th century there were around 6,000 Goan Catholics in London,[11] while in 2001, 9,000 were present in Swindon, United Kingdom.[48]
Culture
Architecture
Goan Architecture is heavily influenced by
Cuisine
Coconut, vinegar and spices are common ingredients in most curries.
Names and surnames
Portuguese names, having variants in both
Goan Catholic variant | English variant | Portuguese variant | Meaning | Gender |
---|---|---|---|---|
Balthu | Balthasar | Baltasar | ‘Bel’ is my King | Male |
Pedru | Peter
|
Pedro | Rock | Male |
Kaitan | Cajetan | Caetano | man from ‘Caieta’ | Male |
Juanv | John
|
João | God is gracious | Male |
Bosteanv | Sebastian | Sebastião | Revered | Male |
Lorso | Lawrence
|
Lourenço | man from ‘Laurentum’ | Male |
Mori | Mary
|
Maria | Beloved | Female |
Joki | Joachim | Joaquim | raised by ‘YHWH’ | Male |
Rakel | Rachel | Raquel | Ewe or one with purity | Female |
Anton | Anthony
|
António | Flower | Male |
Jebel | Elizabeth | Isabel | My God is my oath | Female |
Zuze | Joseph
|
José | The Lord will add | Male |
Source: Msgr. S. R. Dalgado's “Grammar of Konkani Language” |
Language and literature
Language
Goan Catholics speak the
Literature
The origin of their literature dates to 1563, when the first Konkani grammar was published by Fr Andre Vaz at St Paulo College at
Traditions and festivals
Traditions
Many Indian customs and traditions persist among the Goan Catholics, which are more conspicuous during their marriage festivities.[85]
Traditionally, as in other Indian communities, arranged marriages were the norm.[86] Pre-marriage traditions include Soirik (matrimonial alliance),[87] Utor (promise of marriage),[88] Mudi (engagement ceremony),[89] Amontron (wedding invitation), Porcond (bridal shower),[90] Chuddo (glass bangles) ceremony wherein the bride's forearms are adorned with colourful glass bangles of green, yellow, and red which are symbolic of fertility and married life,[91][92][93] Saddo (red or pink dress) ceremony of cutting and sewing the bridal dress,[94][95] the bridegroom's Hair-cutting ritual,[96] and Bhuim jevon (a ritual meal in honour of the ancestors)[97] or Bhikream jevon (a meal for the poor or beggars).[98][99] Dennem (trousseau) is sent to the groom's house the day before the wedding.[100]
The Ros (anointing) ceremony held on the evening before the wedding involves the parents, relatives, and friends blessing the soon-to-be-wed couple before they begin their married life.[101] It is conducted at the bride's and bridegroom's respective homes, who along with their bridesmaids and best men are ceremonially bathed with Apros (first extract of coconut milk).[102] The bridegroom's/bride's mother dabs her thumb in coconut oil and anoints her son's/daughter's forehead by placing the sign of the cross on it. Special commemorative songs called Zoti are sung for the occasion.[103] On the wedding day, the bridal couple receive Besanv (Benediction) ceremoniously from their parents and elders before the families leave their individual homes for the church to celebrate the Resper (Nuptial Mass) which is followed by the wedding reception later in the evening.[104]
Traditions post the reception include Hatant dinvcheak (handing over) the bride solemnly by the father or the guardian of the bride to the groom's family,[105] Shim (boundary) ritual which involves crossing an imaginary boundary created by pouring liquor on the ground as the Vor (bridal party) prepare to leave for the groom's house. After the ritual, one or two relatives from the bride's side formally invite the newlyweds to the bride's home for a celebration the next day. This is known as Apovnnem (invitation) in Konkani and the occasion is called Portovnnem (ceremonial return).[106]
Festivals
Konsachem fest (harvest festival) celebrated on 15 August that involves blessing of new harvests are other Goan Catholic celebrations.[107]
In addition to common Christian festivals like Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter, the community celebrates many other festivals of religious and historical significance. The Zagor (nocturnal vigil in Konkani), mainly celebrated in
Costumes and ornaments
In the past, Goan Catholic women wore a hol, a white sheet over their saris, while going to Church.[113][114]
In the early period of Portuguese rule, Goan Catholic women were married in whites saris (hol) and changed into a red dress or sari, known as saddo, at home.
Society
Goan Catholics retained the same
The mass was celebrated in Latin; the Homily was delivered to the congregation in Konkani.[123]
Caste
Native Catholics in rural Goa retained their former Hindu castes. The Bamonns (the Konkani word for
The Chardos (the Konkani word for
Occupation
After conversion, the most popular occupation of Goan Catholic men was that of
Performing arts
On 24 April 1950, Mogacho Aunddo (Desire of Love), the first Konkani film by
The Konkani hymn Asli Mata Dukhest, which was translated into Konkani from the
The
Konkani Plays, known as ‘
Adeus Korchu Vellu Paulu
("The Farewell Hour is here")
Adeus korchu vellu paulo.
The time of farewell is now hereAi mhojem kalliz rê fapsota.
Oh! my heart begins to fear (Repeat previous two lines)Dispediru korchea vellar,
At this moment of saying farewell,Ho sonvsar naka-so disota.
In this world I no longer wish to dwell. (Repeat previous two lines)— Torquato de Figuerio (1876–1948), Mando taken from the book Greatest Konkani Song Hits Vol. 1, arranged by Francis Rodrigues, p. 24
Goan Catholics have also played an important role in
Organisations
Goenkaranchi Ekvot is a registered organisation of Goan Catholics residing in Delhi.[147] In Bangalore, associations such as the Karnataka Goan Association serve the community.[148] The Kuwait Konknni Kendr is a well-known Goan Catholic organisation in Kuwait.[149] The Goan Overseas Association in Toronto,[150] Indian Catholic Association of Central Texas, the Indo-Pakistani Christian Association,[10] and the Canorient Christian Association are popular organisations in North America.[151] In the United Kingdom, Goan Voice UK,[152] the Young London Goan Society (YLGS),[153] Goan Community Association, and Siolim Association, based in London, are popular organisations.[154] In the Middle East, the Goan Community of Oman is well known.[155]
Notable Goan Catholics
Goan Catholics | Notes |
---|---|
Vincent Alvares | Medical practitioner and Chemist of John V of Portugal[156] |
Adeodato Barreto | Poet and writer[157] |
Abade Faria
|
Priest and hypnotist[158] |
Teresa Albuquerque | Historian |
Rosario Alfred Fernandes (Alfred Rose) | Singer, Tiatrist |
Janim Rangel | Founder of Tipografia Rangel, pioneer of media and tiatr |
Bruno Coutinho | Footballer[159][160] |
Charles Correa | Architect[161] |
Evarist Pinto | Archbishop of Karachi[162] |
Francisco Luís Gomes | Physician, politician, writer, historian, and economist[163] |
Ivan Dias | Archbishop of Bombay from 8 November 1996 – 20 May 2006, Prefect of Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Rome[164] |
Keith Vaz | British Labour Party politician, Member of Parliament for Leicester East[165] |
Valerie Vaz | British Labour Party politician, Member of Parliament for Walsall South[166] |
Oswald Gracias | |
Lorna Cordeiro | Singer and tiatrist[168] |
José Gerson da Cunha | Physician, orientalist, historian and numismatist[169] |
Froilano de Mello | Microbiologist, medical scientist, professor, author and independent MP in the Portuguese parliament[170] |
Wallis Mathias | Cricketer[171] |
Anthony Mascarenhas | Journalist[172] |
Jerry Pinto | Writer |
Patricia Rozario | Soprano[173] |
José Vaz | Missionary, Patron Saint of Sri Lanka |
See also
- Christianity in Goa
- Christianization of Goa
- Portuguese India
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman
- Konkani in the Roman script
- Culture of Goan Catholics
- Goan Catholic cuisine
- Goa Inquisition
- Architecture of Goan Catholics
- Goan Catholics under the British Indian Empire
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Further reading
- Paul Harding; Bryn Thomas (2003). Goa (3rd ed.). ISBN 1-74059-139-9.
External links
- Sarasvati's Children by Joe Lobo
- Catholic Goan Network
- Official site of the Archdiocese of Goa and Daman
- Goans on the International Sporting Stage
- Great Men of Goa Archived 28 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- Goan Overseas Association (G.O.A.)
- Goan community of Oman
- Canorient Christian Association
- Melgoans Archived 6 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine