Goan Catholics

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Goan Catholics
Regions with significant populations
Goan Konkani, English, Portuguese
Religion
Catholicism (Latin Rite)
Related ethnic groups
Konkani Catholics, Karwari Catholics, Mangalorean Catholics

Goan Catholics (

Indian Christians adhering to the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church from the Goa state, in the southern part of the Konkan region along the west coast of India. They are Konkani people and speak the Konkani language
.

Portuguese crown
.

Their culture is an amalgam of

annexation of Goa and Damaon
in 1961.

The Goan Catholic diaspora is concentrated in the

Ethnic identity

Christian adherents to the

scheduled language of India. Diaspora communities in anglophone countries usually speak English as their first language while regarding Konkani as their ancestral language.[15] Some upper class Catholic families in Goa spoke Portuguese as their primary language prior to 1961.[16]

Indian caste system, although it was not practiced rigidly.[19] Throughout the Portuguese Empire a large part of civic administration (e.g. registration of births, marriages and deaths, schools, colleges, hospitals, orphanages, etc.) was initially maintained by the Catholic religious orders. Under Portuguese nationality law, Goans born before 19 December 1961 in the then Portuguese territory of Goa are entitled to Portuguese citizenship. As per the law of Portugal (Jus sanguinis), this is extended up to two generations, that is to their children and grandchildren.[20]

Due to the distance from Portugal, Goans (like the people of Macão and Timor) had a high level of autonomy, although still a part of Portugal. Goans moved for work to other parts of the Portuguese Empire, and hence it is possible to find people of Goan descent in the Americas, Africa, Europe, as well as other parts of Asia.[21]

A large-scale emigration of Goan Catholics to Bombay (now

Portuguese surnames and culture.[24]
The British favoured the Goan Christians in administrative jobs, due to their proficiency in western language and culture.[22]

History

Renaissance and Baroque eras

Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, from the Códice Casanatense (c. 1540)

The Portuguese came to India with the ambition of capturing the Asian trade to Europe through the

Salcette.[27] Pope Nicholas V had enacted the Papal bull Romanus Pontifex in 1455, granting the patronage ("Padroado") of the propagation of the Christian faith in Asia to the Portuguese and rewarded them a trade monopoly in newly discovered areas.[28] Trade was initiated shortly after Vasco da Gama arrived in India in 1498. The Portuguese Catholic Church was granted the responsibility of proselytizing in Asia by the Pope, and all missionaries had to call at Lisbon before departing for Asia. In Goa different orders were designated different areas, with the Jesuits granted Salsette province in the South, and the Franciscans, the northern province of Bardez. Other orders such as Carmelites, Dominicans, and Augustinians
were also present in Portuguese Goa.

, was built by the Portuguese in 1510. It is one of the oldest churches in Goa and one of the largest in Asia. It also holds a miraculous cross that is venerated to date.

In 1534 the

Diocese of Funchal to serve as a common diocese for the western coast of India, including Goa and the area in and around Bombay.[29]

The Portuguese built many churches; the most notable are

consecrated in 1640.[31] The Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church (Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição Igreja) was built in 1540. The Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi (Igreja e Convento de São Francisco de Assis), Church of Lady of Rosary (Igreja da Senhora do Rosário), Church of St. Augustine (Igreja de Santo Agostinho), and St. Michael's Church, Anjuna (Igreja São Miguel em Anjuna), built in 1613,[32] were also erected during the Portuguese reign.[33][34]

Modern era

In 1787, some Goan Catholic priests, unhappy with the process of promotion within the Church and other discriminatory practices of the Portuguese, organised the unsuccessful Pinto Revolt against the Portuguese.[35]

From the 19th century, Catholic Goans started emigrating to British-run cities in India, especially to

Portuguese territories, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[37]

According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population was 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).[39]

On 1 May 1928, the Archdiocese of Goa was renamed and was promoted to the Metropolitan

Patriarch of the East Indies
.

After British India gained independence in 1947, the Portuguese government refused to accept Nehru's demand that they hand over Goa to India. On 18 December 1961 India moved in with troops and after intense warfare, the Portuguese administration was forced to surrender. On 30 May 1987 Goa was elevated as India's 25th state.[40]

According to the 2011 census, Christians formed 26.01% of Goa's total population.[41]

Geographical distribution

Distribution of Goan Catholics in India

According to the 2001 census there were around 359,568 Christians in Goa.

Hyderabad, Nagpur, Nasik, and Ranchi
.

Goan Catholics are also found abroad, either as

Anglophone world, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, the US,[14] Australia and New Zealand. In 1954 there were around 1,000,000 Goan Catholics in India and 1,800,000 Goan Catholics outside Goa.[citation needed] Before the First Gulf War (1990–1991) there were probably around 150,000 Goans outside India.[1] There are 100,000 Goan Catholics in Portugal.[45] A large number are found in Karachi, Pakistan.[46] Recent emigrants are found in Germany and Austria.[47]

In 1999 the Goan Overseas Association, the Canorient Christian Association, and other Goan associations estimated that there were around 23,000 Goan Catholics in Canada, out of which 13,000 were in Ontario.[10] During 1954 it was estimated that there were 20,000 Goan Catholics in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, while 30,000 were living in Pakistan, out of which 10,000 were settled in Karachi.[9] In 1931 it was estimated that there were around 1,772 Goan Catholics in Tanzania[7] of which 700 were in Dar es Salaam.[8] In Uganda during 1931, there were around 1,124 Goan Catholics,[5] out of which 500 were settled in its capital of Kampala.[6] Prior to the 1960s it was estimated that there were around 5,000 Goan Catholics in Nairobi, Kenya.[4] By the 20th century there were around 6,000 Goan Catholics in London,[11] while in 2001, 9,000 were present in Swindon, United Kingdom.[48]

Culture

Architecture

A traditional Portuguese-influenced villa of a Goan Catholic family

Goan Architecture is heavily influenced by

Blessed Virgin Mary and a Holy Cross made of hard laterite clay.[50]

Cuisine

Prawn curry

Coconut, vinegar and spices are common ingredients in most curries.

Vindalho, Roast Maas (spicy braised beef), Mitta Maas (salt pork), and Leitão Assado (roasted piglet).[51] Canja de galinha and Frango à Cafreal are well-known chicken dishes.[52] Fish curry and rice form the staple diet of Goan Catholics.[53] Parboiled rice (Ukddem tandull), is the traditional rice eaten and preferred over raw rice (Suroi tandull). Kajel (Cashew Feni) (triple-distilled/tibrad), Cazulo (double-distilled/dobrad), and Urrak (Arrack) (single-distilled) liqueurs made from cashew apples; and Maddel (Coconut Feni), are a popular alcoholic beverages.[54]

'Patoleo' are the piece de resistance of the Assumption feast celebration

Maria da Assunção on 15 August, and Konnsachem fest (harvest festival) which occurs across Goa during the month of August.[55] Kuswad (Consoada) is a term used for the sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas which include Bebinca, Dodol, Bathica, Kulkuls, Neureos, and Perada.[56]

Names and surnames

Portuguese names, having variants in both

Christianisation of Goa during Portuguese rule.[58]

Goan Catholic variant English variant Portuguese variant Meaning Gender
Balthu Balthasar Baltasar Bel’ is my King Male
Pedru
Peter
Pedro Rock Male
Kaitan Cajetan Caetano man from ‘Caieta Male
Juanv
John
João God is gracious Male
Bosteanv Sebastian Sebastião Revered Male
Lorso
Lawrence
Lourenço man from ‘Laurentum Male
Mori
Mary
Maria Beloved Female
Joki Joachim Joaquim raised by YHWH Male
Rakel Rachel Raquel Ewe or one with purity Female
Anton
Anthony
António Flower Male
Jebel Elizabeth Isabel My God is my oath Female
Zuze
Joseph
José The Lord will add Male
Source: Msgr. S. R. Dalgado's “Grammar of Konkani Language

Language and literature

Language

Roman script
for their religious and secular writings in Konkani.

Goan Catholics speak the

Roman script.[64] Portuguese influence can be seen in the dialect's lexicon and syntax.[65] 1,800 Portuguese lexical items are found in the Goan Catholic dialect.[66] The syntactic patterns adopted from Portuguese include mostly word order patterns, such as the placement of the direct and the indirect object and of the adverb after the verb, the placement of the predicate noun after the copula, and the placement of the relative or reduced relative clause after the head noun. There are, however, some transformations as well among these patterns.[67] Such syntactic modification is most evident in this particular dialect. It is observed only in the written word and in formal speech such as sermons.[68] In recent times, more and more periodicals have abandoned the Portuguese syntactic patterns.[69] The dialect is significantly different from the dialect spoken by the Hindu Goans not only with respect to Portuguese influence, but also with respect to grammatical and lexical characteristics.[70]

Literature

Fr. Thomas Stephens
, the first published work in Konkani and any other Indian language.

The origin of their literature dates to 1563, when the first Konkani grammar was published by Fr Andre Vaz at St Paulo College at

Filipe Neri Ferrao launched the Povitr Pustok, a Konkani Bible app, a mobile phone application software with the entire Konkani Bible text.[84]

Traditions and festivals

Traditions

Many Indian customs and traditions persist among the Goan Catholics, which are more conspicuous during their marriage festivities.[85]

Traditionally, as in other Indian communities, arranged marriages were the norm.[86] Pre-marriage traditions include Soirik (matrimonial alliance),[87] Utor (promise of marriage),[88] Mudi (engagement ceremony),[89] Amontron (wedding invitation), Porcond (bridal shower),[90] Chuddo (glass bangles) ceremony wherein the bride's forearms are adorned with colourful glass bangles of green, yellow, and red which are symbolic of fertility and married life,[91][92][93] Saddo (red or pink dress) ceremony of cutting and sewing the bridal dress,[94][95] the bridegroom's Hair-cutting ritual,[96] and Bhuim jevon (a ritual meal in honour of the ancestors)[97] or Bhikream jevon (a meal for the poor or beggars).[98][99] Dennem (trousseau) is sent to the groom's house the day before the wedding.[100]

The Ros (anointing) ceremony held on the evening before the wedding involves the parents, relatives, and friends blessing the soon-to-be-wed couple before they begin their married life.[101] It is conducted at the bride's and bridegroom's respective homes, who along with their bridesmaids and best men are ceremonially bathed with Apros (first extract of coconut milk).[102] The bridegroom's/bride's mother dabs her thumb in coconut oil and anoints her son's/daughter's forehead by placing the sign of the cross on it. Special commemorative songs called Zoti are sung for the occasion.[103] On the wedding day, the bridal couple receive Besanv (Benediction) ceremoniously from their parents and elders before the families leave their individual homes for the church to celebrate the Resper (Nuptial Mass) which is followed by the wedding reception later in the evening.[104]

Traditions post the reception include Hatant dinvcheak (handing over) the bride solemnly by the father or the guardian of the bride to the groom's family,[105] Shim (boundary) ritual which involves crossing an imaginary boundary created by pouring liquor on the ground as the Vor (bridal party) prepare to leave for the groom's house. After the ritual, one or two relatives from the bride's side formally invite the newlyweds to the bride's home for a celebration the next day. This is known as Apovnnem (invitation) in Konkani and the occasion is called Portovnnem (ceremonial return).[106]

Festivals

Konsachem fest (harvest festival) celebrated on 15 August that involves blessing of new harvests are other Goan Catholic celebrations.[107]

Goan Catholics participating at the Intruz (Goan Carnival), late 20th century

In addition to common Christian festivals like Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter, the community celebrates many other festivals of religious and historical significance. The Zagor (nocturnal vigil in Konkani), mainly celebrated in

Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Monti Saibinichem Fest in Konkani, Feast of Our Lady of the Mount) on 8 September is a major festival, especially in Chinchinim.[110] Milagres Saibinichem Fest is the feast of Our Lady of Miracles, celebrated at St. Jerome Church (Mapusa).[111] Contrary to popular belief, Goa Carnival is a commercial festival in Goa. Its current form (King Momo, floats, etc.) was created only in 1965 to attract tourists.[112]

Costumes and ornaments

In the past, Goan Catholic women wore a hol, a white sheet over their saris, while going to Church.[113][114]

In the early period of Portuguese rule, Goan Catholic women were married in whites saris (hol) and changed into a red dress or sari, known as saddo, at home.

Mangalsutra, interspersed with roughly twenty gold coins, which formed a gold pendant, often in the shape of Jesus or the cross.[118] A widow had to wear black clothes for the rest of her life and was not allowed to wear ornaments.[119][120]

Society

A typical white Sant Khuris (Holy Cross) of a Goan Catholic family, constructed using old-style Portuguese architecture

Goan Catholics retained the same

Comunidades.[122]

The mass was celebrated in Latin; the Homily was delivered to the congregation in Konkani.[123]

Caste

Native Catholics in rural Goa retained their former Hindu castes. The Bamonns (the Konkani word for

Goud Saraswat Brahmins, the Padyes, the Daivadnyas), the goldsmiths and some merchants were lumped into the Christian caste of Bamonn.[124]

The Chardos (the Konkani word for

Vaishyas who were not incorporated into the Chardo caste were called Gauddos, and formed the fourth group. The artisan converts formed the third-biggest group and were known as Sudirs (labour class). The Dalits or "Untouchables" who converted to Christianity became Mahars and Chamars, who formed the fifth group. They were later merged to the Sudirs.[124] The Christian converts of the aboriginal stock known as Gavddis were termed Kunbi.[124] Although they still observe the caste system, they consider it the unhappiest heritage of their pre-Christian past.[1]

Occupation

After conversion, the most popular occupation of Goan Catholic men was that of

feitoria workers. Other crafts and industries were nonexistent.[125]

Performing arts

A still from Frank Fernand's monochrome Konkani film Amchem Noxib

On 24 April 1950, Mogacho Aunddo (Desire of Love), the first Konkani film by

fusion music in India.[127]

The Konkani hymn Asli Mata Dukhest, which was translated into Konkani from the

Indian Independence. Chris Perry and Lorna Cordeiro are known for the Bebdo (Drunkard) in 1976[132] and Pisso (Mad) in the 1970s, while Frank Fernand's Konkani ballad Claudia from 1966 is popular.[133]

The

Vijaynagar Empire) over the Chola Empire at Chandrapur fortification in the fourteenth century.[135] Other dances are the Portuguese Corridinho and Marcha.[136][137] Dulpod is dance music with a quick rhythm and themes from everyday Goan life.[138] Fell is a music genre performed by men and women during the Goa Carnival.[138] Other dances performed at the Goan Carnival are Fulwali, Nistekaram, Vauradi, and Kunbi.[139][140] The Ghumot is a musical instrument played, especially during weddings, and is used while performing a Mando.[141] The instrument has the form of an earthen pot that is open at both sides. One end is covered with the skin of some wild animal, and the other is left open.[142]

Konkani Plays, known as ‘

tiatrists such as Jao Agostinho Fernandes (1871–1941).[44][130][143][144] Tiatr's themes include melodramas about family and domestic life, with each lyricist offering his own explanation for life's varied problems. Tiatrists include Prince Jacob[143] and Roseferns, and in the past M. Boyer, C. Alvares, and Alfred Rose. On 17 April 1892 the first tiatr ‘Italian Bhurgo’ by Lucasinho Ribeiro was staged in Mumbai.[76] In 2007, the Government of Goa started the Tiatr Academy to facilitate the development of the Tiart.[145] The tradition Of Voviyo, ancient folk songs that were sung by women during a Ros, began prior to 1510 A.D. The tradition had to be discarded due to Portuguese prosecution, and the songs now live in the form of archives.[146]
The few which still prevail are recited to this day at weddings, expressing lofty sentiments that give vent to the feelings of the people about the marriage partners and their families and invoke the blessing of God on them.

Adeus Korchu Vellu Paulu
("The Farewell Hour is here")
Adeus korchu vellu paulo.
The time of farewell is now here

Ai mhojem kalliz rê fapsota.
Oh! my heart begins to fear (Repeat previous two lines)

Dispediru korchea vellar,
At this moment of saying farewell,

Ho sonvsar naka-so disota.
In this world I no longer wish to dwell. (Repeat previous two lines)

— Torquato de Figuerio (1876–1948), Mando taken from the book Greatest Konkani Song Hits Vol. 1, arranged by Francis Rodrigues, p. 24

Goan Catholics have also played an important role in

)

Organisations

Goenkaranchi Ekvot is a registered organisation of Goan Catholics residing in Delhi.[147] In Bangalore, associations such as the Karnataka Goan Association serve the community.[148] The Kuwait Konknni Kendr is a well-known Goan Catholic organisation in Kuwait.[149] The Goan Overseas Association in Toronto,[150] Indian Catholic Association of Central Texas, the Indo-Pakistani Christian Association,[10] and the Canorient Christian Association are popular organisations in North America.[151] In the United Kingdom, Goan Voice UK,[152] the Young London Goan Society (YLGS),[153] Goan Community Association, and Siolim Association, based in London, are popular organisations.[154] In the Middle East, the Goan Community of Oman is well known.[155]

Notable Goan Catholics

Goan Catholics Notes
Vincent Alvares Medical practitioner and Chemist of John V of Portugal[156]
Adeodato Barreto Poet and writer[157]
Abade Faria
Priest and hypnotist[158]
Teresa Albuquerque Historian
Rosario Alfred Fernandes (Alfred Rose) Singer, Tiatrist
Janim Rangel Founder of Tipografia Rangel, pioneer of media and tiatr
Bruno Coutinho Footballer[159][160]
Charles Correa Architect[161]
Evarist Pinto Archbishop of Karachi[162]
Francisco Luís Gomes Physician, politician, writer, historian, and economist[163]
Ivan Dias Archbishop of Bombay from 8 November 1996 – 20 May 2006, Prefect of Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Rome[164]
Keith Vaz British Labour Party politician, Member of Parliament for Leicester East[165]
Valerie Vaz British Labour Party politician, Member of Parliament for Walsall South[166]
Oswald Gracias
Cardinal, Archbishop of Mumbai[167]
Lorna Cordeiro Singer and tiatrist[168]
José Gerson da Cunha Physician, orientalist, historian and numismatist[169]
Froilano de Mello Microbiologist, medical scientist, professor, author and independent MP in the Portuguese parliament[170]
Wallis Mathias Cricketer[171]
Anthony Mascarenhas Journalist[172]
Jerry Pinto Writer
Patricia Rozario Soprano[173]
José Vaz Missionary, Patron Saint of Sri Lanka

See also

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References

Further reading

External links