Goiânia
Goiânia | |
---|---|
Municipality of Goiânia | |
Skyline of Goiânia Monument to the Three Races Train Station Viaduct Latif Sebba Viaduct João Alves de Queiroz Vaca Brava Park Oscar Niemeyer Cultural Center | |
UTC-3:30) | |
Postal code | 74000-000 |
Area code | +55 62 |
HDI (2010) | 0.799 – high[3] |
Website | www |
Goiânia (/ɡɔɪˈɑːniə/;[4] Portuguese pronunciation: [ɡojˈjɐniɐ]) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Goiás. With a population of 1,536,097, it is the second-largest city in the Central-West Region and the 10th-largest in the country. Its metropolitan area has a population of 2,654,860, making it the 12th-largest in Brazil. With an area of approximately 739 square kilometres (285 square miles), it has a continuous geography with few hills and lowlands, with flat lands in most of its territory, especially the Meia Ponte River, in addition to Botafogo and Capim Puba streams.
Goiânia has its origins as a planned city, founded on October 24, 1933 by then Governor Pedro Ludovico to serve as the new state capital and administrative center. Before this, the state capital was the town of Goiás.
It is the second most populous city in the Central-West Region, only surpassed by the country's capital Brasília, located about 200 kilometers (120 miles) from Goiânia. The city is an important economic hub of the region and is considered a strategic center for such areas as industry, medicine, fashion and agriculture. Goiânia has previously been described as having the largest green area per inhabitant in Brazil and the second-most in the world, after Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.[5][6] With rapid population growth[7] and urban expansion, satellite imagery shows the majority of the green area is now at the periphery of its sprawling city limits, and the per-capita green area claim may need to be reviewed.
History
The idea of creating a new
The impetus behind the efforts to move the state capital was the need to locate it in accordance with the economic interests of the state. The first state
Legislators kept the idea of change alive for a long time. In 1891, the constitutional delegates made the idea of the transfer of the capital official, including it in the constitution, ratifying it in 1898 and 1918.
Vaguely remembered until 1930, the idea became a reality during the government of Pedro Ludovico, who was the new governor appointed for the state of Goiás Archived 2018-05-19 at the Wayback Machine after the military revolt of 1930. In 1932, a commission was created to choose where the new capital would be built. In 1933 the commission decided on the present location and the foundation stone was laid.
The plan was for a city of 50,000 with the shape of a concentric radius — streets in the form of a spoke, with the Praça Cívica as the center, with the seats of the state and municipal government — the
In 1937, a decree was signed transferring the state capital from the Cidade de Goiás to Goiânia. The official inauguration occurred in 1942 with the presence of the president of the republic, governors, and ministers.
The name, Goiânia, came about in 1933 after a contest was held by a local newspaper. Readers from all over the state contributed, with some of the most popular names being Petrônia, Americana, Petrolândia, Goianópolis, Goiânia, Bartolomeu Bueno, Campanha, Eldorado, Anhanguera, Liberdade, Goianésia, and Pátria Nova, among others. In 1935 Pedro Ludovico used the name Goiânia for the first time, signing a decree creating the municipality.
Art deco
The first buildings in this planned city, designed by Attilio Correia Lima, were inspired by
Radiation incident
On September 13, 1987, a
Geography
Climate
The city has a
The lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.5 °C (32.9 °F)[10] on July 18, 2000, in the suburbs. 1.2 °C (34.2 °F)[11] was the lowest recorded downtown, on July 9, 1938. However, such lows are very rare. Temperatures may fall below 12 °C (54 °F) every winter, mainly in the suburbs. The highest temperature ever recorded was 41.2 °C (106.2 °F) on October 7, 2020.
Climate data for Goiânia (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.6 (87.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.9 (87.6) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.7 (90.9) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.4 (88.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.7 (76.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.8 (76.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.3 (66.7) |
16.9 (62.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
14.8 (58.6) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.2 (68.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 249.2 (9.81) |
235.8 (9.28) |
258.5 (10.18) |
137.7 (5.42) |
30.3 (1.19) |
8.4 (0.33) |
1.5 (0.06) |
9.5 (0.37) |
44.3 (1.74) |
144.1 (5.67) |
219.6 (8.65) |
271.9 (10.70) |
1,610.8 (63.4) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 17 | 16 | 17 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 11 | 16 | 18 | 113 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
72.2 | 72.2 | 72.4 | 66.2 | 59.9 | 55.1 | 48 | 40.8 | 44.9 | 57.2 | 69.3 | 72.6 | 60.9 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
14.2 (57.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
16.9 (62.5) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 182.9 | 158.2 | 204.6 | 228 | 251.1 | 270 | 288.3 | 282.1 | 213 | 189.1 | 174 | 173.6 | 2,614.9 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 5.9 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 9 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 7.2 |
Mean daily daylight hours | 13 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.3 | 11.6 | 12 | 12.5 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 12.1 |
Average ultraviolet index | 16 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 13 |
Source 1: INMET(Temperatures[12]), (Precipitation[13]), (Humidity[14]), (Dew Point[15]) | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather atlas(sun-Daylight)[16] Nomadseason(UV[17][i]) |
Climate data for Goiânia (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 35.2 (95.4) |
34.6 (94.3) |
34.4 (93.9) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.7 (92.7) |
32.6 (90.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
36.2 (97.2) |
39.9 (103.8) |
41.2 (106.2) |
36.2 (97.2) |
35.4 (95.7) |
41.2 (106.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.2 (84.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.0 (87.8) |
29.7 (85.5) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.8 (85.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.2 (72.0) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.2 (73.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.7 (67.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
13.7 (56.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) |
15.4 (59.7) |
14.0 (57.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
5.7 (42.3) |
3.5 (38.3) |
0.5 (32.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
14.4 (57.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
0.5 (32.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 266.8 (10.50) |
214.8 (8.46) |
206.8 (8.14) |
118.9 (4.68) |
35.9 (1.41) |
9.2 (0.36) |
6.6 (0.26) |
13.2 (0.52) |
45.4 (1.79) |
166.9 (6.57) |
219.0 (8.62) |
267.9 (10.55) |
1,571.4 (61.87) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 18 | 15 | 15 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 116 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
75 | 76 | 74 | 71 | 65 | 60 | 53 | 47 | 53 | 65 | 73 | 76 | 65.7 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 183.8 | 156.9 | 203.1 | 229.0 | 249.7 | 269.0 | 286.8 | 281.2 | 212.3 | 188.2 | 174.2 | 172.6 | 2,606.7 |
Source: INMET[18] |
- ^ Average UV index for 12:00 local time
Vegetation
The "
More than 1600 species of mammals, birds and reptiles have been identified in the cerrado,
Economy
While Goiânia's economy today is based on a variety of industries, the local economy's roots are found in the
Second to agriculture are vehicle sales and service industry. Repairs, sales and reconditioning of vehicles are widespread and visible in all areas of the city.
The third largest contributor to the economy is the government sector. As Goiânia is the state capital of Goiás, it is home to many federal and state government agencies that provide a large number of jobs.
In recent years, modern telecommunications, with its supporting industry, has begun to expand into Goiânia. Many large Brazilian companies have established offices in the city.
In addition, due to Goiânia being the state capital, it is home to countless private medical centers/clinics of all kinds.
In 2005, the
In the same year, the per capita income for the city was R$11,119.[21]
Demographics
The population of the municipality in 2011, according to the
The Human Development Index Municipal (HDI) of Goiânia is considered high by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), at 0.832, the second largest of any state of Goiás (in 242 municipalities); third of all Midwest Region of Brazil (in 446) and 111 from all over Brazil (in 5507). Considering only the education, the index value is 0.933 (classified as very high), while Brazil's is 0.849. The longevity index is 0.751 (0.638 is Brazilian) and income is 0.813 (that of Brazil is 0.723). The city has most of the indicators high and similar to the national average according to UNDP. The literacy rate is 96.78% of adults. The incidence of poverty, measured by the IBGE, is 3.64%; the lower the incidence of poverty is 2.92%; the top is 4.35%; and subjective poverty incidence is 4.35%.
Social inequality
Among Brazil's
While perhaps not fitting the criteria of favelas, Goiânia has several sectors, particularly on the outskirts, that are low income.[24]
Ethnicity and immigration
Goiânia is a
Initially, Goiânia was populated by migrants from the interior of Goiás. Its creation was crucial to the population growth in the state, since Vila Boa, the ancient capital showed signs of declining population, is considered a setback for the state. The founding of Goiânia is now considered a successful settlement of the Brazilian interior. Today, the population coming from Goiânia is predominantly Minas Gerais, Bahia, Tocantins, Maranhão, São Paulo and Pará, respectively.[27]
Religion
Like the cultural variety verifiable in Goiânia, there are religious manifestations present in the city. According to the
Education
Notable institutes include:
- Universidade Federal de Goiás(UFG)
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás(PUC-GO)
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás(UEG)
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás (IFG)
- Faculdade Unida de Campinas (FacUnicamps)[29]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Road
Goiânia is connected to the federal capital,
As Goiânia was a planned city, the downtown cores (Setores Central/Oeste/Sul) are relatively easy to navigate. Along the years, the planned urban development was replaced by the typical Brazilian way of urban growth, i.e., pure laissez-faire. Social and urban demands were neglected.
Due to this lack of planning and reliable public transportation, Goiânia is the metropolis with the highest number of cars per capita in the country; there are 1,000,000 registered motor vehicles in the city. The many vehicles on the roads cause major congestion during peak times.
Rail
The
Public transportation
All public transportation is via bus. Bus service in Goiânia is provided by several transportation companies working under the municipality.
There is a bus system map the can be founded in RMTC site. Buses run on a predictable time schedule. Goiânia is the only city of South America that has the ITS technology of bus transport, but the buses are usually full. Unlike most Brazilian cities, there are no ticket collectors on the buses in Goiânia; all the fares are collected using magnetic paper cards and turnstiles. Passes are provided by SitPASS and can be purchased from street vendors or in small shops throughout the city.
Anhanguera Avenue is one of the largest/longest avenues in the city. It underwent major work in the late 1990s that created a dedicated bus lane for its entire length, with stations every 0.5 kilometer. The bus lanes are in the center of the avenue, giving it a distinct look. The fare to travel on the Anhanguera bus route is half of normal fare, and all buses on this route are
The new contract
Under the new contract, firmed in 2009, many aspects of the public transportation are being changed:
- The terminal stations are now placed under administration of the companies that are refurbishing them;
- The buses are being equipped with GPS modules to solve the schedule problem and many other benefits, adapted to give accessibility to disabled people, radios to give fast response on reroutes and other events, and other minor changes;
- The introduction of the CityBus, a service of microbuses focused on giving a choice to people of higher wealth to use the public transit system instead of their cars and to tourists who are visiting the city.
- Changes on "Eixo Anhanguera" (Anhanguera axis) and its terminals. It is unclear what changes that will be made, but one of the main issues under discussion is the much criticized change in fares; in future, a person that gets on a terminal from the axis to integrate with an inter-municipal metropolitan line will have to pay a complete fare.
- A North-South axis is part of the project, but as of August/09 it has not been implemented yet
- An Operational Control Center that will monitor the bus traffic through GPS.
- A free number for users to call to know how much time is left before the next bus arrives is another part of project that has not yet been implemented.
Airports
Aeródromo Nacional de Aviação handles general aviation operations.
Security
Goiânia is considered a safe city compared to most state capitals within Brazil. The average murder rate per year is under 450 persons per year according to the Goiás State Police. It was, however, found in a study in 2011 performed by a Mexican think tank — the Citizens' Council for Public Security and Criminal Justice — that Goiânia ranks as the 40th most dangerous city in the world.[32]
The city is patrolled and under the watch of the Goias Military Police, which is responsible for responding to crime and maintaining check points in the city and state. The Military Police are normally dressed in light tan military uniforms while patrolling. The prosecution and investigations of crime and all administration issues are handled by the Civil police (Policia Civil).
Within Goiânia traffic rules are enforced by the "AMT", whose members are traffic wardens with some minor police powers. This unit falls under the ownership of the city. Their responsibilities are to ensure road rules are enforced and attend to all accidents on the city streets.
Green areas
Goiânia is home to a large number of skyscrapers dominating the center and one-floor family homes spreading out across the verdant tree-covered plain. Many of the streets are lined with tropical fruit trees, and there are many parks with remnants of the original tropical vegetation. Thirty percent of the city area is planted in trees — 3.75 square kilometres (1.45 sq mi) of the 11 square kilometres (4.25 sq mi).
The most important of these parks are the Parque Zoológico, Parque Vaca Brava, Parque Ecológico, Bosque dos Buritis and Parque Areião. One of the biggest parks is the Bosque dos Buritís with an area of 140,000 square m and containing many
Goiânia is known for being the ‘spring capital’ and was planned as a modern city, growing outside from the center. In the starting years this building plan worked well, but through the quick growth the plan was not followed to the letter, with the exception of the green areas, causing severe infrastructure problems in some areas, in particular with the public transport and healthcare systems.
In the Bosque dos Buritis is the Monument for World Peace, designed by Siron Franco. This monument contains a 7-meter high ampoule with walls of glass and the soil of more than 50 countries from all over the world. Every year on World Environment Day there will be scattered soil of a new country added.
Another attraction is the Chico Mendes Botanic Garden, housing trees and flowers like bromelias, orchids, fruit trees and a lake.
The municipality contains part of the 2,132 hectares (5,270 acres) Altamiro de Moura Pacheco State Park, created in 1992.[33]
Parque Zoológico
Created in 1946, the zoo contains over 1,000 animals, including mammals, birds, and reptiles. Five streams have their source in the park, which, besides the zoo, contains the Horto Florestal and the Lago das Rosas (Lake of Roses). The park is in the Setor Oeste, one of the richest residential areas of Goiânia.[citation needed]
Buriti Park
In the center of the city this is Goiânia’s oldest green area. It has an area of 120,000 square metres (1,300,000 square feet). There is a running track and exercise area, that has pull-up bars and sit-up benches with various inclines. There are three artificial lakes created by Buriti Stream. It is home to the Goiânia Art Museum and the Free Center of Arts. It houses a group of marmosets and many turtles.
Vaca Brava Park
Vaca Brava Park, renamed Parque Sulivan Silvestre after Dr. Sulivan Silvestre de Oliveira. Every day at dawn hundreds of people begin their daily activities by walking or jogging along the sidewalk that encloses Parque Vaca Brava. It has an area of 18,000 square metres (190,000 square feet) and contains a lake, a forest with native species and places for exercise.
Vaca Brava (which could be roughly translated as Angry Cow) has become a symbol of the new thriving area of the Setor Bueno, which has flourished in recent decades and is now one of the most important zones of Goiânia.
Areião Park
The Areião is one of the largest green areas of Goiânia. In a wealthy area, it is known for its dense vegetation, where monkeys are spotted very often.[citation needed] Besides the many trails, there is a lake, a jogging route and many wooden buildings, including a small theater, consisting of a stage and many seats in the middle of a bamboo forest.
Cobra Veiga center for snake research
Located in an area of 44,000.5 m2 (10.8728 acres), it has an infrastructure for 750 serpents of different species, in addition to a laboratory and a rodent house. Its main activities are the extraction of poison for medicinal purposes, research on behavior of serpents in captivity and the recuperation of degraded areas and the preservation of springs and their forest.
Leisure
The leisure options are diverse. There are many shopping malls. There are numerous gyms, public and private. The city has a 45,000 capacity stadium: the
Sports
Goiânia has five football (soccer) clubs: Goiás Esporte Clube, Atlético Clube Goianiense, Vila Nova Futebol Clube, Goiânia Esporte Clube, Monte Cristo Esporte Clube. Goiás compete in the Série A, while Atlético Goianiense compete in the Série B, and Vila Nova in the Série B.
Goiânia has two main sport stadiums that are used by the teams. Both stadiums are property of the State of Goias. The biggest one is the
Museums
The most important museums are the Museu Antropológico da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto Goiano de Pré-História e Antropologia, Fundação Museu de Ornitologia, Museu de Arte Contemporânea and Museu Zoroastro Artiaga. One interesting place is the so-called Memorial do Cerrado.
Music
With several double success, Goiás itself is the cradle of the sertanejo (country music) genre. Two types of sertanejo predominate: modao is identified as the old sertanejo music and
Goiânia, as the capital of a state that was rural until the 1980s, has been traditionally influenced by the
Goiânia is home to one of the most important rock scenes from Brazil.[citation needed] It started in the early 1990s, with the creation of the first independent rock festivals in the city. Independent labels like Monstro Discos, Two Beers or Not Two Beers and Insetus flourished and have been crucial to support and broadcast the scene, which, being completely independent from the mainstream media, sometimes is not known even to native Goianienses.
The main styles are alternative or indie rock represented by bands like MQN, Black Drawing Chalks, Violins, Torn Birds, Hang The Superstars, Valentina, NEM, Fantasma de Agnes and Flores Indecentes; punk and hardcore by bands like Desastre, Vacilo, Resistentes, Descarga Negativa, Senhores, Umbral and HC-137; and metal with bands like Ressonância Mórfica (unlike most metal bands they sing in archaic Portuguese), Spiritual Carnage,[34] Eternal Devastation and Hellphoria. There are two major independent festivals held in the city: Bananada (usually held in May) and Goiânia Noise (usually in December).
The
Health
Goiânia is a national reference in several areas of medicine, especially ophthalmology, neurology, burn treatment, and leprosy.
Health data
- Infant mortality rate: 21.30 in 1,000 live births (2000)
- Hospitals: 60
- Hospital beds: 6.037
- Walk-in public health clinics: 667
- Doctors in the public health system: 6,315 (2002)
- Nurses in the public health system: 808
- Dentists in the public health system: 659
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Goiânia is twinned with:
Goiânia was formerly twinned with:
Notable people
- Túlio Maravilha, football player
- Arthur, football player
- Dudu, football player
- Carlos Jayme, swimmer, Olympic medallist
- Diogo Villarinho, swimmer specialized in open water marathon
- César Sebba, basketball player, World Championship medalist
- Jaime Camara, racing driver
- Léo Jaime, singer
- Wanessa Camargo, singer
- Carolina Ferraz, actress
- Tiago Henrique Gomes da Rocha, criminal
- Sport Club Internacional
- Lisalla Montenegro, model
- Gustavo Gayer, politician
- Jessie Rogers, porn actress
References
- ^ IBGE 2020
- ^ "TelluBase—Brazil Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ "UV Index in Goiania, Brazil". Nomadseason. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
Last updated: January 6, 2024
- ^ "NORMAIS CLIMATOLÓGICAS DO BRASIL 1961–1990" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
- ^ "Cerrado's Fauna", Costa et al., 1981)
- ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
- ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
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External links
- (in Portuguese) City Hall of Goiânia website
- (in Portuguese) Government of the State of Goiás website