Gojūon

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Gojūon ordering
(hiragana)
a i u e o
∅
あ
い
う
え
お
K
か
き
く
け
こ
S
さ
し
す
せ
そ
T
た
ち
つ
て
と
N
な
に
ぬ
ね
の
H
は
ひ
ふ
へ
ほ
M
ま
み
む
め
も
Y
や
𛀆
ゆ
𛀁
よ
R
ら
り
る
れ
ろ
W
わ
ゐ
𛄟
ゑ
を
Additional kana
ん
  unused
  extinct
  obsolete
Japanese writing
Japanese writing
Components
Kanji
Kana
Typographic
symbols
Uses
Syllabograms
Transliteration
Rōmaji
Cyrillization

In the Japanese language, the gojūon (五十音, Japanese pronunciation:

phonemes, roughly analogous to alphabetical order. The "fifty" (gojū) in its name refers to the 5×10 grid in which the characters are displayed. Each kana, which may be a hiragana or katakana
character, corresponds to one sound in Japanese. As depicted at the right using hiragana characters, the sequence begins with あ (a), い (i), う (u), え (e), お (o), then continues with か (ka), き (ki), く (ku), け (ke), こ (ko), and so on and so forth for a total of ten rows of five columns.

Although nominally containing 50 characters, the grid is not completely filled, and, further, there is an extra character added outside the grid at the end: with 5 gaps and 1 extra character, the current number of distinct kana in a syllabic chart in modern Japanese is therefore 46. Some of these gaps have always existed as gaps in sound: there was no yi or wu even in

む
) was used for this sound.)

The gojūon contains all the basic kana, but it does not include:

The gojūon order is the prevalent system for collating Japanese in Japan. For example, dictionaries are ordered using this method. Other systems used are the

radical
ordering.

History

The gojūon arrangement is thought to have been influenced by both the

Siddham script used for writing Sanskrit and the Chinese fanqie system.[1][2]

The monk

Brahmic family of scripts, the Sanskrit ordering of letters was used for it. Buddhist monks who invented katakana chose to use the word order of Sanskrit and Siddham, since important Buddhist writings were written with those alphabets.[3]

In an unusual set of events, although it uses Sanskrit organization (grid, with order of consonants and vowels), it also uses the Chinese order of writing (in columns, right-to-left).

Brāhmī script
, showing vowel ordering

The order of consonants and vowels, and the grid layout, originates in Sanskrit

velar to labial).[4][5][6]

The Sanskrit was written left-to-right, with vowels changing in rows, not columns; writing the grid vertically follows

Chinese writing convention
.

Correspondence of consonants in Brahmic shiksha and Japanese gojūon orderings
Shiksha (
IAST
) 		k- kh- g- gh- ṅ- c- ch- j- jh- ñ- ṭ- ṭh- ḍ- ḍh- ṇ- t- th- d- dh- n- p- ph- b- bh- m- y- r- l- v- ś- ṣ- s- h-
Brahmi
 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳
Devanagari क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म य र ल व श ष स ह
Hiragana か が か゚ さ ざ た だ な は ば ぱ ま や ら ら゚ わ
Rōmaji
 k- g- ng- s- z- t- d- n- h- b- p- m- y- r- l- w-

Discrepancies

There are three ways in which the grid does not exactly accord with Sanskrit ordering of Modern Japanese; that is because the grid is based on Old Japanese, and some sounds have changed in the interim.

s/さ

What is now s/さ was previously pronounced either [ts] or [s], hence its location corresponding to Sanskrit /t͡ʃ/; in Sanskrit /s/ appears towards the end of the list.[5]

h/は

Kana starting with h (e.g. は), b (e.g. ば) and p (e.g. ぱ) are placed where p/b are in Sanskrit (in Sanskrit, h is at the end) and the diacritics do not follow the usual pattern: p/b (as in Sanskrit) is the usual unvoiced/voiced pattern, and [h] has different articulation. This is because /h/ was previously [p], and pronouncing /h/ as [h] is recent.

(More detail at

Proto-Japanese is believed to have split into Old Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages in the Yamato period (250–710). In Old Japanese (from 9th century) and on to the 17th century, /h/ was pronounced [ɸ]. The earliest evidence was from 842, by the monk Ennin, writing in the Zaitōki
that Sanskrit /p/ is more labial than Japanese. The Portuguese later transcribed the は-row as fa/fi/fu/fe/fo.)

n/ん

Syllable-final n (

ん
) was not present in Old Japanese (it developed following Chinese borrowings), does not fit with other characters due to having no vowel, and thus is attached at the end of the grid, as in Sanskrit treatment of miscellaneous characters.

Examples

Japanese mobile phone keypad, showing gojūon column labels

The earliest example of a gojūon-style layout dates from a manuscript known as Kujakukyō Ongi (孔雀経音義) dated c. 1004–1028.[7] In contrast, the earliest example of the alternative iroha ordering is from the 1079 text Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō Ongi (金光明最勝王経音義).[8]

Gojūon ordering was first used for a dictionary in the 1484 Onkochishinsho (温故知新書); following this use, gojūon and iroha were both used for a time, but today gojūon is more prevalent.

Today the gojūon system forms the basis of

input methods for Japanese mobile phones
– each key corresponds to a column in the gojūon, while the number of presses determines the row. For example, the '2' button corresponds to the ka-column (ka, ki, ku, ke, ko), and the button is pressed repeatedly to get the intended kana.

Table

This table uses the

vertical system of Japanese writing, and should be read from the top down, starting from the rightmost column, then to the left. In each entry, the top entry is the hiragana, the second entry is the corresponding katakana, the third entry is the Hepburn romanization of the kana, and the fourth entry is the pronunciation written in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Please see Japanese phonology
for more details on the individual sounds.

  Ø /k/ /s/ /t/ /n/ /h/ /m/ /y/ /r/ /w/ /N/
/a/
あ

ア
a
[a]
か

カ
ka
[ka]
さ

サ
sa
[sa]
た

タ
ta
[ta]
な

ナ
na
[na]
は

ハ
ha
[ha]
ま

マ
ma
[ma]
や

ヤ
ya
[ja]
ら

ラ
ra
[ɾa]
わ

ワ
wa
[ɰa]
ん

ン
n
[ɴ]
etc.
/i/
い

イ
i
[i]
き

キ
ki
[kʲi]
し

シ
shi
[ɕi]
ち

チ
chi
[tɕi]
に

ニ
ni
[ɲi]
ひ

ヒ
hi
[çi]
み

ミ
mi
[mʲi] 		1
り

リ
ri
[ɾʲi]
ゐ1

ヰ
wi
[i]
/u/
う

ウ
u
[ɯ]
く

ク
ku
[kɯ]
す

ス
su
[sɨ]
つ

ツ
tsu
[t͡sɨ]
ぬ

ヌ
nu
[nɯ]
ふ

フ
fu
[ɸɯ]
む

ム
mu
[mɯ]
ゆ

ユ
yu
[jɯ]
る

ル
ru
[ɾɯ] 		1
/e/
え

エ
e
[e]
け

ケ
ke
[ke]
せ

セ
se
[se]
て

テ
te
[te]
ね

ネ
ne
[ne]
へ

ヘ
he
[he]
め

メ
me
[me] 		1
れ

レ
re
[ɾe]
ゑ1

ヱ
we
[e]
/o/
お

オ
o
[o]
こ

コ
ko
[ko]
そ

ソ
so
[so]
と

ト
to
[to]
の

ノ
no
[no]
ほ

ホ
ho
[ho]
も

モ
mo
[mo]
よ

ヨ
yo
[jo]
ろ

ロ
ro
[ɾo]
を

ヲ
wo
[o]
  1. ^
    merged), some specialised scholarly works use え/𛀀 (from the man'yōgana character 衣) to transcribe e and 𛀁/エ (from man'yōgana 江, where エ is the modern Katakana e) to transcribe ye.[11]
    These five are normally replaced with the plain vowel kana いうえ (イウエ) in the charts that Japanese use, but that has not been done here to avoid confusion.

The rows are referred to as dan (段), and the columns as gyō (行). They are named for their first entry, thus the rows are (top to bottom) あ段、い段、う段、え段、お段 while the columns are (right to left) あ行、か行、さ行、た行、な行、は行、ま行、や行、ら行、わ行. These are sometimes written in katakana, such as ア行, and conspicuously used when referring to

5-class
conjugation") type.

Ordering of variant kana

In the ordering based on the gojūon, smaller versions of kana are treated in the same way as full-size versions:

  • The sokuon, the small kana tsu, is ordered at the same position as the large tsu. When the words are otherwise identical, it goes after them. For example,
    まつ,　まったく,　まつば,　まとう　(matsu, mattaku, matsuba, matou)
  • Yōon sounds are ordered in the same positions as the full-sized sounds. When the words are otherwise identical, they collate after them. For example,
    きや,　きゃ,　きやく,　きゃく,　きゆ　(kiya, kya, kiyaku, kyaku, kiyu).

Voiced versions (those with a

handakuten
are placed after dakuten. For example,

すす,　すず,　すすき,　すすぎ,　すずき,　すすむ,　すずむ　(susu, suzu, susuki, susugi, suzuki, susumu, suzumu).

and

は,　ば,　ぱ　(ha, ba, pa)

Mnemonics

To remember the gojūon, various mnemonics have been devised. For example,

Ah, Kana Signs: Take Note How Many You Read Well.[12]

The first letters in such phrases give the ordering of the non-voiced initial sounds.

For vowel ordering, the vowel sounds in the following English phrase may be used as a mnemonic:

Ah, we soon get old.

The vowel sounds in the English words approximate the Japanese vowels: a, i, u, e, o.

References

  1. ISBN 978-3-11-011103-3. Archived
    from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  2. ISBN 978-1-4832-9754-5. Archived
    from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  3. ^ Japanese katakana Archived 19 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Omniglot.com)
  4. ^ Daniels & Bright, The World's Writing Systems
  5. ^
    ISBN 4-8053-0460-X
    , p. 128: "The Indic order of listing phonemes as found in the arrangement of this so-called 'siddhāṃ' script, as well as in all the Indic writing systems, arranges the consonants in the following order: k, kh, g, gh, ñ, c, ch, j, jh, ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ, t, th, d, dh, p, ph, b, bh, m, y, r, l, v, ś, ṣ, s, and ḥ ... Here the juxtaposition of modern 'h', Old Japanese 'f', with Indic 'p' is interesting and significant; the only other point which needs particular comment is the location of modern Japanese 's' following 'k'. This is easily understood since modern Japanese 's' goes back to the Old Japanese affricate phoneme /ts/ which had an allophone [ts] before Old Japanese /a, u, o, ö/ and an allophone [s] before /i, e/."
  6. ^ 1.1.5. What is the origin of the gojuuon kana ordering? Archived 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, sci.lang.japan FAQ Archived 3 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Mabuchi (1993: 169–174)
  8. ^ Kubota (2007: 26)
  9. ^ "仮名遣". 1891. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  10. UTC L2/19-381. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  11. L2/08-359. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  12. ISBN 9781462901814
    .

Bibliography

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gojūon&oldid=1217212154"