Gold Diggers of Broadway

Gold Diggers of Broadway
theatrical release poster
Directed by	Roy Del Ruth
Written by	Robert Lord (scenario & dialogue)[1] De Leon Anthony (titles)[1]
Based on	The Gold Diggers (1919 play) by Avery Hopwood
Starring	Winnie Lightner Nick Lucas
Cinematography	Barney McGill Ray Rennahan (Technicolor)
Edited by	William Holmes
Music by	Joseph Burke (music) Al Dubin (lyrics)
Production company	Warner Bros. Pictures
Distributed by	Warner Bros. Pictures
Release dates	August 29, 1929 (1929-08-29) (NYC) October 5, 1929 (1929-10-05) (US) [1] ([1])
Running time	105 minutes[1]
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$532,000[2]
Box office	$3,967,000 (worldwide rental)[3]

Gold Diggers of Broadway is a 1929 American

Gold Diggers of Broadway became a box office sensation, making Winnie Lightner a worldwide star and boosting guitarist crooner Nick Lucas to further fame as he sang two songs that became 20th-century standards: "Tiptoe Through the Tulips" and "Painting the Clouds with Sunshine".

Based on the 1919 play The Gold Diggers^[4]—which was also turned into a silent film of the same name in 1923—Gold Diggers of Broadway utilized showgirls, Technicolor, and sound as its main selling points.

It was chosen as one of the ten best films of 1929 by

Because Gold Diggers of Broadway has been considered a partially lost film since the 1970s, the loose remake, Gold Diggers of 1933, is the most frequently seen version of the story.

Plot

The film opens on an audience watching a lavish 1929

Backstage, the star of the show (

Businessman Stephen Lee (Conway Tearle) angrily forbids his nephew Wally (William Bakewell) to marry Violet, one of the showgirls. A corpulent lawyer friend, Blake (Albert Gran), advises him to befriend the showgirl first before making a decision. The showgirls are friends who stick together, and the most raucous girl called Mabel (Winnie Lightner) takes a fancy to Blake, calling him 'sweetie' and showing her appreciation by singing him a song ("Mechanical Man").

That evening, they all visit a huge nightclub. Mabel ends up on a table singing another song to Blake, "Keeping the Wolf from the Door", before jumping into his lap. Showgirl Jerry (Nancy Welford) moves the party to her apartment. Everyone gets drunk and after seeing Ann Pennington dance on the kitchen table, Lee decides he is 'getting to like these showgirls'. Blake says he is 'losing his mind or just plain mad'. Keeping the fun going, Lucas sings "Tiptoe Through the Tulips." Complications come thick and fast after a balloon game, with both Blake and Lee falling under the spell of Mabel and Jerry. The party ends with Lucas singing "Go to Bed" and Jerry contriving to get Lee back after everyone has left. She gets him more drunk whilst tipping her own drinks away when he is not looking. Her aim is to get Lee to agree to allow Wally to marry. To do this, she lies and is shown up by her own mother, who accidentally finds them together.

Next morning, Jerry feels disgraced. Mabel has been given an extra line for the show "I am the spirit of the ages and the progress of civilization", but cannot get the words right. Lucas is told off for singing poor songs and sings another "What will I do without you". Ann Pennington fights with another showgirl and hurts her eye. Jerry is asked to take her place as the star of the evening performance. Mabel receives a proposal of marriage from Blake, but worries about her extra line.

The show starts with Nick Lucas reprising "Tiptoe Through the Tulips"' with full orchestra in a huge stage set that shows girl tulips in a huge greenhouse. Backstage, Uncle Steve comes back to give his consent to his nephew and to tell Jerry he wants to marry her.

The finale starts with Jerry leading the "Song of the Gold Diggers" against a huge art deco backdrop of Paris at night. Various acrobats and girls litter the stage as all the songs are reprised in a fast moving, lavish production number. Finally, male choristers lift Mabel into the air, whereupon she strikes a pose resembling the Statue of Liberty and exclaims, "I am . . . I am . . . Oh, darn it, I've forgotten that second line!" The music swells, and the film comes to its glorious end.^[5]

Cast

• Nancy Welford as Jerry Lamar
• Conway Tearle as Stephen Lee
• Winnie Lightner as Mabel Munroe
• Ann Pennington
  as Ann Collins
• Gertrude Short as Topsy St Clair
• Lilyan Tashman as Eleanor
• William Bakewell as Wally Saunders
• Nick Lucas as Nick
• Helen Foster as Violet Dayne
• Albert Gran as Blake
• Julia Swayne Gordon as Cissy Gray
• Lee Moran as Dance Director
• Armand Kaliz as Barney Barnett

Cast notes:

• Winnie Lightner became one of Warner Bros. biggest stars in 1930. She starred in two lavish Technicolor features in that year:
  Hold Everything and The Life of the Party. Winnie Lightner's first appearance as the title character in the 1931 Olsen & Johnson comedy Gold Dust Gertie
  pays homage to her success in Gold Diggers of Broadway by utilizing "Song of the Gold Diggers" as the musical underscoring during this sequence. Her flapperish care-free demeanor became decidedly dated as the conservatism of the 1930s took its course and this probably explains why she retired from films in 1934.
• Director Roy Del Ruth began a relationship with Winnie Lightner in 1929, but they did not marry until 1948.
• The only actors in the 1929 film to have also appeared in the 1923 silent version,
  television series of that name.^[6] She also starred with Claudette Colbert in the original 1934 version of Imitation of Life
  , largely considered her greatest role.

Production

The song "Painting the Clouds with Sunshine" was originally the main theme for the film. After

Darryl Zanuck – the film was spotted as a potential hit and "Tiptoe Through the Tulips" was written to enlarge the film; Zanuck provided an extra production number for the tune. The song was later performed in a much different version by the camp singer Tiny Tim, who recorded it as a novelty, accompanying himself on ukulele. The notoriety attached a stigma to the tune that would remain. However, Lucas was a favorite of Tiny Tim's, and even appeared as a guest at Tim's noted wedding ceremony on The Tonight Show in 1969,^[7]

singing the song together.

The two production numbers for "Painting the Clouds with Sunshine" and "Tiptoe Through the Tulips" both start on a smaller set and move to a larger one. To change between sets while the song was sung and create a seamless transition, instead of using a curtain, a shot of a stagehand was shown, throwing a sparking electric lighting switch which darkens one scene out and fades in another. The basic storyline was modified and reused in later Warner Bros. films such as Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933) and Painting the Clouds with Sunshine (1951).

Majestic Pictures attempted to cash in on the "Gold Diggers" concept by naming a feature Gold Diggers of Paris, but Warner Bros. prevented that via legal action. Warner Bros. released a film called Gold Diggers in Paris in 1938.

Technicolor

Main article: Technicolor

Gold Diggers of Broadway was filmed in Technicolor.^[8] According to Herbert Kalmus, the co-founder and President of the company,^[9] the system Technicolor used at that time was a subtractive imbibition two-color process introduced in 1928^[8][10] that utilized filters and a normal-thickness dye-transfer print, as opposed to two prints cemented together, as had previously been the case.^[10] Warner Bros. was one of the primary users of the new system, although other studios utilized it as well, often for color sequences within an otherwise black-and-white film. Warner Bros., however, often made films that were color throughout: In 1930, they released 15 films that used two-color Technicolor, only four of which used color only for limited sequences.^[10]

Songs

¶ – Indicates songs with music by Joseph Burke and lyrics by Al Dubin.^[1]

• ¶ – "Song of the Gold Diggers" (WB Vitaphone orchestra and stage chorus)
• ¶ – "Painting the Clouds with Sunshine" (Nick Lucas with WB Vitaphone orchestra and stage chorus)
• ¶ – "And Still They Fall in Love" (Winnie Lightner with backing)
• ¶ – "Song of the Gold Diggers" (Nancy Welford)
• ¶ – "Mechanical Man" (Winnie Lightner with backing)
• ¶ – "Painting the Clouds with Sunshine" – reprise (Nick Lucas with band)
• ¶ – "Keeping the Wolf from the Door" (Winnie Lightner with band)
• ¶ – "Tip-toe thru the Tulips" (Nick Lucas with guitar and band). This song was nominated for the American Film Institute's 2004 list AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs.^[11]
• "The Pennington Glide" (Instrumental – Apartment Party Sequence) (Title cited in script)^[12]
• ¶ – "In a Kitchenette" (Nick Lucas on guitar)
• ¶ – "Go to Bed" (Nick Lucas on guitar)
• ¶ – "What Will I Do Without You?" (Nick Lucas on guitar)
• ¶ – "Tiptoe Through the Tulips" – reprise (Nick Lucas with WB Vitaphone orchestra and chorus)
• ¶ – Finale featuring Nancy Welford with WB Vitaphone orchestra – "Song of the Gold Diggers" introduction/"Tip-toe thru the Tulips" (instrumental WB Vitaphone orchestra) /"Painting the Clouds with Sunshine" (instrumental WB Vitaphone orchestra) and chorus/"Mechanical Man" (instrumental WB Vitaphone orchestra) / Nancy Welford with WB Vitaphone orchestra – "Song of the Gold Diggers" – reprise and finale.

Reception

Box office

According to Warner Bros records, the film earned $2,540,000 domestically and $1,427,000 foreign. It was the studio's most popular film of the year.^[3]

Critical

Contemporary reviews by film critics were very positive. Mordaunt Hall wrote in his review for The New York Times:

The fun, coupled with the lovely pastel shades, the tuneful melodies, a sensible narrative, competent acting and elaborate stage settings, resulted in an extraordinarily pleasing entertainment. It caused one to meditate in the end on the remarkable progress of the screen, for not only are the voices reproduced with rare precision, but every opportunity is taken of the Technicolor process in producing the hues and glitter of a musical comedy.^[13]

Variety called it "a very good entertainment on the screen" and highly acclaimed Lightner's performance, writing, "Somebody tossed the picture right into Winnie Lightner's lap, or else she stole it." It, too, was very impressed by the color process, writing, "While the Warners' Say It with Songs is also an all-colored talker, somehow here the Technicolor process appears to give a greater strength to the picture; a part of it."^[14]