Good Neighbor policy
The Good Neighbor policy (
The policy's main principle was that of
Background
In the early 20th century, the United States periodically intervened militarily in Latin American nations to protect its interests, particularly the commercial interests of the US business community. After the Roosevelt Corollary of 1904, whenever the United States felt its debts were not being repaid in a prompt fashion, its citizens' business interests were being threatened, or its access to natural resources was being impeded, military intervention or threats were often used to coerce the respective government into compliance. This made many Latin Americans wary of U.S. presence in their region and subsequently hostilities grew towards the United States.
President Wilson landed U.S. troops in Mexico in 1914, in Haiti in 1915, in the Dominican Republic in 1916, in Mexico a second time in 1916, and in Mexico several additional times before Wilson left office, in Cuba in 1917, and in Panama in 1918. Also, for most of the Wilson administration, the U.S. military occupied Nicaragua, installed a Nicaraguan president that the U.S. preferred, and ensured that the country signed treaties favorable to the U.S.[5]
Hoover administration
Although most of the credit for the policy is given to Roosevelt, it was President Herbert Hoover who initially came up with the idea.[6] Following a policy of non-intervention, Hoover was one of the strongest voices against U.S. occupation as well as an enthusiastic promoter of inter-American relations.[6]
Roosevelt administration
Background
While working under President Wilson, Roosevelt had perpetuated ideas of American racial superiority by believing that the people of Latin American were incapable of self-government.[7] However, by 1928 he had switched his point of view, becoming an advocate for cooperation.[7] This reflects how ideas of race and racial relations were changing at the time, and a country that was once deemed inferior to the U.S. was now seemingly on the same level.
The Great Depression meant that trade with foreign countries had suffered a massive blow, so the U.S. government were actively trying to find a way to compensate for it.[8] In what can be considered to be one of the most significant changes of attitudes with respect to inter-American relations, the United States decided it was now time for collaboration, resulting in a decreased role of the military in these countries.[8]
Policy
In an effort to denounce past U.S. interventionism and subdue any subsequent fears of Latin Americans, Roosevelt announced on March 4, 1933, during his inaugural address, "In the field of World policy, I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor, the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others, the neighbor who respects his obligations and respects the sanctity of his agreements in and with a World of neighbors."
Impact
The Good Neighbor Policy terminated the U.S. Marines occupation of Haiti in 1934, led to the annulment of the Platt Amendment by the Treaty of Relations with Cuba in 1934, and allowed for the negotiation of compensation for Mexico's nationalization of foreign-owned oil assets to take place in 1938.
The United States Maritime Commission contracted Moore-McCormack Lines to operate a "Good Neighbor fleet"[13] of ten cargo ships and three recently laid-up ocean liners between the United States and South America.[14] The passenger liners were the recently defunct Panama Pacific Line's SS California, Virginia and Pennsylvania.[15] Moore-McCormack had them refurbished and renamed them SS Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina for their new route between New York and Buenos Aires via Rio de Janeiro, Santos, and Montevideo.[14][16]
The policy sought to redefine the way Americans perceived Latin Americans, both politically as well as racially, while at the same time maintaining hemispheric unity. In order to accomplish this, Roosevelt created the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (OCIAA) in August 1940 and appointed Nelson Rockefeller to head the organization. The OCIAA was essentially a propaganda tool used by the United States to define Latin American society, as they perceived it. One division within the OCIAA, the Motion Picture Division, was headed by John Hay Whitney, with the main intent to abolish preexisting stereotypes of Latin Americans that were prevalent throughout American society.[17] Whitney was convinced of "the power that Hollywood films could exert in the two-pronged campaign to win the hearts and minds of Latin Americans and to convince Americans of the benefits of Pan-American friendship."[18] In order to accomplish this, Whitney urged film studios to hire Latin Americans and to produce movies that placed Latin America in a favorable light. Further, he urged filmmakers to refrain from producing movies that perpetuated negative stereotypes. Historically, Latin Americans were portrayed as lazy, backwards and suspicious.[19] One film star who emerged then was Carmen Miranda. Used as a product to promote positive hemispheric relations, her films, including The Gang's All Here, explicitly promoted the Good Neighbor policy.
Similarly, in 1941
By the end of World War II, Latin America was, according to one historian, the region of the world most supportive of American foreign policy.[24]
Further impact
By 1936 global peace was broken, as nations in parts of
The important results of the Buenos Aires Conference in 1936 led to further developments at the Pan-American Conference of Lima 1938, where the Conference of American States agreed in a declaration to settle all disputes peacefully, to refrain from interfering in other countries' internal affairs, to deny recognition of territories seized, and make it illegal to collect debts by force. The declaration was to be known as the "Declaration of Lima".[26]
1939 World's Fair
The
Legacy
The era of the Good Neighbor Policy ended with the ramp-up of the
After
Good Neighbor Policy to Brazil
Brazil had the most important branch of the Office of Inter-American Affairs on the entire continent. In all, 13 regional offices were created in different Brazilian capitals. Given Brazil's strategic importance for World War II, the country was the target of an immense US propaganda effort, mainly through films, cartoons, and documentaries. According to one historian, from 1942 to 1945, relations between Brazil and the United States were intense. Many American artistic and intellectual personalities were in Brazil working on behalf of the Good Neighbor Policy, including Walt Disney, Orson Welles, Samuel G. Engel, Gregg Toland, and John Ford. During the war, US propaganda films were seen by over 70 million Brazilian viewers.[29]
Good Neighbor Policy to Cuba
The Good Neighbor Policy caused the annulment of the Platt Amendment in 1934, though the U.S. did continue to exert influence on Cuban affairs. In one notable example, the U.S. government expressed to the Cuban government that it should increase American quotas for Cuban sugar under a trade agreement, with the idea that it would benefit Cuba's local economy.[30]
Significance
Good Neighbor diplomacy during Franklin Delano Roosevelt's presidency had alleviated some of the tensions that were caused by the United States being a previously bad neighbor. The earlier policies regarding U.S. military intervention and supervision under the Monroe Doctrine were unpopular with Latin Americans, since it was perceived as an invasive foreign policy measure.[31] For example, William Howard Taft used dollar diplomacy and dispatched 2,700 marines to Nicaragua in order to suppress a revolution against the Diaz government, which was directly threatening U.S. economic interests in Central America. After the United States successfully suppressed the revolution, Taft left marines in Nicaragua to hinder and deter any other potential uprisings against the Diaz government.[32] Roosevelt opposed U.S. intervention in Nicaragua, since he understood that Latin Americans opposed U.S. intervention and he viewed the Monroe Doctrine as a cooperative effort rather than an aggressive U.S. foreign policy measure.[33] Being a Good Neighbor became synonymous with non-intervention, even though non-intervention had its exceptions. The United States did adhere to non-intervention when U.S. interests were not directly threatened, but the United States did continue to intervene when it was deemed necessary, such as having U.S. military personnel stationed within the Panama Canal Zone.[33] Nevertheless, Good Neighbor diplomacy was an important collective effort between the United States and Latin America, which fostered a spirit of cooperation and produced a sense of hemispheric solidarity amongst each other as seen with the Declaration of Lima.[33]
See also
- President Franklin Roosevelt
- Anti-Americanism
- Cold War
- Colossus of the North
- Interventionism (politics)
- Latin America–United States relations
- Monroe Doctrine
- Roosevelt Corollary
- United States occupation of Haiti
References
- ^ "Política de buena vecindad fue una iniciativa política creada y presentada por la administración del gobierno de estadounidense". November 30, 2001.
- .
- ISSN 1741-5705.
- ^ ISSN 1741-5705.
- ^ James W. Loewen, Lies My Teacher Told Me (New York: The New Press, 2018), p. 16
- ^ JSTOR 43285441.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-936643-9. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
- ^ S2CID 248850598.
- ^ Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (March 4, 1933). First Inaugural Address. Washington DC.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 –1921–1936 – Milestones – Office of the Historian (Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 –1921–1936 – Milestones – Office of the Historian) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/good-neighbor
- ISBN 0393964744.
- LCCN 68-25617.
- ^ Lee, Robert C. (October 16, 1956). "Mr Moore, Mr McCormack, and the Seven Seas". 15th Newcomen Society Lecture. United States Coast Guard Academy. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
- ^ a b Grace, Michael L (October 19, 2012). "History – Moore-McCormack Lines". Cruising the Past. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ "Panama Pacific Lines finished". Time. Michael L Grace. May 9, 1938. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
- ^ Vinson, Bill; Casey, Ginger Quering. "S.S. Uruguay". Welcome Aboard Moore-McCormack Lines. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Amanda Ellis, "Captivating a Country With Her Curves: Examining the Importance of Carmen Miranda's Iconography in Creating National Identities."(Masters Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2008),
- ISBN 978-0-19515398-9.
- ^ Data adapted from Public Opinion 1935–1946, ed. Hadley Cantril (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951), 502.
- ^ Time – Radio: La Cadena, June 1, 1942 William S. Paley, La Cadena de las Americas on Content.time.com
- ISBN 978-0-8166-7316-2OCIAA (Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs), FDR's Good Neighbor Policy, CBS, La Cadena de las Americas, Edmund A. Chester on google.books.com
- ISBN 0805077383.
- ^ "Buenos Aires Conference (1936) | Encyclopedia.com".
- ^ "Declaration of Lima, 24 December 1938".
- ^ Martha Gil-Montero, Brazilian Bombshell (Donald Fine, Inc., 1989
- ^ 1939 World's Fair Collection, Henry Madden Library Special Collections, California State University, Fresno
- ^ VALIM, Alexandre Busko. Brazil, the United States, and the Good Neighbor Policy: the triumph of persuasion during World War II. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2019
- ^ Flavia. "Immigration: Latino Migration and U.S. Foreign Policy." Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS), 16 July 2014, clas.berkeley.edu/research/immigration-latino-migration-and-us-foreign-policy Stuart, Graham. "The Results of the Good Neighbor Policy In Latin America." World Affairs, vol. 102, no. 3, 1939, pp. 166–170.
- ^ LaFeber, Walter (1993). Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 81.
- ^ Herring, George (2008). The American Century and Beyond: U.S. Foreign Relations, 1893–2014. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 75.
- ^ a b c Gellman, Irwin (2019). Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policies in Latin America, 1933–1945. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 11, 38–39, 76–78.
Further reading
- Adams, Dale. "Saludos amigos: Hollywood and FDR's good neighbor policy." Quarterly Review of Film and Video 24.3 (2007): 289–295.
- Beck, Earl R. "The Good Neighbor Policy, 1933–1938", Historian 1#2 pp. 110–131 JSTOR 24435879.
- Bryne, Alex. The Monroe Doctrine and United States National Security in the Early Twentieth Century (Springer Nature, 2020).
- Chavez, Tizoc. "'The One Bright Spot': Presidential Personal Diplomacy and the Good Neighbor Policy." Presidential Studies Quarterly (2021).
- Dallek, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (1995) excerpt and text search
- Friedman, Max Paul. "The Good Neighbor Policy." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History (2018), online.
- Friedman, Max Paul, and Tom Long. "Soft balancing in the Americas: Latin American opposition to US intervention, 1898–1936." International Security 40.1 (2015): 120–156. online
- Gellman, Irwin. Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policies in Latin America, 1933–1945 (JHU Press, 2019).
- Koppes, Clayton R. "The good neighbor policy and the nationalization of Mexican oil: A reinterpretation." Journal of American History 69.1 (1982): 62–81. online
- McPherson, Alan. "Herbert Hoover, Occupation Withdrawal, and the Good Neighbor Policy." Presidential Studies Quarterly 44.4 (2014): 623–639. online Archived 2021-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
- Pederson, William D. ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) online pp. 542–563, covers FDR's policies
- Pike, Fredrick B. FDR's Good Neighbor Policy: Sixty Years of Generally Gentle Chaos (2010) excerpt and text search
- Stuckey, Mary E. The Good Neighbor: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Rhetoric of American Power (Michigan State University Press; 2013) 376 pages; Explores the metaphor of the "good neighbor" as key to FDR's rhetoric in and beyond foreign affairs. excerpt and text search
- Valim, Alexandre Busko. Brazil, the United States, and the Good Neighbor Policy: the triumph of persuasion during World War II. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2019. 271 pages. excerpt and text search. New sources related to propaganda and cinema.
- van den Berk, Jorrit, ed. Becoming a Good Neighbor among Dictators: The U.S. Foreign Service in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (2018) excerpt
- Wood, Bryce. The Making of the Good Neighbor Policy. New York: Columbia University Press 1961. Classic work.
External links
- "The Good Neighbor policy". United States History. Online Highways, LLC. 1995–2005.