Good Shepherd
The Good Shepherd (Greek: ποιμὴν ὁ καλός, poimḗn ho kalós) is an image used in the pericope of John 10:1–21, in which Jesus Christ is depicted as the Good Shepherd who lays down his life for his sheep. Similar imagery is used in Psalm 23 and Ezekiel 34:11–16. The Good Shepherd is also discussed in the other gospels, the Epistle to the Hebrews, the First Epistle of Peter and the Book of Revelation.
Biblical references
In the Gospel of John, Jesus states "I am the good shepherd" in two verses, John 10:11 and 10:14.
I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep. He who is a hired hand, and not a shepherd, who doesn't own the sheep, sees the wolf coming, leaves the sheep, and flees. The wolf snatches the sheep, and scatters them. The hired hand flees because he is a hired hand, and doesn't care for the sheep. I am the good shepherd. I know my own, and I'm known by my own; even as the Father knows me, and I know the Father. I lay down my life for the sheep. I have other sheep, which are not of this fold. I must bring them also, and they will hear my voice. They will become one flock with one shepherd. Therefore the Father loves me, because I lay down my life, that I may take it again. No one takes it away from me, but I lay it down by myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. I received this commandment from my Father
This passage is one of several sections of John's Gospel which generate division among Jews.[1]
Jesus Christ is also compared to a shepherd in Matthew 2:6, Matthew 9:36, Matthew 25:32, Matthew 26:31, Mark 6:34, Mark 14:27, John 10:2, Hebrews 13:20, 1 Peter 2:25, 1 Peter 5:4, and Revelation 7:17.
Parable or metaphor?
Several authors such as Barbara Reid, Arland Hultgren or Donald Griggs comment that "parables are noticeably absent from the Gospel of John".
Early Christian art
The image of the Good Shepherd is the most common of the symbolic
Interpretation
According to German theologian
Roger Baxter in his Meditations sees Jesus, the good shepherd, as a fulfillment of a number of Old Testament passages, writing: "This divine shepherd will visit you to-day, to feed you, and to defend you from the wolves of hell. There is no part of a shepherd's duty which He does not perform most willingly. Hence He says by His prophet, 'Behold, I Myself will seek My sheep: and will visit them as the shepherd visits his flock: I will feed them in the most fruitful pastures; I will seek that which was lost, and that which was driven away I will bring again: and I will bind up that which was broken; and I will strengthen that which is weak, and that which is fat and strong I will preserve, and I will feed them in judgment.' (Ezech. 34:11)" He also connects Jesus with Psalm 23:1, "The Lord rules me, and I shall want nothing; He has set me in a place of pasture." and Isaiah 53:7 "He shall be led as a sheep to the slaughter."[14]
In Mandaeism
The image of the Good Shepherd is also used in the Mandaean Book of John. Chapters 11–12 of the Mandaean Book of John are about "a shepherd who loves his sheep" who leads them on to the World of Light.[15]
Pagan symbolism
In ancient Greek cult, kriophoros or criophorus (Κριοφόρος), the "ram-bearer" is a figure that commemorates the solemn sacrifice of a ram. It becomes an epithet of Hermes: Hermes Kriophoros.
In two-dimensional art, Hermes Kriophoros transformed into the Christ carrying a lamb and walking among his sheep: "Thus we find philosophers holding scrolls or a Hermes Kriophoros which can be turned into Christ giving the Law (
Gallery
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At the Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome
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4th-century depiction at the Museum of the Baths of Diocletian, Rome
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Mosaic in the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, c. 425
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Christ as the Good Shepherd, unknown artist from Lower Bavaria, 1750
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19th century by German Artist Bernard Plockhorst
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20th-century stained glass depiction, Australia
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Emblem of the Catechism of the Catholic Church
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Oratorio de la Santa Cueva. Cádiz, España
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Jesus as a shepherd boy, Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)
See also
- Depictions of Jesus
- I am (biblical term)
- Lamb of God
- Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
- Parable of the Lost Sheep
- The Sheep and Goats
- Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
References
Citations
- ^ John 10:19–21
- ^ Grabar 1980:The figure (...) is an allegory of Christ as the shepherd
- ^ Reid 2001, p. 3.
- ^ Hultgren 2000, p. 2.
- ^ Griggs 2003, p. 52.
- ^ Barry 1911.
- ^ von Hügel 1911, pp. 452–458.
- ^ Syndicus 1962, pp. 21–23.
- ^ Jensen 2002.
- ^ Jensen 2000, pp. 37–41.
- ^ Syndicus 1962, pp. 130–131.
- ^ Lowrie 2007, p. 69.
- ^ Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910). . A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture. B. Herder.
- ^ Baxter, Roger (1823). . Meditations For Every Day In The Year. New York: Benziger Brothers.
- OCLC 1129155601.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Murray & Murray 1996, p. 475.
Sources
- Barry, William (1911). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- Grabar, André (1980). Christian Iconography: A Study of Its Origins. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Griggs, Donald L. (2003). The Bible from Scratch: The New Testament for Beginners. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22577-3.
- Hultgren, Arland J. (2000). The Parables of Jesus: A Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-6077-4.
- Jensen, Robin Margaret (2000). Understanding Early Christian Art. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-20454-5.
- Jensen, Robin M. (October 2002). "The Two Faces of Jesus". Bible Review. Vol. 17, no. 8.
- Lowrie, Walter (March 2007). Art in the Early Church. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-5291-5.
- Murray, Peter; Murray, Linda (1996). The Oxford Companion to Christian Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866165-8.
- Reid, Barbara E. (2001). Parables for Preachers: The Gospel of Matthew : Year A. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-2550-7.
- Syndicus, Eduard (1962). Early Christian Art. Burns & Oates.
- von Hügel, Friedrich (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 452–458. . In
Further reading
- Gershon, Livia. "Early Christian Ring Found in Third-Century Shipwreck Off of Israel". Smithsonian Magazine.
External links
- Holman Bible Dictionary – "Shepherd" for other biblical references.