Satanism
Satanism refers to a group of religious,
Accusations of groups engaged in "
Since the 19th century, various small religious groups have emerged that identify as Satanist or use Satanic iconography. The Satanist groups that appeared after the 1960s differed greatly, but can be divided into
Devil in society
Historical and anthropological research suggests that nearly all societies have developed the idea of a sinister and anti-human force that can hide itself within society.
Another contributing factor to the idea of Satanism is the concept that there is an agent of misfortune and evil who operates on a cosmic scale,
Etymology and definitions
Etymology
The term "Satan" has evolved from a
Prior to the composition of the
While the early Christian idea of the Devil was not well developed, it gradually adapted and expanded through the creation of folklore, art, theological treatises, and morality tales, thus providing the character with a range of extra-Biblical associations.[25] Beginning in the early middle ages, the concept developed in Christianity of the devil as "archrepresentative of evil", and of the Satanist "as malign mirror image of the good Christian".[26]
The word "Satanism" was adopted into English from the
Accused v. identified
Some definitions of Satanism offered/suggested by scholars include:
- the worship or veneration of the figure from Christian belief known as Satan, the Devil or Lucifer (Ethan Doyle White);[1]
- the “intentional, religiously motivated veneration of Satan” (Religion scholar Ruben van Luijk);[30][28]
- “a system in which Satan is celebrated in a prominent position," (Satanism scholar Per Faxneld).[31] (This definition has the advantage of avoiding "assumptions about the nature of religion").[32]
- the simultaneous presence of three characteristics:
- 1) the worship of the character in the Bible whose name is Satan or Lucifer,
- 2) the organization of these "Satanists" into a group with at least some kind of organization and hierarchy, and ...
- 3) and has some kind of ritual or liturgical practices [...]
- whether the group with these characteristics perceives Satan as personal or impersonal, real or symbolic, does not matter. (Italian sociologist Massimo Introvigne writing in 1994).[33]
But these definitions of Satanism are limited to
- figures and groups who identify as Satanists or at least admirers of Satan (Romantic Satanists, hellfire clubs and modern Satanists).
... excluding
- figures and groups accused of worshipping Satan and in the process committing horrible crimes (in the middle ages, during the 1980–1994 Satanic ritual abuse moral panic, etc.) but who either appear to have not been satanists or to not have actually existed.
And by excluding the second group, you leave out most of the history of Satanism, (Joseph P. Laycock argues).[32]
If you do include both groups, you have two sides with very different views on who or what Satan was/is and represented. The accusers usually follow the Christian idea of Satan as an irredeemably evil fallen angel who seeks the destruction of both God and humanity, but who (along with his followers) is doomed to fail and to suffer eternal punishment.[5] While the self-identified Satanists often do not believe that Satan actually exists as a being (they believe he is a symbol and a "Promethean figure",[34] "an esoteric symbol of a vital force that permeates the universe"),[35] let alone is trying to destroy humanity.
A definitions/descriptions that would include the "satanism" of heresy crusades and moral panics is:
- an invention of Christianity, relying on a character deriving from Christian mythology, i.e. Satan, (another description of Satanism by Ruben van Luijk).[36]
In their study of Satanism, the
Eugene Gallagher noted that Satanism was usually "a
Heresy
Similar to the way certain Christian denominations accuse each other of heresy, different satanic groups – mainly the Church of Satan (CoS), the Temple of Set (ToS), the Order of Nine Angles (ONA), and The Satanic Temple (TST) – often accuse one another of being fraudulent Satanists and/or ignorant of true Satanism.[5]
Related terms
Because the original concept of Satan come from the Judeo-Christian heritage, and because Satanists, almost by definition, oppose the teachings of those religions, people drawn to Satanism will often move on to “post-Satanism”, i.e. to a religion that does not declare itself "Satanic", but includes elements of Satanism (e.g. Temple of Set). Others may regards themselves as Satanists but promote mythological figures and traditions outside of Christianity (or Judaism).[39] These religions are sometimes called Satanic and sometimes post-Satanic.[Note 2]
Diane E. Taub and Lawrence D. Nelson complain that Satanism "is frequently defined either too broadly or too narrowly", with accusers sometimes including non-satanic groups like
Accusations of Satanism
According to author Arthur Lyons, "Satanic religions are as old as monotheism and have their origins in Persia of the sixth century",[Note 3] and Joe Carter of the conservative ecumenical journal First Things writes that "real satanism has been around since the beginning of history, selling an appealing message: Your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God".[43] [Note 4]
But religious scholar Joseph Laycock writes that the "available evidence suggests" that Satanism began as "an imaginary religion Christians invented to demonize their opponents".[32] Confessions of worship of Satan came only after torture or other forms of coercion in early modern Europe.[32] While early stories of satanic activity have been commonly labeled and regarded as propaganda based on falsehood, they also partially shaped the beliefs of what would become modern religious Satanism. Those who absorbed and accepted the tales sometimes began to imitate them (celebrating Black Masses for example), a process known to folklorists as “ostension”.[45]
Medieval and Early Modern Christendom
As Christianity expanded throughout the
Those Christian groups regarded as
The first recorded example of such an accusation being made within
Within Christian thought, the idea developed that certain individuals could make
As the late medieval gave way to the
Witch trials
The early modern period also saw fear of Satanists reach its "historical apogee" in the form of the
Affair of the Poison
In a scandal starting with the poisoning of three people, prominent members of the French aristocracy, including members of the king's inner circle, were implicated and sentenced on charges of poisoning and witchcraft. Between 1677 and 1682, during the reign of King Louis XIV, 36 people were executed in Satanic panic known to history as the Affair of the Poisons.[65] At least some of the accusers were implicated others under torture and in hopes of saving their lives. These highly unreliable reports include what "may be the first report of a satanic mass using a woman as an altar".[65]
18th- to 20th-century Christendom
The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution changed humanity's understanding of the world. The mathematics of Isaac Newton and psychology of John Locke "left little space for the intervention of supernatural beings.”[66] Charles Darwin's theory of evolution undermined the doctrine of the Fall in the Garden of Eden and the role of the diabolical serpent, while also providing an "alternative account of human evil" in the form of "a residual effect of our animal nature”.[67] The Industrial Revolution and urbanization disturbed traditional social relations and folk ideas to undermine belief in witchcraft and the devil.[68] Understanding of disorders of the mind undercut demonic possession.[68] But while the hunting and killing of alleged witches waned, belief in Satan did not disappear.
During the eighteenth century, gentleman's social clubs became increasingly prominent in Britain and Ireland, among the most secretive of which were the
The
A reaction to this was the Taxil hoax in 1890s France, where an anti-clerical writer Léo Taxil (aka Marie Joseph Gabriel Antoine Jogand-Pagès), publicly converted to Catholicism and then published several works alleging to expose the Satanic doings of Freemasons. In 1897, Taxil called a press conference promising to introduce a key character of his stories but instead announced that his revelations about the Freemasons were made up, and thanked the Catholic clergy for helping to publicize his stories.[78] Nine years later he told an American magazine that at first he thought readers would recognize his tales as obvious nonsense, "amusement pure and simple", but when he realized they believed his stories and that there was "lots of money" to be made in publishing them, he continued to perpetrate the hoax.[79] Around the same time, another convert to Catholicism Joris-Karl Huysmans, also helped promote the concept of active Satanist groups in his 1891 work Là-bas (Down There). Huysmans "helped to cement" the idea the black mass as Satanic rite and inversion of the Roman Catholic mass, with a naked woman for an altar.[1] (Unlike Taxil, his conversion was apparently genuine and his book was published as fiction.)
In the early 20th century, the British novelist Dennis Wheatley produced a range of influential novels in which his protagonists battled Satanic groups.[80] At the same time, non-fiction authors like Montague Summers and Rollo Ahmed published books claiming that Satanic groups practicing black magic were still active across the world, although they provided no evidence that this was the case.[81] During the 1950s, various British tabloid newspapers repeated such claims, largely basing their accounts on the allegations of one woman, Sarah Jackson, who claimed to have been a member of such a group.[82] In 1973, the British Christian Doreen Irvine published From Witchcraft to Christ, in which she claimed to have been a member of a Satanic group that gave her supernatural powers, such as the ability to levitate, before she escaped and embraced Christianity.[83]
In the United States during the 1960s and 1970s, various Christian preachers—the most famous being Mike Warnke in his 1972 book The Satan-Seller—claimed that they had been members of Satanic groups who carried out sex rituals and animal sacrifices before discovering Christianity.[84] According to Gareth Medway in his historical examination of Satanism, these stories were "a series of inventions by insecure people and hack writers, each one based on a previous story, exaggerated a little more each time".[85]
Other publications made allegations of Satanism against historical figures. The 1970s saw the publication of the Romanian Protestant preacher Richard Wurmbrand's book in which he argued—without corroborating evidence—that the socio-political theorist Karl Marx had been a Satanist.[86]
Ritual abuse hysteria
At the end of the twentieth century, a moral panic arose from claims that a Devil-worshipping cult was committing sexual abuse, murder, and cannibalism in its rituals, and including children among the victims of its rites.[87] Initially, the alleged perpetrators of such crimes were labeled "witches", although the term "Satanist" was soon adopted as a favored alternative,[87] and the phenomenon itself came to be called "the Satanism Scare".[88] Those active in the scare alleged that there was a conspiracy of organized Satanists who occupied prominent positions throughout society, from the police to politicians, and that they had been powerful enough to cover up their crimes.[89]
Preceded by some significant but isolated episodes in the 1970s, a great Satanism scare exploded in the 1980s in the United States and Canada and was subsequently exported towards England, Australia, and other countries. It was unprecedented in history. It surpassed even the results of
Taxil's propaganda, and has been compared with the most virulent periods of witch hunting. The scare started in 1980 and declined slowly between 1990... and 1994, when official British and American reports denied the real existence of ritual satanic crimes. Particularly outside the U.S. and U.K., however, its consequences are still felt today.
Sociologist of religion Massimo Introvigne, 2016[90]
One of the primary sources for the scare was
A key claim by the "anti-Satanists" of the Satanic Scare was that any child's claim about Satanic ritual abuse must be true, because children do not lie.
In the late 1980s, the Satanic Scare had lost its impetus following increasing skepticism about such allegations,
By 1994, the Satanic ritual abuse hysteria had died down in the US and UK,[90] and by the 21st century, hysteria about Satanism has waned in most Western countries, although allegations of Satanic ritual abuse continued to surface in parts of continental Europe and Latin America.[106] In the United States SRA ideas persisted among much of the public even as law enforcement had grown tired of false leads. A 1994 survey for the women's magazine Redbook reported In 1994,
- 70 percent of those polled "believe that at least some people who claim that they were abused by satanic cults as children, but repressed the memories for years, are telling the truth"[107][108]
- 32 percent agreed with the statement, "The FBI and the police ignore evidence because they don't want to admit the cults exist,"[108][109] and
- 22 percent agreed that cult leaders use brainwashing to ensure that the victims would not tell.[108]
QAnon
By 2017, another Satanic conspiracy theory arose in the United States.[110] It also alleged that organized Devil-worshippers in prominent positions were committing sexual abuse, murder, and cannibalism, but was not a grassroots movement leading to the uncovering of repressed childhood memories, arrests and prosecutions of pre-school administrators, or courtroom testimony of children coached by adults. Instead it was a far-right political movement based on claims made by an anonymous individual or individuals known as "Q", which were relayed and developed by online communities and influencers. Specifically, its core claim was that a global child sex trafficking ring made up of Democratic politicians, Hollywood actors, high-ranking government officials, business tycoons, and medical experts,[111] were kidnapping, sexually abusing and eating children, but that their enemy, President (at the time) Donald Trump would put a stop to this by rounding up the cabal and bring them to justice in a climactic event known to supporters as "the storm".[112][113][114][115] With the lack of any evidence of child abuse or harm, and failure of the prophesized "storm" to appear before the inauguration of a new president, the conspiracy was said to have waned but not "disappeared entirely".[116]
Modern Satanism
Precursors
Though obscure and minimal in influence, according to Laycock, a number of figures or movements preceding Anton Levey and the Church of Satan in an expression of Satanism.[32] Dyrendal, Lewis, and Petersen, however, insist these figures' influence was nil.[118]
In seventeenth-century Sweden, a number of highway robbers and other outlaws living in the forests informed judges that they venerated Satan because he provided more practical assistance than Jehovah.[119] Introvigne regarded these practices as "folkloric Satanism".[29]
The figure of "Lucifer" was taken up by the French ceremonial magician Éliphas Lévi (1810–1875), who shocked convention by turning the traditional figure of evil into a brave rebel against tyranny.[120] Lévi has been described as a "Romantic Satanist",[121][122] a Romantic literary movement that formed no organizations and did not worship Satan, but did make a crucial break away from the traditional Christian figure of the "Lord of Darkness" doomed to failure and punishment for his wickedness.[32] They reimagined Satan as an enemy of God the powerful, but not of the weak and mortal human race. In other words, a figure it was possible for humans to sympathize with.[32] As Lévi moved toward political conservatism in later life, he retained the use of the term, but instead applied it to what he believed was a morally neutral facet of "the absolute".[121][122]
Lévi was not the only occultist who used the term "Lucifer" without adopting the term "Satan" in a similar way.[122] The early Theosophical Society believed that "Lucifer" was a force that aided humanity's awakening to its own spiritual nature.[123] In keeping with this belief, the Society began production of the journal Lucifer in 1887.[124]
Some historians have claimed English writers Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley to be among the first Satanists,[125][126] but others believe they simply portrayed him positively without actually venerating him.[127] The first person to promote an explicitly "Satanic" philosophy was the Polish writer Stanisław Przybyszewski, who based his ideology on Social Darwinism of the 1890s.[128]
Danish occultist Carl William Hansen (1872–1936), who used the pen name "Ben Kadosh", listed "Luciferian" as his religious affiliation in answer to the Danish national census (his wife and children were listed as Lutheran),[124] making him one of "the first self-declared Satanists".[35] Hansen sought to spread a cult of Satan/Lucifer,[35] and was involved in a variety of esoteric groups, including Martinism, Freemasonry, and Ordo Templi Orientis, drawing on their ideas to establish his own philosophy.[124] He provided a Luciferian interpretation of Freemasonry in a 1906 pamphlet,[129] though his work had little influence outside of Denmark.[129][130]
Stanislaw Przybyszewski (1868–1927), a “decadent Bohemian writer” who was born in Poland, was “the earliest known individual to describe himself as a Satanist”, according to Joseph Laycock. He is said to have “hinted” that he attended black masses in Paris but “there is little evidence he engaged in any sort of satanic ritual, either alone or with others”.[35]
Both during his life and after it, the British occultist
In 1928, the Fraternitas Saturni (FS) was established in Germany; its founder, Eugen Grosche, published Satanische Magie ("Satanic Magic") that same year.[133] The group connected Satan to Saturn, claiming that the planet related to the Sun in the same manner that Lucifer relates to the human world.[133]
In 1932, an esoteric group known as the Brotherhood of the Golden Arrow was established in Paris, France, by Maria de Naglowska, a Russian occultist who had fled to France following the Russian Revolution.[134][135] She promoted a theology centered on what she called the Third Term of the Trinity consisting of Father, Son, and Sex, the last of which she deemed to be most important.[134] Her early disciples, who underwent what she called "Satanic Initiations", included models and art students recruited from bohemian circles.[134] The Golden Arrow disbanded after Naglowska abandoned it in 1936.[136] According to Introvigne, hers was "a quite complicated Satanism, built on a complex philosophical vision of the world, of which little would survive its initiator".[137]
In 1969, a Satanic group based in Toledo, Ohio, United States, came to public attention. Called the Our Lady of Endor Coven, it was led by a man named Herbert Sloane, who described his Satanic tradition as the Ophite Cultus Sathanas and alleged that it had been established in the 1940s.[138][139] The group had a Gnostic doctrine about the world, in which the Judeo-Christian creator god is regarded as evil, and the Biblical serpent is presented as a force for good, who had delivered salvation to humanity in the Garden of Eden.[138][140] Sloane's claims that his group had a 1940s origin remain unproven; it may be that he falsely claimed older origins for his group to make it appear older than Anton LaVey's Church of Satan, which had been established in 1966.[141][139]
Contemporary tendencies and groups
"The intentional, religiously motivated veneration of Satan" (the "working definition" of Satanism of historian of religion Ruben van Luijk),
- the positive use of the term "Satanist" as a designation,
- an emphasis on individualism,
- a genealogy that connects them to other Satanic groups,
- a transgressive and antinomianstance,
- a self-perception as an elite, and
- an embrace of values such as pride, self-reliance, and productive non-conformity.[144]
A minority of Satanists have some kind of association with the political far-right.[145]
Dyrendal, Lewis, and Petersen argue that the groups within the Satanic milieu can be divided into three groups: reactive Satanists, rationalist Satanists, and esoteric Satanists.[146]
- Reactive Satanism (they believe) encompass "popular Satanism, inverted Christianity, and symbolic rebellion" and situates itself in opposition to society while at the same time conforming to society's perspective of evil.[146]
- 'Rationalist Satanism is used to describe the trend in the Satanic milieu which is
- Esoteric Satanism applied to those forms which are
Diane E. Taub and Lawrence D. Nelson (publishing in 1993, at the end of the "Satanic ritual abuse" panic) divide Satanism into two:
- "Establishment" Satanism, or the "respectable" form of Satanism that is "usually highly visible and structured",[41] and emphasizes its law-abiding nature. (This may include both Rationalist Satanism and Esoteric Satanism.) An example of "Establishment Satanism" is the Church of Satan, which "officially condemns illegal activity".[148] (Other Establishment Satanists are the Church of Satanic Brotherhood or the Temple of Set.)[149] It is the variety of Satanism most studied by academic sociologists,[150] who also represent Satanism in their "discourse" as "harmless, law-abiding alternative religions",[150] ignoring the second type of Satanism ...
- "Underground" Satanism, the Satanism of "reputed criminal elements", and the variety that lay groups and the media tend to focus on (especially during the Satanic Panic of the 1980s).[151][152] (Satanic Underground may be similar to Reactive Satanism.) Information on the underground is often less than reliable, as reports are sensational and the Satanists themselves are secretive.[153][154][155][156] Establishment and Underground Satanism conflict, the first wanting to preserve its social acceptance and tax-exempt status that the sensational crimes or alleged crimes of the underground put in jeopardy. How much cause and effect there is a between Underground Satanism and crime comes into question because according to at least one report, "nearly worshipping criminal has had a history of anti-social behavior ... long before taking up occult trappings.")[157][158] On the other hand, evidence of personality disorders does not mean the disorder sufferer does not have sincere Satanic beliefs.[159][154]
Contemporary religious Satanism is predominantly an American phenomenon but has spread elsewhere via globalization and the Internet,
Atheistic Satanism
Church of Satan and Anton LaVey
Satanism as "a self-declared religion" is said (by most scholars of Satanism), to have "truly" begun in 1966 with the founding of the Church of Satan (CoS) by Anton Szandor LaVey. Religious scholars have called the Church not only the oldest, continuous satanic organization (Joseph Laycock),[162] (James R. Lewis),[163] (Asprem, Granholm),[164] (Faxneld and Petersen),[165] but the most influential, with "numerous imitator and breakaway groups" (Laycock),[162] (R. Van Luijk).[166]
Founded in San Francisco, California in an era when there was much public interest in the occult, witchcraft and Satanism, the church enjoyed a heyday for several years after its founding, when a "gigantic media circus"[167] developed around "the Father of Satanism" and his Satanic aesthetics—LaVey shaved his head and wore a goatee, performing Black Masses with nude women serving as altars,[168] was invited on national talk shows, and mingled with celebrities attending his satanic parties.[169][170] As an entrepreneur, he saw an opening for a new religion in the spiritual void of a secularizing post-Christian West.[171]
But LaVey also promoted his ideas, and his 1969
These had "very little" connection with "either Satan or the worship of Satan,[173] but were based on the Romantic literary concept of Satan, not as a symbol of evil, but as a rebel anti-hero, defying God’s tyranny with charisma and bravery.[174] Together with the romanticism, "humanism, hedonism, aspects of pop psychology and the human potential movement" were weaved together by LaVey,[169] and publicized with "a lot of showmanship".[162] Philosopher Ayn Rand, who argued that "selfishness" is a virtue,[175] "unfettered self-interest is good and altruism is destructive",[176] was a major influence. According to both LaVey[177] and sociologist of religion James R. Lewis,[178] Ayn Rand's thought was a cornerstone of his philosophy (along with "ceremony and ritual" or "ritual magic").
Other influences were
LaVey used Christianity as a "negative mirror" for his new faith,[180] rejecting the basic principles, theology and values of Christian belief,[181] along with other major religions and philosophies such as humanitarianism and liberal democracy – which he saw as negative forces. Instead of idealism, humility, abstinence, (self-denigration), obedience, (herd behavior), spirituality, and irrationality;[182] he praised the
Satanists should be individualistic, non-conformist, contemptuous of "colorless" mainstream society.[192] LaVey saw Satanism as something like a personality type as much as a belief, since Satanists "are outsiders by their nature",[192] and "born, not made".[193] Since gods are actually a creation of man and not the other way around, LaVey asked "'Why not really be honest and if you are going to create a god in your image, why not create that god as yourself'.... every man is a god if he chooses to recognize himself as one".[194][41] Not everyone would measure up to being a god however. Human social equality was a "myth", leading to "mediocrity" and support of the weak at the expense of the strong.[195][196] "Social stratification" was part of Levey and the Church's "Five Point Program".[197][198]
A "true Satanic society" was described in Lavey's church's periodical The Black Flame and highlighted by anthropologist Jean La Fontaine; it would be one in which the population consists of "free-spirited, well-armed, fully-conscious, self-disciplined individuals, who will neither need nor tolerate any external entity 'protecting' them or telling them what they can and cannot do."[199] Another version of the Satanic society envisioned by LaVey was the breeding of an elite people "superior" in their creativity and nonconformity.[200] These would live apart from the rest of the human "herd" — who would be relegated into ghettoes, ideally "space ghettoes" located on other planets.[201]
LaVey's ideas were also said to "seem "contradictory" (according to Joseph Laycock).[169] According to one CoS priest (Gavin Baddeley), LaVey's church combined “a love of life garbed in the symbols of death and fear”,[202][169] and while LaVey himself pontificated on personal freedom, he "micromanaged the lives of his followers".[203] Some (Lucien Greaves) doubted his atheist naturalism.[204] LaVey insisted the church scoffed at the supernatural, but also told a interviewer he considered "curses and hexes" against enemies a form of human sacrifice "by proxy".[205]
Contradictions in his thought have been explained by his wanting it to have as wide appeal as possible,[169] balancing (in his words) “nine parts” of “respectability” to “one part” of “outrageousness”.[169][206] If Satanism was to be Satanic, it required some outrageous/anti-social elements, but if it was going to be a viable organization, these could not be allowed to frighten off potential congregants and attract unwanted attention.
One "outrageous" issue that LaVey was criticized for was his "ambivalent relationship" with far right groups (United Klans of America, National Renaissance Party, and the American Nazi Party) that he neither endorsed nor rejected.[207] [208]
LaVey died in 1997, but the church maintains a purist approach to his thought,[209] insisting he and the church have "codified" Satanism as "a religion and philosophy",[210] and dismisses other Satanist groups (atheistic or otherwise), as reverse-Christians, pseudo-Satanists or Devil worshipers.[211]
The Satanic Temple
The Satanic Temple (TST), has been called the "most prominent" satanic organization "in terms of both size and public activity" (as of late 2023).[212] Based in Salem, Massachusetts and active since 2012,[213] it claims 700,000 members worldwide.[214] Like the older Church of Satan, its congregants do not believe in a supernatural Satan, but if the CoS saw Satanism as a "negative mirror" of Christianity, reversing Christian principles of altruism (helping the downtrodden and community-mindedness), the Christian principles TST wants to reverse are politically conservative activist ones – the elimination of the right to abortion, the teaching of evolution, the separation of church and state, etc. This "left-wing",[212] “socially engaged Satanism”,[215] involves activism,[212] rather than the individualism and right-wing-oriented,[216] "getting what you want for yourself",[217] of the CoS.[Note 5]
They have been called "rationalist, political pranksters" (by Dyrendal, Lewis, and Petersen),
The temple has also demanded the privileges the government affords Christians, such as giving prayers before city council meetings, erecting (satanic) statues on government property, distributing it's materials in public schools. As the movement became bigger, its congregations volunteered to clean highways and help the homeless, at least in part to demonstrate they were civic minded and not evil.[226][227] It has made efforts at lobbying,[228] with a focus on the separation of church and state and using satire against Christian groups that it believes interfere with personal freedom.[228]
The Satanic Temple and Church of Satan have publicly disagreed on which organization is truly Satanic. Lucien Greaves has described the Temple as being a progressive and updated version of
First Satanic Church
After LaVey's death in 1997, the Church of Satan was taken over by a new administration and its headquarters were moved to
Theistic Satanism
Temple of Set
The Temple of Set (ToS) is an
The Temple teaches that Set is a real entity,
Estimates of the Temple's total are between 300 and 500 as of 2005 (Petersen);[245] and approximately 200 as of 2007 (Granholm).[246] Members must remain active. New members have one year to join a pylon (a Local chapter) and must reach the second degree of adept by showing proficiency in magic within two years, or have their memberships revoked.[237]
Aquino died in July 2020 at the age of 73. High priests after Aquino were Don Webb starting in 1996, Zeena Schreck starting in 2002 (who lasted only six weeks when Aquino took over again), Patricia Hardy starting in 2004.[237]
The "sinister tradition" and the Order of Nine Angles
During the 1990s, the idea that groups like Church of Satan and Temple of Satan were "too benevolent and law-abiding" to be true Satanists grew, particularly among musicians and fans in extreme heavy metal music, where being more extreme meant being more authentic.[34] These antinomian and amoral Satanic (or post-Satanic) groups are sometimes called the "sinister tradition" of Satanism.[34]
The Order of Nine Angles has been called "the ur-type that defines the sinister tradition"[34] and is connected to multiple killings, rapes, and cases of child abuse and right-wing terrorism.[247] According to the group's own claims, the Order of Nine Angles (O9A or ONA) was established in
O9A consists largely of secretive,
The O9A describe their occultism as "Traditional Satanism".[259] The O9A's writings not only encourage human sacrifice,[260] but insist it is required in Satanism,[34] referring to their victims as opfers.[261] According to the Order's teachings, such opfers must demonstrate character faults that mark them out as being worthy of death.[262][263] No O9A cell has admitted to carrying out a sacrifice in a ritualized manner, but rather, Order members have joined the police and military in order to carry out such killings.[264] Faxneld described the Order as "a dangerous and extreme form of Satanism",[265] while religious studies scholar Graham Harvey wrote that the O9A fit the stereotype of the Satanist "better than other groups" by embracing "deeply shocking" and illegal acts.[266] Several British politicians, including the Labour Party's Yvette Cooper, chair of the Home Affairs Select Committee,[247] have pushed for the group to be banned as a terror organization, and according to the BBC News, "the authorities are concerned by the number of paedophiles associated with the ONA". Additionally, there are various followers of the O9A paradigm who are (or were) also members of banned militant national-socialist groups, namely the Atomwaffen Division, Combat 18, and Nordic Resistance Movement, the first of which even openly aims to perpetrate terror attacks.[267][268][269]
Joy of Satan
Joy of Satan is a website and
Members of Joy of Satan are generally
In their beliefs,
While maintaining some popularity as a Theistic Satanist sect, the group has been widely criticized for its association with the National Socialist Movement and its racial
Luciferianism
Luciferians reportedly revere Lucifer not as the devil, but as a destroyer, guardian, liberator,[283] light bringer, and/or guiding spirit to darkness,[284] or even as the true god, as opposed to Jehovah.[283] The Greater Church of Lucifer of Houston lost its place of worship in 2017 after vandalism death threats to its landlord caused him to refuse to renew the church's lease.[285]
Personal Satanism
In contrast to the organized and doctrinal Satanist groups is the personal Satanism of individuals, who identify as Satanists due to their affinity for the general idea of Satan, including such characteristics as viciousness and/or subversion.
Dyrendal, Lewis, and Petersen used the term "reactive Satanism" to describe one form of modern Satanism. They described this as an adolescent and anti-social means of rebelling in a Christian society, by which an individual transgresses cultural boundaries.[146] which tends to fall into two tendencies:
- "Satanic tourism"—characterized by the brief period of time in which an individual was involved;
- "Satanic quest"—typified by a longer and deeper involvement.[147]
The researcher Gareth Medway noted that in 1995 he encountered a British woman who stated that she had been a practicing Satanist during her teenage years. She had grown up in a small mining village and had come to believe that she had psychic powers. After hearing about Satanism in some library books, she declared herself a Satanist and formulated a belief that Satan was the true god. After her teenage years she abandoned Satanism and became a chaos magickian.[286]
Some personal Satanists are teenagers or mentally disturbed individuals who have engaged in criminal activities.[287] During the 1980s and 1990s, several groups of teenagers were apprehended after sacrificing animals and vandalizing both churches and graveyards with Satanic imagery.[288] Introvigne stated that these incidents were "more a product of juvenile deviance and marginalization than Satanism".[288] In a few cases, the crimes of these personal Satanists have included murder.
- In 1970, two separate groups of teenagers— one led by Stanley Baker in Big Sur, and the other by Steven Hurd in Los Angeles, killed a total of three people and consumed parts of their corpses in what they later claimed were sacrifices devoted to Satan.[289]
- The American serial killer Richard Ramirez claimed that he was a (theistic) Satanist; during his 1980s killing spree he left an inverted pentagram at the scene of each murder and at his trial called out "Hail Satan!"[290]
- In 1984 on Long Island, a group allegedly called the Knights of the Black Circle killed one of its own members, Gary Lauwers, over a disagreement regarding the group's illegal drug dealing; group members later related that Lauwers' death was a sacrifice to Satan.[289] In particular, self-declared Satanist and alleged member of the Knights of the Black Circle, Ricky "the Acid King" Kasso, became notorious for torturing and murdering Lauwers while attempting to force Lauwers to declare "I love Satan" during the murder.[291]
- On November 21, 1998, torturing the victim.[292]
- Nikolai Ogolobyak, who confessed to being a member of a Satanic cult, was sentenced to 20 years in 2010 for the ritual killing of four teenagers in Russia's Yaroslavl region.[293]
Demographics
A survey in the Encyclopedia of Satanism found that people became involved with Satanism in many diverse ways and were found in many countries. The survey found that more Satanists were raised as Protestant Christians than Catholic.[294]
Beginning in the late
Satanic Bible. In more recent years, the internethas come to play a significant role in reaching potential "converts", particularly among disaffected young people.
— Religion scholar and researcher of new religious movements James R. Lewis[295]
Dyrendal, Lewis, and Petersen observed that from surveys of Satanists conducted in the early 21st century, it was clear that the Satanic milieu was "heavily dominated by young males".
The surveys revealed that atheistic Satanists appeared to be in the majority, although the numbers of theistic Satanists appeared to grow over time.[295][303][304] Beliefs in the afterlife varied, although the most common beliefs about the afterlife were reincarnation and the idea that consciousness survives bodily death.[305] The surveys also demonstrated that most recorded Satanists practiced magic,[306] although there were differing opinions as to whether magical acts operated according to etheric laws or whether the effect of magic was purely psychological.[307] A number of Satanists described performing cursing, in most cases as a form of vigilante justice.[308] Most practitioners conduct their religious observances in a solitary manner, and never or rarely meet fellow Satanists for rituals.[309] Rather, the primary interaction that takes place between Satanists is online, on websites or via email.[310] From their survey data, Dyrendal, Lewis, and Petersen noted that the average length of involvement in the Satanic milieu was seven years.[311] A Satanist's involvement in the movement tends to peak in their early twenties and drops off sharply in their thirties.[312] A small proportion retain their allegiance to the religion into their elder years.[313] When asked about their ideology, the largest proportion of Satanists identified as apolitical or non-aligned, while only a small percentage identified as conservative.[314] A small minority of Satanists expressed support for Nazism; conversely, over two-thirds expressed opposition or strong opposition to it.[300]
2021 Canadian census
The 2021 Canadian census states that 5,890 Canadians identify as Satanist, representing 0.02% of the population.[315]
Compared to the general population, Satanists are more likely to be male, aged in their 20s or 30s, and not a member of any recognized minority group, although the Japanese are an exception (with the Japanese comprising 0.3% of both Satanists and the population as a whole).
General population | Satanists | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total population | 36,328,480 | 5,890 | |
Gender | Male | 17,937,165 (49.4%) | 3,430 (58.2%) |
Female | 18,391,315 (50.6%) | 2,460 (41.8%) | |
Age | 0 to 14 | 5,992,555 (16.5%) | 175 (3%) |
15 to 19 | 2,003,200 (5.5%) | 210 (3.6%) | |
20 to 24 | 2,177,860 (6%) | 810 (13.8%) | |
25 to 34 | 4,898,625 (13.5%) | 2,755 (46.8%) | |
35 to 44 | 4,872,425 (13.4%) | 1,250 (21.2%) | |
45 to 54 | 4,634,850 (12.8%) | 470 (8%) | |
55 to 64 | 5,162,365 (14.2%) | 165 (2.8%) | |
65 and over | 6,586,600 (18.1%) | 60 (1%) | |
Minority status | Non-minority | 26,689,275 (73.5%) | 5,480 (93%) |
South Asian | 2,571,400 (7%) | 40 (0.7%) | |
Chinese | 1,715,770 (4.7%) | 50 (0.9%) | |
Black | 1,547,870 (4.3%) | 100 (1.7%) | |
Filipino | 957,355 (2.6%) | 35 (0.6%) | |
Arab | 694,015 (1.9%) | 25 (0.4%) | |
Latin American | 580,235 (1.6%) | 55 (0.9%) | |
Southeast Asian | 390,340 (1.1%) | 20 (0.3%) | |
West Asian | 360,495 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
Korean | 218,140 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | |
Japanese | 98,890 (0.3%) | 15 (0.3%) | |
Visible minority, n.i.e. | 172,885 (0.5%) | 20 (0.3%) | |
Multiple visible minorities | 331,805 (0.9%) | 50 (0.8%) |
Legal recognition
In 2004, it was claimed that Satanism was allowed in the
In 2005, the
In 2019, The Satanic Temple was granted religious IRS 501(c)(3) status.[324]
Art
Literature
From the late 1600s through to the 1800s, the character of Satan was increasingly rendered unimportant in western philosophy, and ignored in Christian theology, while in folklore he came to be seen as a foolish rather than a menacing figure.[325] The development of new values in the Age of Enlightenment (in particular, those of reason and individualism) contributed to a shift in many Europeans' concept of Satan.[325] In this context, a number of individuals took Satan out of the traditional Christian narrative and reread and reinterpreted him in light of their own time and their own interests, in turn generating new and different portraits of Satan.[326]
The shifting concept of Satan owes many of its origins to
This was how Milton's Satan was understood by
According to Ruben van Luijk, this cannot be seen as a "coherent movement with a single voice, but rather as a post factum identified group of sometimes widely divergent authors among whom a similar theme is found".
Among the romanticist poets to adopt this concept of Satan was the English poet
Radical left-wing political ideas had been spread by the
Metal and rock music
During the 1960s and 1970s, several rock bands— namely the American band Coven and the British band Black Widow, employed the imagery of Satanism and witchcraft in their work.[346] References to Satan also appeared in the work of those rock bands which were pioneering the heavy metal genre in Britain during the 1970s.[347] For example, the band Black Sabbath made mention of Satan in their lyrics, although some of the band's members were practicing Christians, and other lyrics affirmed the power of the Christian god over Satan.[348] In the 1980s, greater use of Satanic imagery was made by heavy metal bands like Slayer, Kreator, Sodom, and Destruction.[349] Bands active in the subgenre of death metal— among them Deicide, Morbid Angel, and Entombed, also adopted Satanic imagery, combining it with other morbid and dark imagery, such as that of zombies and serial killers.[350]
Satanism would come to be more closely associated with the subgenre of
In contrast to King Diamond, various black metal Satanists sought to distance themselves from LaVeyan Satanism, for instance by referring to their beliefs as "
See also
- Contemporary Religious Satanism
- Demonology
- Devil in popular culture
- Satanic ritual abuse
References
Notes
- ^ Satan in Judaism and Islam.
- While most Jews do not believe in the existence of a supernatural omnimalevolent figure,Job.[1]
- In Islam shayāṭīn (with consonantal roots similar to Satan) is the collective term for devils, while it is Iblis who is the leader of the devils. Like Satan in Christianity Iblis was cast down from heaven for his pride and disobedience, unlike Satan, (at least in some versions) Iblis is a jinn not an angel.[3][4]
- While most Jews do not believe in the existence of a supernatural omnimalevolent figure,
- ^ For example the Temple of Set is the Temple of the deity "Set" and not of "Satan", but it is a splinter group of the Church of Satan, and considers "Set" to be the true name of Satan.
- ^ An abstract of Lyon's book appeared on US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs web page.[42]
- ^ In the 19th century, Charles Baudelaire (and others with variations of the wording) was quoted saying "The greatest trick the Devil ever pulled was convincing the world he didn’t exist."[44]
- ^ "The Church of Satan's Policy on Politics"[217] is that the Church has no “'official' political position". "Politics are up to each individual member", and those members embrace all sorts of different ideologies (it then lists every conceivable ideology including Communism and Socialism), but most members will "support political candidates and movements whose goals reflect their own practical needs and desires".[217] It also escribes "the emotional drive to 'change the world'" as a "common stage of early adult development typically beginning around age 16 and lasting until around age 24."[217] Elsewhere however, Church writings argue for things not at all consistent with any leftward or even centrist politics. According to Ruben van Luijk and Amina Lap, LaVey thought eugenics could and should be part of the human future, leading to the breeding of an elite reflecting LaVey's "Satanic" principles,[218] who would come to power, and then hopefully relegate the rest of the human "herd" into ghettoes, ideally "space ghettoes" located on other planets.[201]
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f White, Ethan Doyle (December 14, 2023). "History & Society. Satanism, occult practice". Britannica. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
- ^ Glustrom 1989, pp. 22–24.
- ISBN 978-90-04-37863-6.
- JSTOR 4183374.
- ^ a b c d Laycock, Satanism, 2023: section 1. What Is Satan?
- ^ Thurston 2001. p. 79.
- ISBN 978-0-582-41901-8.
- ^ a b c Medway 2001, p. 257; van Luijk 2016, p. 2.
- ^ a b van Luijk 2016, p. 35.
- ^ a b Abrams, Joe (Spring 2006). Wyman, Kelly (ed.). "The Religious Movements Homepage Project – Satanism: An Introduction". virginia.edu. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
- ^ Gilmore, Peter (August 10, 2007). "Science and Satanism". Point of Inquiry Interview. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
- ^ a b c Petersen 2009a.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 14.
- ^ a b Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 16.
- ^ a b Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 15.
- ^ a b Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 19.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 20.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 18.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 21.
- ^ Medway 2001, p. 51; van Luijk 2016, p. 19.
- ^ Medway 2001, p. 51.
- ^ Medway 2001, p. 52.
- ^ Medway 2001, p. 53.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 21–22.
- ^ R. van Luijk, Children of Lucifer: The Origins of Modern Religious Satanism Chapter 1, The Christian Invention of Satanism, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), abstract
- ^ a b c Medway 2001, p. 9.
- ^ a b c d e van Luijk 2016, p. 2.
- ^ a b Introvigne 2016, p. 44.
- ^ R. van Luijk, Children of Lucifer: The Origins of Modern Religious Satanism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 5.
- ^ P. Faxneld, Satanic Feminism: Lucifer As the Liberator of Woman in Nineteenth-Century Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 25.
- ^ a b c d e f g Laycock, Satanism, 1981: section 1. What Is Satanism? Anton LaVey and the Invention of Satanism
- ^ Introvigne 2016, p. 3.
- ^ a b c d e f Laycock, Satanism, 1981: 5 The Temple of Set and Esoteric Satanism.Amoral Groups and the Order of Nine Angles
- ^ a b c d Laycock, Satanism, 1981: section 3 Satanic Sympathizers. Satan and Esotericism
- ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 16.
- ^ a b Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 7.
- ^ Gallagher 2006, p. 151.
- ^ Granholm, Kennet (November 2012). "10. The Left-Hand Path and Post-Satanism: The Temple of Set and the Evolution of Satanism". In Petersen, Jesper Aa.; Faxneld, Per (eds.). The Devil's Party: Satanism in Modernity. Oxford University Press. pp. 209–228. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ^ Carlson et al.
- ^ a b c Taub & Nelson 1993, p. 525.
- ^ Lyons, Arthur. (1988). Satan Wants You: The Cult of Devil Worship in America. Mysterious Press. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
- ^ Carter, Joe (June 8, 2011). "THE FOUNTAINHEAD OF SATANISM". First Things. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
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- ^ B. Ellis, Aliens, ‘’Ghosts, and Cults: Legends We Live’’ (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2003).
- ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 23.
- ^ a b van Luijk 2016, p. 24.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 24–26.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 25–26.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 25.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 28.
- ^ Medway 2001, p. 126.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 28–29.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 29–31.
- ^ Medway 2001, p. 57.
- ^ Medway 2001, p. 58.
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- ^ a b c van Luijk 2016, p. 36.
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- ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 38.
- ^ Medway 2001, p. 70.
- ^ Oldridge, Darren (2012). The Devil, a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
- ^ Scarre & Callow 2001, p. 2.
- ^ a b Laycock, Satanism, 1981: Chapter 2, Imagining the Black Mass. The Affair of the Poisons
- ^ Oldridge, Darren (2012). The Devil, a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 41.
- ^ Oldridge, Darren (2012). The Devil, a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
- ^ a b Oldridge, Darren (2012). The Devil, a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, pp. 58–59; van Luijk 2016, p. 66.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 66–67.
- ^ a b van Luijk 2016, p. 66.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, p. 71.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, pp. 71–73.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, pp. 74–78.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, pp. 84–85.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, pp. 85–86.
- ^ "The Confession of Leo Taxil". April 25, 1897. Archived from [forbidden link the original] on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
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- ^ Medway 2001, pp. 143–149.
- ^ Medway 2001, pp. 159–161.
- ^ Medway 2001, pp. 164–170.
- ^ Medway 2001, p. 161.
- ^ Medway 2001, pp. 262–263; Introvigne 2016, p. 66.
- ^ a b La Fontaine 2016, p. 13.
- ^ a b La Fontaine 2016, p. 15.
- ^ La Fontaine 2016, p. 13; Introvigne 2016, p. 381.
- ^ a b Introvigne 2016, p. 372.
- ^ Medway 2001, pp. 175–177; Introvigne 2016, pp. 374–376.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Medway 2001, pp. 178–183; Introvigne 2016, pp. 405–406.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 116–120.
- ^ Medway 2001, p. 183.
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- ^ a b "A Nazi-satanist cult is fuelling far-right groups". New Statesman. March 4, 2020. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
- ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 2003, p. 218; Senholt 2013, p. 256.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2003, p. 218; Senholt 2013, p. 256; Monette 2013, p. 87.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2003, p. 216; Senholt 2013, p. 268; Faxneld 2013, p. 207.
- ^ Senholt, “The Sinister Tradition,” pp. 47–8
- ^ Ryan 2003, p. 53; Senholt 2013, p. 267.
- ^ Gardell 2003, p. 293.
- ^ a b Senholt 2013, p. 256.
- ^ Monette 2013, p. 107.
- ^ Kaplan 2000, p. 236.
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- ^ Monette, Mysticism in the 21st Century, p. 89.
- ^ Faxneld 2013, p. 207; Faxneld 2014, p. 88; Senholt 2013, p. 250; Sieg 2013, p. 252.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2003, pp. 218–219; Baddeley 2010, p. 155.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2003, p. 219.
- ^ Kaplan 2000, p. 237; Ryan 2003, p. 54.
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- ^
- "State of Hate 2020" (PDF). Hope not Hate. March 9, 2020.
Over the last 12 months four nazis convicted of terrorist offences have been linked to O9A, and there are two more cases pending.
- "Order of Nine Angles: What is this obscure Nazi Satanist group?". BBC News. June 29, 2020.
The Sonnenkrieg Division, with its glorification of sexual violence, highlights another disturbing theme relating to the ONA – sexual offending as a way of undermining social norms....The authorities are concerned by the number of paedophiles associated with the ONA, taking the group into a different area of law enforcement activity.
- "High Wycombe neo-Nazi Jacek Tchorzewski jailed for terror offences". BBC News. September 20, 2019.
The satanist text demonstrated a "marked fixation with blood, the sexualisation of violence, a paedophilic projection of adult sexuality onto children, and with achieving National Socialist political goals through political violence and acts of terrorism".
- "UK Nazi Satanist group should be outlawed, campaigners urge". BBC News. July 16, 2020.
ONA's Nazi-Satanist ideology, a supernatural worldview that encourages the disruption of society through violence, criminality and sexual offending.
- "State of Hate 2020" (PDF). Hope not Hate. March 9, 2020.
- ^ "Order of Nine Angles". Counter Extremism Project.
One piece of propaganda the group produced is called The Rape Anthology, a collection of ONA writings praising Hitler, Satan, and rape, while employing Islamic terminology and demonizing Jews and minorities. Some of the essays suggest that rape is necessary for the ascension of the Ubermensch.
- ^ "'Random' Murder of Muslim Man Linked to 'Neo-Nazi Death Cult': Report". September 30, 2020.
- ^ Laycock, Satanism, 1981: 5 The Temple of Set and Esoteric Satanism. Other Esoteric Groups
- ^ Asprem & Granholm 2014, pp. 144–146.
- ^ a b c d e Introvigne, Massimo (April 13, 2017). "Satan the Prophet: A History of Modern Satanism" (PDF). CESNUR. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
- ^ a b Petersen, Jesper (August 27–29, 2012). "Bracketing Beelzebub: Satanism studies and/as boundary work". ContERN. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
- ^ a b c d e Introvigne 2016, pp. 370–371.
- ^ a b c d e f Twilight, Jennifer (January 25, 2021). "Analysis on the Joy of Satan". Italian Satanist Union. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
- ^ ISBN 978-1927066034.
- ^ a b c ATLANTA, J.F. (January 9, 2014). "What do Satanists believe?". The Economist. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
- ^ a b Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 144–232.
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- ^ "Satanism". HISTORY. September 27, 2019. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
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- ^ Holt, Cimminnee (August 2012). Satanists and Scholars: A Historiographic Overview and Critique of Scholarship on Religious Satanism (PDF) (Thesis). p. 87 – via Spectrum Library.
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- ^ Breskin, David (November 22, 1984). "Cult Killing: Kids in the Dark". Rolling Stone.
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- ^ a b Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 138.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 158.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 146.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 142.
- ^ a b Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 143.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 202–204.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 179–180.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, pp. 525–527.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 181–182.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 183.
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- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 210–212.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 151, 153.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 153.
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- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 160.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 171.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
- ^ Royal Navy to allow devil worship CNN
- ^ Carter, Helen. The devil and the deep blue sea: Navy gives blessing to sailor Satanist. The Guardian
- ^ Navy approves first ever Satanist BBC News
- ^ Ministry of Defence Request for Information. Navy Command FOI Section, 7 January 2016.
- ^ Linda Greenhouse (March 22, 2005). "Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally". The New York Times.
- ^ "Before high court: law that allows for religious rights". The Christian Science Monitor. March 21, 2005.
- ^ Johnson, M. Alex (May 31, 2005). "Court upholds prisoners' religious rights". MSNBC. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
- ^ "Cutter v. Wilkinson 544 U.S. 709 (2005)". Oyez. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ^ "The Satanic Temple is a real religion, says IRS". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
- ^ a b Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 28.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 28; van Luijk 2016, p. 70.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 28, 30.
- ^ a b Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 30.
- ^ a b van Luijk 2016, p. 73.
- ^ Manuel, M. (July 23, 2010). "Seventeenth-century Critics and Biographers of Milton – M. Manuel – Google Books". Retrieved 2022-10-08.
- ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 28, 30; van Luijk 2016, pp. 69–70.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 70.
- ^ a b van Luijk 2016, p. 108.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 69.
- ^ a b Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, p. 31.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 71–72.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 97–98.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 74–75.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 105–107.
- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 77–79.
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- ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 119–120.
- ^ a b van Luijk 2016, p. 120.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, p. 66.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, pp. 462–463.
- ^ a b Introvigne 2016, p. 467.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, pp. 467–468.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, p. 468.
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- ^ a b Introvigne 2016, p. 469.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, p. 470.
- ^ Introvigne 2016, pp. 472–473.
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- ^ "Death to False Satanism | NOISEY". NOISEY. October 29, 2014. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
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Further reading
- Holt, Cimminnee; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2016) [2008]. "Modern Religious Satanism: A Negotiation of Tensions". In ISBN 978-0-19-046617-6.
External links
- Religious Tolerance page on Satanism Archived 2022-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
- Satanism at Curlie