Gothic fiction

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The Castle of Otranto (1764) is regarded as the first Gothic novel. The aesthetics of the book have shaped modern-day gothic books, films, art, music and the goth subculture.[1]

Gothic fiction, sometimes called Gothic horror (primarily in the 20th century), is a loose literary aesthetic of

haunting. The name refers to Gothic architecture of the European Middle Ages
, which was characteristic of the settings of early Gothic novels.

The first work to call itself Gothic was Horace Walpole's 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, later subtitled "A Gothic Story". Subsequent 18th-century contributors included Clara Reeve, Ann Radcliffe, William Thomas Beckford, and Matthew Lewis. The Gothic influence continued into the early 19th century; works by the Romantic poets, and novelists such as Mary Shelley, Charles Maturin, Walter Scott and E. T. A. Hoffmann frequently drew upon gothic motifs in their works.

The early Victorian period continued the use of gothic aesthetic in novels by Charles Dickens and the Brontë sisters, as well as works by the American writers Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Later well-known works were Dracula by Bram Stoker, Richard Marsh's The Beetle and Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Twentieth-century contributors include Daphne du Maurier, Stephen King, Shirley Jackson, Anne Rice, and Toni Morrison.

Characteristics

The ruins of Wolf's Crag castle in Walter Scott's The Bride of Lammermoor (1819)

Gothic fiction is characterized by an environment of fear, the threat of

demonic possession, ghosts, and other kinds of evil spirits.[6]

Gothic fiction often moves between "high culture" and "low" or "popular culture".[3][clarification needed]

Role of architecture

Strawberry Hill, an English villa in the "Gothic Revival" style, built by Gothic writer Horace Walpole
The Gothic Temple folly in the gardens at Stowe, Buckinghamshire, UK, built as a ruin in 1741, designed by James Gibbs[8]

Gothic literature is strongly associated with the Gothic Revival architecture of the same era. English Gothic writers often associated medieval buildings with what they saw as a dark and terrifying period, marked by harsh laws enforced by torture and with mysterious, fantastic, and superstitious rituals. Similar to the Gothic Revivalists' rejection of the clarity and rationalism of the Neoclassical style of the Enlightened Establishment, the literary Gothic embodies an appreciation of the joys of extreme emotion, the thrills of fearfulness and awe inherent in the sublime, and a quest for atmosphere. Gothic ruins invoke multiple linked emotions by representing inevitable decay and the collapse of human creations – hence the urge to add fake ruins as eyecatchers in English landscape parks.

Placing a story in a Gothic building serves several purposes. It inspires feelings of awe, implies that the story is set in the past, gives an impression of isolation or dissociation from the rest of the world, and conveys religious associations. Setting the novel in a Gothic castle was meant to imply a story set in the past and shrouded in darkness. The architecture often served as a mirror for the characters and events of the story.[9] The buildings in The Castle of Otranto, for example, are riddled with tunnels that characters use to move back and forth in secret. This movement mirrors the secrets surrounding Manfred's possession of the castle and how it came into his family.[10]

The Female Gothic

From the castles, dungeons, forests, and hidden passages of the Gothic novel genre emerged female Gothic. Guided by the works of authors such as Ann Radcliffe, Mary Shelley, and Charlotte Brontë, the female Gothic allowed women's societal and sexual desires to be introduced. In many respects, the novel's intended reader of the time was the woman who, even as she enjoyed such novels, felt she had to "[lay] down her book with affected indifference, or momentary shame,"[11] according to Jane Austen. The Gothic novel shaped its form for woman readers to "turn to Gothic romances to find support for their own mixed feelings."[12]

Female Gothic narratives focus on such topics as a persecuted heroine fleeing from a villainous father and searching for an absent mother. At the same time, male writers tend towards the masculine transgression of social taboos. The emergence of the ghost story gave women writers something to write about besides the common marriage plot, allowing them to present a more radical critique of male power, violence, and predatory sexuality.[13]

When the female Gothic coincides with the explained supernatural the natural cause of terror is not the supernatural, but female disability and societal horrors: rape, incest, and the threatening control of a male antagonist. Female Gothic novels also address women's discontent with patriarchal society, their difficult and unsatisfying maternal position, and their role within that society. Women's fears of entrapment in the domestic, their bodies, marriage, childbirth, or domestic abuse commonly appear in the genre.

After the characteristic Gothic Bildungsroman-like plot sequence, female Gothic allowed readers to grow from "adolescence to maturity"[14] in the face of the realized impossibilities of the supernatural. As protagonists like Adeline in The Romance of the Forest learn that their superstitious fantasies and terrors are replaced by natural cause and reasonable doubt, the reader may grasp the heroine's true position: "The heroine possesses the romantic temperament that perceives strangeness where others see none. Her sensibility, therefore, prevents her from knowing that her true plight is her condition, the disability of being female."[14]

History

Precursors

'Tis now the very witching time of night,
When churchyards yawn, and hell itself breathes out
Contagion to this world. Now could I drink hot blood,
And do such bitter business as the day
Would quake to look on. 

— Lines from Shakespeare's Hamlet

The components that would eventually combine into Gothic literature had a rich history by the time Walpole presented a fictitious medieval manuscript in The Castle of Otranto in 1764.

The plays of William Shakespeare, in particular, were a crucial reference point for early Gothic writers, in both an effort to bring credibility to their works, and to legitimize the emerging genre as serious literature to the public.[15] Tragedies such as Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, and Richard III, with plots revolving around the supernatural, revenge, murder, ghosts, witchcraft, and omens, written in dramatic pathos, and set in medieval castles, were a huge influence upon early Gothic authors, who frequently quote, and make allusions to Shakespeare's works.[16]

Byronic heroes. Milton's "version of the myth of the fall and redemption, creation and decreation, is, as Frankenstein again reveals, an important model for Gothic plots."[17]

Alexander Pope, who had a considerable influence on Walpole, was the first significant poet of the 18th century to write a poem in an authentic Gothic manner.[18] Eloisa to Abelard (1717), a tale of star-crossed lovers, one doomed to a life of seclusion in a convent, and the other in a monastery, abounds in gloomy imagery, religious terror, and suppressed passion. The influence of Pope's poem is found throughout 18th-century Gothic literature, including the novels of Walpole, Radcliffe, and Lewis.[19]

Gothic literature is often described with words such as "wonder" and "terror."[20] This sense of wonder and terror that provides the suspension of disbelief so important to the Gothic—which, except for when it is parodied, even for all its occasional melodrama, is typically played straight, in a self-serious manner—requires the imagination of the reader to be willing to accept the idea that there might be something "beyond that which is immediately in front of us." The mysterious imagination necessary for Gothic literature to have gained any traction had been growing for some time before the advent of the Gothic. The need for this came as the known world was becoming more explored, reducing the geographical mysteries of the world. The edges of the map were filling in, and no dragons were to be found. The human mind required a replacement.[21] Clive Bloom theorizes that this void in the collective imagination was critical in developing the cultural possibility for the rise of the Gothic tradition.[22]

The setting of most early Gothic works was medieval, but this was a common theme long before Walpole. In Britain especially, there was a desire to reclaim a shared past. This obsession frequently led to extravagant architectural displays, such as Fonthill Abbey, and sometimes mock tournaments were held. It was not merely in literature that a medieval revival made itself felt, and this, too, contributed to a culture ready to accept a perceived medieval work in 1764.[21]

The Gothic often uses scenery of decay, death, and morbidity to achieve its effects (especially in the Italian Horror school of Gothic). However, Gothic literature was not the origin of this tradition; it was far older. The corpses, skeletons, and churchyards so commonly associated with early Gothic works were popularized by the Graveyard poets. They were also present in novels such as Daniel Defoe's A Journal of the Plague Year, which contains comical scenes of plague carts and piles of corpses. Even earlier, poets like Edmund Spenser evoked a dreary and sorrowful mood in such poems as Epithalamion.[21]

All aspects of pre-Gothic literature occur to some degree in the Gothic, but even taken together, they still fall short of true Gothic.[21] What needed to be added was an aesthetic to tie the elements together. Bloom notes that this aesthetic must take the form of a theoretical or philosophical core, which is necessary to "sav[e] the best tales from becoming mere anecdote or incoherent sensationalism."[23] In this case, the aesthetic needed to be emotional, and was finally provided by Edmund Burke's 1757 work, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, which "finally codif[ied] the gothic emotional experience."[24] Specifically, Burke's thoughts on the Sublime, Terror, and Obscurity were most applicable. These sections can be summarized thus: the Sublime is that which is or produces the "strongest emotion which the mind is capable of feeling"; Terror most often evoked the Sublime; and to cause Terror, we need some amount of Obscurity – we can't know everything about that which is inducing Terror – or else "a great deal of the apprehension vanishes"; Obscurity is necessary to experience the Terror of the unknown.[21] Bloom asserts that Burke's descriptive vocabulary was essential to the Romantic works that eventually informed the Gothic.

The birth of Gothic literature was thought to have been influenced by political upheaval. Researchers linked its birth with the

bourgeois reader of late eighteenth-century England.[25][26][27][28]

Eighteenth-century Gothic novels

Ann Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), a bestselling Gothic novel. Frontispiece to 4th edition shown.

The first work to call itself "Gothic" was Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto (1764).[2] The first edition presented the story as a translation of a sixteenth- century manuscript and was widely popular. Walpole, in the second edition, revealed himself as the author which adding the subtitle "A Gothic Story." The revelation prompted a backlash from readers, who considered it inappropriate for a modern author to write a supernatural story in a rational age.[29] Walpole did not initially prompt many imitators. Beginning with Clara Reeve's The Old English Baron (1778), the 1780s saw more writers attempting his combination of supernatural plots with emotionally realistic characters. Examples include Sophia Lee's The Recess (1783–5) and William Beckford's Vathek (1786).[30]

At the height of the Gothic novel's popularity in the 1790s, the genre was almost synonymous with

Matthew Lewis. Radcliffe's final novel, The Italian (1797), responded to Lewis's The Monk (1796).[3]

Other notable Gothic novels of the 1790s include William Godwin's Caleb Williams (1794), Regina Maria Roche's Clermont (1798), and Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland (1798), as well as large numbers of anonymous works published by the Minerva Press.[30] In continental Europe, Romantic literary movements led to related Gothic genres such as the German Schauerroman and the French Roman noir.[32][33] Eighteenth-century Gothic novels were typically set in a distant past and (for English novels) a distant European country, but without specific dates or historical figures that characterized the later development of historical fiction.[34]

Catherine Morland, the naive protagonist of Northanger Abbey (1818), Jane Austen's Gothic parody

The saturation of Gothic-inspired literature during the 1790s was referred to in a letter by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, writing on 16 March 1797, "indeed I am almost weary of the Terrible, having been a hireling in the Critical Review for the last six or eight months – I have been reviewing the Monk, the Italian, Hubert de Sevrac &c &c &c – in all of which dungeons, and old castles, & solitary Houses by the Sea Side & Caverns & Woods & extraordinary characters & all the tribe of Horror & Mystery, have crowded on me – even to surfeiting."[35]

The excesses, stereotypes, and frequent absurdities of the Gothic genre made it rich territory for satire.

Northanger Horrid Novels.[39]

Second generation or Jüngere Romantik

The poetry, romantic adventures, and character of

Lord Byron—characterized by his spurned lover Lady Caroline Lamb as "mad, bad and dangerous to know"—were another inspiration for the Gothic novel, providing the archetype of the Byronic hero. For example, Byron is the title character in Lady Caroline's Gothic novel Glenarvon
(1816).

Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus
(1818) has come to define Gothic fiction in the Romantic period. Frontispiece to 1831 edition shown.

Byron was also the host of the celebrated ghost-story competition involving himself, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley, and John William Polidori at the Villa Diodati on the banks of Lake Geneva in the summer of 1816. This occasion was productive of both Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus (1818), and Polidori's The Vampyre (1819), featuring the Byronic Lord Ruthven. The Vampyre has been accounted by cultural critic Christopher Frayling as one of the most influential works of fiction ever written and spawned a craze for vampire fiction and theatre (and, latterly, film) that has not ceased to this day.[40] Though clearly influenced by the Gothic tradition, Mary Shelley's novel is often considered the first science fiction novel, despite the novel's lack of any scientific explanation for the monster's animation and the focus instead on the moral dilemmas and consequences of such a creation.

John Keats' La Belle Dame sans Merci (1819) and Isabella, or the Pot of Basil (1820) feature mysteriously fey ladies.[41] In the latter poem, the names of the characters, the dream visions, and the macabre physical details are influenced by the novels of premiere Gothicist Ann Radcliffe.[41]

Although ushering in the historical novel, and turning popularity away from Gothic fiction, Walter Scott frequently employs Gothic elements in his novels and poetry.[42] Scott drew upon oral folklore, fireside tails, and ancient superstitions, often juxtaposing rationality and the supernatural. Novels such as The Bride of Lammermoor (1819), in which the character's fates are decided by superstition and prophecy, or the poem Marmion (1808), in which a Nun is walled alive inside a convent, illustrate Scott's influence and use of Gothic themes.[43][44]

A late example of a traditional Gothic novel is

Jane C. Loudon's The Mummy! (1827) features standard Gothic motifs, characters, and plot, but with one significant twist: it is set in the twenty-second century and speculates on fantastic scientific developments that might have occurred four hundred years in the future, making it and Frankenstein among the earliest examples of the science fiction genre developing from Gothic traditions.[46]

During two decades, the most famous author of Gothic literature in Germany was the polymath

Sidonia von Bork
(1847).

In Spain, the priest Pascual Pérez Rodríguez was the most diligent novelist in the Gothic way, closely aligned to the supernatural explained by Ann Radcliffe.[49] At the same time, the poet José de Espronceda published The Student of Salamanca (1837-1840), a narrative poem that presents a horrid variation on the Don Juan legend.

Viy, lord of the underworld, from the story of the same name by Gogol

In Russia, authors of the Romantic era include

Alexander Bestuzhev-Marlinsky.[51] Pushkin is particularly important, as his 1833 short story The Queen of Spades was so popular that it was adapted into operas and later films by Russian and foreign artists. Some parts of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov's A Hero of Our Time
(1840) are also considered to belong to the Gothic genre, but they lack the supernatural elements of other Russian Gothic stories.

The following poems are also now considered to belong to the Gothic genre: Meshchevskiy's "Lila", Katenin's "Olga", Pushkin's "The Bridegroom", Pletnev's "The Gravedigger" and Lermontov's Demon (1829–1839).[52]

The key author of the transition from Romanticism to Realism,

Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, who was also one of the most important authors of Romanticism, produced a number of works that qualify as Gothic fiction. Each of his three short story collections features a number of stories that fall within the Gothic genre or contain Gothic elements. They include "Saint John's Eve" and "A Terrible Vengeance" from Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka (1831–1832), "The Portrait" from Arabesques (1835), and "Viy" from Mirgorod (1835). While all are well known, the latter is probably the most famous, having inspired at least eight film adaptations (two now considered lost), one animated film, two documentaries, and a video game. Gogol's work differs from Western European Gothic fiction, as his cultural influences drew on Ukrainian folklore, the Cossack lifestyle, and, as a religious man, Orthodox Christianity.[53][54]

Other relevant authors of this era include

Nineteenth-century Gothic fiction

Cover of a Varney the Vampire publication, 1845

By the

penny dreadfuls.[2] The most influential Gothic writer from this period was the American Edgar Allan Poe, who wrote numerous short stories and poems reinterpreting Gothic tropes. His story "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) revisits classic Gothic tropes of aristocratic decay, death, and madness.[55] Poe is now considered the master of the American Gothic.[2] In England, one of the most influential penny dreadfuls is the anonymously authored Varney the Vampire (1847), which introduced the trope of vampires having sharpened teeth.[56] Another notable English author of penny dreadfuls is George W. M. Reynolds, known for The Mysteries of London (1844), Faust (1846), Wagner the Wehr-wolf (1847), and The Necromancer (1857).[57] Elizabeth Gaskell's tales "The Doom of the Griffiths" (1858), "Lois the Witch", and "The Grey Woman" all employ one of the most common themes of Gothic fiction: the power of ancestral sins to curse future generations, or the fear that they will. M. R. James, an English medievalist whose stories are still popular today, is known as the originator of the "antiquarian ghost story." In Spain, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer stood out with his romantic poems and short tales, some depicting supernatural events. Today some consider him the most-read Spanish writer after Miguel de Cervantes.[58]

Jane Eyre's trial through the moors in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre (1847)

In addition to these short Gothic fictions, some novels drew on the Gothic.

Roman Catholicism as exotic and heathenistic. [61] [62] Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The House of the Seven Gables
, about a family's ancestral home, is colored with suggestions of the supernatural and witchcraft; and in true Gothic fashion, it features the house itself as one of the main characters,

Miss Havisham from Dickens’ Great Expectations

The genre also heavily influenced writers such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting; for example, in Oliver Twist (1837–1838), Bleak House (1854) and Great Expectations (1860–1861). These works juxtapose wealthy, ordered, and affluent civilization with the disorder and barbarity of the poor in the same metropolis. Bleak House, in particular, is credited with introducing urban fog to the novel, which would become a frequent characteristic of urban Gothic literature and film (Mighall 2007). Miss Havisham from Great Expectations, is one of Dickens’ most Gothic characters. The bitter recluse who shuts herself away in her gloomy mansion ever since being jilted at the altar on her wedding day.[63] His most explicitly Gothic work is his last novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, which he did not live to complete and was published unfinished upon his death in 1870. The mood and themes of the Gothic novel held a particular fascination for the Victorians, with their obsession with mourning rituals, mementos, and mortality in general.

Irish Catholics also wrote Gothic fiction in the 19th century. Although some Anglo-Irish dominated and defined the subgenre decades later, they did not own it. Irish Catholic Gothic writers included Gerald Griffin, James Clarence Mangan, and John and Michael Banim. William Carleton was a notable Gothic writer, and converted from Catholicism to Anglicanism.[64]

In Switzerland, Jeremias Gotthelf wrote The Black Spider (1842), an allegorical work that uses Gothic themes. The last work from the German writer Theodor Storm, The Rider on the White Horse (1888), also uses Gothic motives and themes.[65]

After Gogol, Russian literature saw the rise of Realism, but many authors continued to write stories within Gothic fiction territory.

Grigory Petrovich Danilevsky, who wrote historical and early science fiction novels and stories, wrote Mertvec-ubiytsa (Dead Murderer) in 1879. Also, Grigori Alexandrovich Machtet wrote "Zaklyatiy kazak", which may now also be considered Gothic.[67]

Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) was a classic Gothic work of the 1880s, seeing many stage adaptations.

The 1880s saw the revival of the Gothic as a powerful literary form allied to

fin de siecle, which fictionalized contemporary fears like ethical degeneration and questioned the social structures of the time. Classic works of this Urban Gothic include Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), George du Maurier's Trilby (1894), Richard Marsh's The Beetle (1897), Henry James' The Turn of the Screw (1898), and the stories of Arthur Machen
.

In Ireland, Gothic fiction tended to be purveyed by the Anglo-Irish Protestant Ascendancy. According to literary critic Terry Eagleton, Charles Maturin, Sheridan Le Fanu, and Bram Stoker form the core of the Irish Gothic subgenre with stories featuring castles set in a barren landscape and a cast of remote aristocrats dominating an atavistic peasantry, which represent an allegorical form the political plight of Catholic Ireland subjected to the Protestant Ascendancy.[68] Le Fanu's use of the gloomy villain, forbidding mansion, and persecuted heroine in Uncle Silas (1864) shows direct influence from Walpole's Otranto and Radcliffe's Udolpho. Le Fanu's short story collection In a Glass Darkly (1872) includes the superlative vampire tale Carmilla, which provided fresh blood for that particular strand of the Gothic and influenced Bram Stoker's vampire novel Dracula (1897). Stoker's book created the most famous Gothic villain ever, Count Dracula, and established Transylvania and Eastern Europe as the locus classicus of the Gothic.[69] Published in the same year as Dracula, Florence Marryat's The Blood of the Vampire is another piece of vampire fiction. The Blood of the Vampire, which, like Carmilla, features a female vampire, is notable for its treatment of vampirism as both racial and medicalized. The vampire, Harriet Brandt, is also a psychic vampire, killing unintentionally.[70]

In the United States, notable late 19th-century writers in the Gothic tradition were Ambrose Bierce, Robert W. Chambers, and Edith Wharton. Bierce's short stories were in the horrific and pessimistic tradition of Poe. Chambers indulged in the decadent style of Wilde and Machen, even including a character named Wilde in his The King in Yellow (1895).[71] Wharton published some notable Gothic ghost stories. Some works of the Canadian writer Gilbert Parker also fall into the genre, including the stories in The Lane that had No Turning (1900).[72]

Le Horla (1887) by Guy de Maupassant

The serialized novel The Phantom of the Opera (1909–1910) by the French writer Gaston Leroux is another well-known example of Gothic fiction from the early 20th century, when many German authors were writing works influenced by Schauerroman, including Hanns Heinz Ewers.[73]

Russian Gothic

Until the 1990s, Russian Gothic critics did not view Russian Gothic as a genre or label. If used, the word "gothic" was used to describe (mostly early) works of

Fyodor Dostoyevsky from the 1880s. Most critics used tags such as "Romanticism" and "fantastique", such as in the 1984 story collection translated into English as Russian 19th-Century Gothic Tales but originally titled Фантастический мир русской романтической повести, literally, "The Fantastic World of Russian Romanticism Short Story/Novella."[74]
However, since the mid-1980s, Russian gothic fiction as a genre began to be discussed in books such as The Gothic-Fantastic in Nineteenth-Century Russian Literature, European Gothic: A Spirited Exchange 1760–1960, The Russian Gothic Novel and its British Antecedents and Goticheskiy roman v Rossii (The Gothic Novel in Russia).

The first Russian author whose work has been described as gothic fiction is considered to be

Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky, particularly "Ludmila" (1808) and "Svetlana" (1813), both translations based on Gottfreid August Burger's Gothic German ballad, "Lenore."[77]

During the last years of

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin wrote Dry Valley (1912), which is seen as influenced by Gothic literature.[79] In a monograph on the subject, Muireann Maguire writes, "The centrality of the Gothic-fantastic to Russian fiction is almost impossible to exaggerate, and certainly exceptional in the context of world literature."[80]

Twentienth-century Gothic fiction

Mrs. Danvers in the 1940 film adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca.

Gothic fiction and Modernism influenced each other. This is often evident in detective fiction, horror fiction, and science fiction, but the influence of the Gothic can also be seen in the high literary Modernism of the 20th century. Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) initiated a re-working of older literary forms and myths that became common in the work of W. B. Yeats, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Shirley Jackson, and Angela Carter, among others.[81] In Joyce's Ulysses (1922), the living are transformed into ghosts, which points to an Ireland in stasis at the time and a history of cyclical trauma from the Great Famine in the 1840s through to the current moment in the text.[82] The way Ulysses uses Gothic tropes such as ghosts and hauntings while removing the supernatural elements of 19th-century Gothic fiction indicates a general form of modernist Gothic writing in the first half of the 20th century.

Pulp magazines such as Weird Tales reprinted and popularized Gothic horror from the previous century.

In America, pulp magazines such as Weird Tales reprinted classic Gothic horror tales from the previous century by authors like Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Edward Bulwer-Lytton, and printed new stories by modern authors featuring both traditional and new horrors.[83] The most significant of these was H. P. Lovecraft, who also wrote a conspectus of the Gothic and supernatural horror tradition in his Supernatural Horror in Literature (1936), and developed a Mythos that would influence Gothic and contemporary horror well into the 21st century. Lovecraft's protégé, Robert Bloch, contributed to Weird Tales and penned Psycho (1959), which drew on the classic interests of the genre. From these, the Gothic genre per se gave way to modern horror fiction, regarded by some literary critics as a branch of the Gothic,[84] although others use the term to cover the entire genre.

The Romantic strand of Gothic was taken up in Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca (1938), which is seen by some to have been influenced by Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre.[85] Other books by du Maurier, such as Jamaica Inn (1936), also display Gothic tendencies. Du Maurier's work inspired a substantial body of "female Gothics," concerning heroines alternately swooning over or terrified by scowling Byronic men in possession of acres of prime real estate and the appertaining droit du seigneur.

Southern Gothic

The genre also influenced American writing, creating a Southern Gothic genre that combines some Gothic sensibilities, such as the grotesque, with the setting and style of the Southern United States. Examples include Erskine Caldwell, William Faulkner, Carson McCullers, John Kennedy Toole, Manly Wade Wellman, Eudora Welty, V. C. Andrews, Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote, Flannery O'Connor, Davis Grubb, Anne Rice, Harper Lee, and Cormac McCarthy.[86]

New Gothic romances

Mass-produced Gothic romances became popular in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s with authors such as

Dan Ross; Frank Belknap Long published Gothics under his wife's name, Lyda Belknap Long; the British writer Peter O'Donnell wrote under the pseudonym Madeleine Brent. After the gothic romance boom faded away in the early 1990s, very few publishers embraced the term for mass market romance paperbacks apart from imprints like Love Spell, which was discontinued in 2010.[87] However, in recent years the term "Gothic Romance" is being used to describe both old and new works of Gothic fiction. [88]

Contemporary Gothic

Gothic fiction continues to be extensively practised by contemporary authors.

Many modern writers of horror or other types of fiction exhibit considerable Gothic sensibilities – examples include

Brett Easton Ellis, and Clive Barker have focused on the body's surface and blood's visuality.[94] England's Rhiannon Ward is among the recent writers of Gothic fiction. Catriona Ward won a British Fantasy Award for Best Horror Novel for her gothic novel Rawblood
in 2016.

Contemporary American writers in the tradition include

White is for Witching,[101] Sarah Perry with her novels Melmoth and The Essex Serpent,[102] and Laura Purcell with her historical novels The Silent Companions and The Shape of Darkness.[103]

Several Gothic traditions have also developed in New Zealand (with the subgenre referred to as New Zealand Gothic or Maori Gothic)[104] and Australia (known as Australian Gothic). These explore everything from the multicultural natures of the two countries[105] to their natural geography.[106] Novels in the Australian Gothic tradition include Kate Grenville's The Secret River and the works of Kim Scott.[107] An even smaller genre is Tasmanian Gothic, set exclusively on the island, with prominent examples including Gould's Book of Fish by Richard Flanagan and The Roving Party by Rohan Wilson.[108][109][110][111] Another Australian author, Kate Morton, has penned several homages to classic gothic fiction, among them The Distant Hours and The House at Riverton.[112]

psycho-biddy
" genre.

Outside the English-speaking world, Latin American Gothic literature has been gaining momentum since the first decades of the 21st century. Some of the main authors whose style has been described as Gothic are María Fernanda Ampuero, Mariana Enríquez, Fernanda Melchor, Mónica Ojeda, Giovanna Rivero, Michelle Roche-Rodríguez, and Samanta Schweblin.

The many Gothic subgenres include a new "environmental Gothic" or "ecoGothic".[113][114][115] It is an ecologically aware Gothic engaged in "dark nature" and "ecophobia."[116] Writers and critics of the ecoGothic suggest that the Gothic genre is uniquely positioned to speak to anxieties about climate change and the planet's ecological future.[117]

Among the bestselling books of the 21st century, the

YA novel Twilight by Stephenie Meyer is now increasingly identified as a Gothic novel, as is Carlos Ruiz Zafón's 2001 novel The Shadow of the Wind.[118]

Other media

Literary Gothic themes have been translated into other media.

There was a notable revival in 20th-century

In

Hindi cinema, the Gothic tradition was combined with aspects of Indian culture, particularly reincarnation, for an "Indian Gothic" genre, beginning with Mahal (1949) and Madhumati (1958).[120]

The 1960s Gothic television series Dark Shadows borrowed liberally from Gothic traditions, with elements like haunted mansions, vampires, witches, doomed romances, werewolves, obsession, and madness.

The early 1970s saw a

Curtis Magazines' Gothic Tales of Love, and Atlas/Seaboard Comics' one-shot
magazine Gothic Romances.

Twentieth-century rock music also had its Gothic side. Black Sabbath's 1970 debut album created a dark sound different from other bands at the time and has been called the first-ever "goth-rock" record.[121]

However, the first recorded use of "gothic" to describe a style of music was for

The Williams Record.[122] The album recognized as initiating the goth music genre is Unknown Pleasures by the band Joy Division. However, earlier bands such as The Velvet Underground also contributed to the genre's distinctive style. Themes from Gothic writers such as H. P. Lovecraft were used among Gothic rock and heavy metal bands, especially in black metal, thrash metal (Metallica's The Call of Ktulu), death metal, and gothic metal. For example, in his compositions, heavy metal musician King Diamond delights in telling stories full of horror, theatricality, Satanism, and anti-Catholicism.[123]

In

abusive relationships, placing the players in the shoes of minions of a tyrannical, larger-than-life Master.[124]

Various

video games feature Gothic horror themes and plots. The Castlevania series typically involves a hero of the Belmont lineage exploring a dark, old castle, fighting vampires, werewolves, Frankenstein's Creature, and other Gothic monster staples, culminating in a battle against Dracula himself. Others, such as Ghosts 'n Goblins, feature a camper parody of Gothic fiction. 2017's Resident Evil 7: Biohazard, a Southern Gothic reboot to the survival horror video game involves an everyman and his wife trapped in a derelict plantation and mansion owned by a family with sinister and hideous secrets and must face terrifying visions of a ghostly mutant in the shape of a little girl. This was followed by 2021's Resident Evil Village, a Gothic horror sequel focusing on an action hero searching for his kidnapped daughter in a mysterious Eastern European village under the control of a bizarre religious cult inhabited by werewolves, vampires, ghosts, shapeshifters, and other monsters. The Devil May Cry series stands as an equally parodic and self-serious franchise, following the escapades, stunts and mishaps of series protagonist Dante as he explores dingy demonic castles, ancient occult monuments and ruined urban landscapes on his quest to avenge his mother and brother. Gothic literary themes appear all throughout the story, such as how the past physically creeps into the ambiguously modern setting, recurrent imagery of doubles (notably regarding Dante and his twin brother), and the persisting melodramas associated with Dante's father's fame, absence, and demonic heritage. Beginning with Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening, Female Gothic elements enter the series as deuteragonist Lady works through her own revenge plot against her murderous father, with the oppressive and consistent emotional and physical abuse instigated by a patriarchal figure serving as a heavy, understated counterweight to the extravagance of the rest of the story. Finally, Bloodborne takes place in the decaying Gothic city of Yharnam, where the player must face werewolves, shambling mutants, vampires, witches, and numerous other Gothic staple creatures. However, the game takes a marked turn midway shifting from gothic to Lovecraftian horror
.

Popular tabletop card game Magic: The Gathering, known for its parallel universe consisting of "planes," features the plane known as Innistrad. Its general aesthetic is based on northeast European Gothic horror. Innistard's common residents include cultists, ghosts, vampires, werewolves, and zombies.

Modern Gothic horror films include

The TV series Penny Dreadful (2014–2016) brings many classic Gothic characters together in a psychological thriller set in the dark corners of Victorian London.

The Oscar-winning Korean film Parasite has also been called Gothic – specifically, Revolutionary Gothic.[136]

Recently, the Netflix original The Haunting of Hill House and its successor The Haunting of Bly Manor have integrated classic Gothic conventions into modern psychological horror.[137]

Scholarship

Educators in literary, cultural, and architectural studies appreciate the Gothic as an area that facilitates investigation of the beginnings of scientific certainty. As Carol Senf has stated, "the Gothic was... a counterbalance produced by writers and thinkers who felt limited by such a confident worldview and recognized that the power of the past, the irrational, and the violent continue to sway in the world."[138] As such, the Gothic helps students better understand their doubts about the self-assurance of today's scientists. Scotland is the location of what was probably the world's first postgraduate program to consider the genre exclusively: the MLitt in the Gothic Imagination at the University of Stirling, first recruited in 1996.[139]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The Castle of Otranto: The creepy tale that launched gothic fiction". BBC News. 13 December 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  2. ^ .
  3. ^ .
  4. ^ De Vore, David. "The Gothic Novel". Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. The setting is greatly influential in Gothic novels. It not only evokes the atmosphere of horror and dread, but also portrays the deterioration of its world. The decaying, ruined scenery implies that at one time there was a thriving world. At one time the abbey, castle, or landscape was something treasured and appreciated. Now, all that lasts is the decaying shell of a once thriving dwelling.
  5. ^ Kosofsky Sedgwick, Eve (1980). "The Coherence of Gothic Conventions" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  6. ^ .
  7. ^ Kosofsky Sedgwick, Eve (1980). "The Coherence of Gothic Conventions" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  8. .
  9. ^ Bayer-Berenbaum, L. 1982. The Gothic Imagination: Expansion in Gothic Literature and Art. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
  10. ^ Walpole, H. 1764 (1968). The Castle of Otranto. Reprinted in Three Gothic Novels. London: Penguin Press.
  11. ^ "Austen's Northanger Abbey", Second Edition, Broadview, 2002.
  12. ^ Ronald "Terror Gothic: Nightmare and Dream in Ann Radcliffe and Charlotte Bronte", The Female Gothic, Ed. Fleenor, Eden Press Inc., 1983.
  13. ^ Smith, Andrew, and Diana Wallace, "The Female Gothic: Then and Now." Gothic Studies, 25 August 2004, pp. 1–7.
  14. ^ a b Nichols "Place and Eros in Radcliffe", Lewis and Bronte, The Female Gothic, ed. Fleenor, Eden Press Inc., 1983.
  15. . Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  16. . Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  17. . Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  18. ^ Saraoorian, Vahe (1970). The Way To Otranto: Gothic Elements In Eighteenth-Century English Poetry (PhD dissertation). Bowling Green State University. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  19. ^ Virginia Stoops, Marion (1973). Gothic Elements in Pope's Eloisa to Abelard (MA thesis). Ohio State University. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  20. ^ "Terror and Wonder the Gothic Imagination". The British Library. British Library. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d e "Early and Pre-Gothic Literary Conventions & Examples". Spooky Scary Skeletons Literary and Horror Society. Spooky Scary Society. 31 October 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  22. ^ Bloom, Clive (2010). Gothic Histories: The Taste for Terror, 1764 to Present. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 2.
  23. ^ Bloom, Clive (2010). Gothic Histories: The Taste for Terror, 1764 to Present. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 8.
  24. ^ "Early and Pre-Gothic Literary Conventions & Examples". Spooky Scary Skeletons Literary and Horror Society. Spooky Scary Society. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  25. .
  26. .
  27. . Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  28. ^ Cairney, Chris (2018). "Intertextuality and Intratextuality; Does Mary Shelley 'Sit Heavily Behind' Conrad's Heart of Darkness?" (PDF). Culture in Focus. 1 (1): 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
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  31. ^ Scott, Walter (1825). "Lives of the Novelists". Carey & Lea. p. 195.
  32. , retrieved 2 September 2020
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  34. .
  35. ^ Norton, Rictor (2000). "Gothic Readings, 1764-1840". Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  36. ^ Skarda 1986.
  37. OCLC 58807207
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  38. .
  39. ^ Wright (2007), pp. 29-32.
  40. .
  41. ^ a b Skarda and Jaffe (1981), pp. 33–35 and 132–133.
  42. ^ Freye, Walter (1902). "The influence of "Gothic" literature on Sir Walter Scott". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  43. ^ Rose Miller, Emma (2019). "Fact, Fiction or Fantasy, Scott's Historical Project and The Bride of Lammermoor" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  44. ^ Joe Walker, Grady (1957). "Scott's Refinement of The Gothic In Certain of The Waverley Novels" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  45. ^ Varma 1986
  46. ^ Lisa Hopkins, "Jane C. Loudon's The Mummy!: Mary Shelley Meets George Orwell, and They Go in a Balloon to Egypt", in Cardiff Corvey: Reading the Romantic Text, 10 (June 2003). Cf.ac.uk (25 January 2006). Retrieved on 18 September 2018.
  47. ^ Hogle, p. 105–122.
  48. ^ Cusack, Barry, p. 91, pp. 118–123.
  49. ^ Aldana, Xavier, pp. 10–17
  50. ^ Krys Svitlana, "Folklorism in Ukrainian Gotho-Romantic Prose: Oleksa Storozhenko’s Tale About Devil in Love (1861)." Folklorica: Journal of the Slavic and East European Folklore Association, 16 (2011), pp. 117–138.
  51. ^ a b Horner (2002). Neil Cornwell: European Gothic and the 19th-century Gothic literature, pp. 59–82.
  52. ^ Cornwell (1999). Michael Pursglove: Does Russian gothic verse exist, pp. 83–102.
  53. ^ Simpson, c. p. 21.
  54. ^ Cornwell (1999). Neil Cornwell, pp. 189–234.
  55. ^ (Skarda and Jaffe (1981) pp. 181–182.
  56. ^ "Did Vampires Not Have Fangs in Movies Until the 1950s?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  57. ^ Baddeley (2002) pp. 143–144.)
  58. ^ "Bécquer es el escritor más leído después de Cervantes". La Provincia. Diario de las Palmas (in Spanish). 28 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  59. .
  60. ^ Jackson (1981) pp. 123–129.
  61. JSTOR 2932664
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  62. .
  63. ^ "The Gothic in Great Expectations". British Library. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  64. S2CID 192770214
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  65. ^ Cusack, Barry, p. 26.
  66. ^ Cornwell (1999). pp. 211–256.
  67. ^ a b Butuzov.
  68. ^ Eagleton, 1995.
  69. ^ Mighall, 2003.
  70. .
  71. .
  72. .
  73. ^ Cusack, Barry, p. 23.
  74. ^ Cornwell (1999). Introduction.
  75. ^ Cornwell (1999). Derek Offord: Karamzin's Gothic Tale, pp. 37–58.
  76. ^ Cornwell (1999). Alessandra Tosi: "At the origins of the Russian gothic novel", pp. 59–82.
  77. ^ Cornwell (1999). Michael Pursglove: "Does Russian gothic verse exist?" pp. 83–102.
  78. ^ Cornwell (1999). p. 257.
  79. ^ Peterson, p. 36.
  80. ), p. 14.
  81. .
  82. .
  83. ^ Goulart (1986)
  84. ^ (Wisker (2005) pp232-33)
  85. ^ Yardley, Jonathan (16 March 2004). "Du Maurier's 'Rebecca,' A Worthy 'Eyre' Apparent". The Washington Post.
  86. ^ Skarda and Jaffe (1981), pp. 418–456.)
  87. ^ "Open Library On Internet Archive".
  88. ^ "What Is Gothic Romance? 13 Books That Will Enchant Your Inner Gothic Fan". Book Riot.
  89. ^ Skarda and Jaffe (1981) pp. 464–465 and 478.
  90. ^ Davenport-Hines (1998) pp. 357-358).
  91. , p. 267.
  92. ^ "This Haunting New Bestseller Is Part du Maurier, Part del Toro". Slate.
  93. ^ "Carmen Maria Machado Has Invented a New Genre: the Gothic Memoir". Electric Literature.
  94. ^ Stephanou, Aspasia, Reading Vampire Gothic Through Blood, Palgrave, 2014.
  95. ^ "The American Gothic – Digital Collections for the Classroom". Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  96. ^ "The Gothic Terror of Donna Tartt's The Secret History". Horror Obsessive.
  97. ^ "The Ancestor: Passion Trips Reason in this Gothic Extravaganza". Kirkus.
  98. ^ "Anna Biller on How the Gothic Gives Voice to Women's Pleasure—and Pain".
  99. ^ "A Review of The Little Stranger—The Novel".
  100. ^ "The Thirteenth Tale: Gothic Storytelling at its Best".
  101. ^ "GOTHIC AMBIGUITY: HELEN OYEYEMI'S WHITE IS FOR WITCHING". Blackgate.
  102. ^ "The Essex Serpent by Sarah Perry review – a compulsive novel of ideas". The Guardian.
  103. ^ "Book Review: The Silent Companions by Laura Purcell". The BiblioSanctum.
  104. .
  105. ^ "Hello Darkness: New Zealand Gothic". robertleonard.org. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  106. ^ "Wide Open Fear: Australian Horror and Gothic Fiction". This Is Horror. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  107. ^ Doolan, Emma. "Australian Gothic: from Hanging Rock to Nick Cave and Kylie, this genre explores our dark side". The Conversation. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  108. ^ Sussex, Lucy (27 June 2019). "Rohan Wilson's audacious experiment with climate-change fiction". The Sydney Morning Herald. The result is a book that while with one foot in Tasmanian Gothic, does represent a personal innovation.
  109. ISSN 1833-6027
    . On one level, the book is a picaresque romp through colonial Tasmania in the early 1800s based on the not very reliable reminiscences of Gould, a convicted forger, painter of fish and inveterate raconteur. On another level, the novel is a Gothic horror tale in its reimagining of a violent, brutal and oppressive penal colony whose militaristic regime subjugated both the imported and original inhabitants.
  110. – via JSTOR. Richard Flanagan, Gould's Book of Fish, would have to be Gothic. Tasmanian history is pro-foundly dark and dreadful.
  111. . Flanagan in Gould's Book of Fish and Wanting also seeks to interrogate assumed complacency through a strangely comic and dark rerendering of reality to draw out many truths, such as Tasmania's treatment of its Indigenous peoples.
  112. ^ "The Distant Hours".
  113. ^ says, Max (23 November 2014). "The Ecogothic".
  114. ^ Hillard, Tom. "'Deep Into That Darkness Peering': An Essay on Gothic Nature". Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, 16 (4), 2009.
  115. ^ Smith, Andrew and William Hughes. "Introduction: Defining the ecoGothic" in EcoGothic. Andrew Smith and William Hughes, eds. Manchester University Press. 2013.
  116. ^ Simon Estok, "Theorizing in a Space of Ambivalent Openness: Ecocriticism and Ecophobia", Literature and Environment, 16 (2), 2009; Simon Estok, The Ecophobia Hypothesis, Routledge, 2018.
  117. ^ See "ecoGothic" in William Hughes, Key Concepts in the Gothic. Edinburgh University Press, 2018: 63.
  118. .
  119. ^ Davenport-Hines (1998) pp355-8)
  120. .
  121. ^ Baddeley (2002) p. 264.
  122. The Williams Record. Archived from the original
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  123. ^ Baddeley (2002) p. 265.
  124. ^ Darlington, Steve (8 September 2003). "Review of My Life with Master". RPGnet. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  125. ^ "SLEEPY HOLLOW: A MODERN DAY GOTHIC CLASSIC". Film Obsessive.
  126. ^ "Interview With The Vampire 1994 Reviewed". Horror Movies Reviewed.
  127. ^ "Looking Back on the Gothic Action-Horror of the 'Underworld' Franchise". Bloody Disgusting.
  128. ^ "Does she hath charms to soothe the savage breast?". RogerEbert.com.
  129. ^ "From Hell (2001): Albert and Allen Hughes Conventional Gothic Thriller, Starring Johnny Depp". Emanuel Levy.
  130. ^ "[Review] Dorian Gray". The Film Stage.
  131. ^ "Let the Right One In". The Guardian.
  132. ^ "A haunted house with its own sound effects". RoberEbert.com.
  133. ^ "A 'FASCINATING CONUNDRUM OF A MOVIE': GOTHIC, HORROR AND CRIMSON PEAK". Revenant Journal.
  134. ^ "The Little Stranger". RogerEbert.com.
  135. ^ "Enamoured with 'The Love Witch'". Generally Gothic.
  136. theoutline.com
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  137. ^ Romain, Lindsey (5 October 2020). "THE HAUNTING OF BLY MANOR Is a Beautiful Gothic Romance". Nerdist. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  138. ^ Carol Senf, "Why We Need the Gothic in a Technological World," in: Humanistic Perspectives in a Technological World, ed. Richard Utz, Valerie B. Johnson, and Travis Denton (Atlanta: School of Literature, Media, and Communication, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014), pp. 31–32.
  139. ^ Hughes, William (2012). Historical Dictionary of Gothic Literature. Scarecrow Press.

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External links