Politics of Mongolia
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The politics of Mongolia takes place in a framework of a
Socialist period and single party government
Shortly after the
Democratic movement
The perestroika in the Soviet Union and the democracy movements across Eastern Europe had a profound impact in Mongolian politics. On the morning of 10 December 1989, the first open pro-democracy demonstration was held in front of the Youth Cultural Centre in Ulaanbaatar.[4] There, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announced the establishment of the Mongolian Democratic Union.[5]
Over the next months activists, led by 13 leaders, continued to organise demonstrations, rallies, protests and hunger strikes, as well as teachers' and workers' strikes.[6] Activists had growing support from Mongolians, both in the capital and the countryside. Efforts made by trade unions across the country for democracy had a significant impact on the success of the movement.[7][8][9] After demonstrations of tens thousands of people in freezing weather in the capital city as well as provincial centres, Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Politburo gave way to the pressure and entered negotiations with the leaders of the democratic movement.[10] Jambyn Batmönkh, chairman of the Politburo decided to dissolve the Politburo and to resign on 9 March 1990,[11][12] paving the way for the first multi-party elections in Mongolia.[6] As a result, Mongolia became the first country in Asia to successfully transition into democracy from communist rule.[13]
Multi-party system
As a result of the democratic movement that led to
Mongolia's first multi-party elections for the People's Great Khural (Upper Chamber of the Parliament) were held on 29 July 1990. The MPRP won 85% of the seats. The People's Great Khural first commenced on 3 September and elected a president (MPRP), a vice-president (SDP, Social Democratic Party), a prime minister (MPRP), and 50 members to the Baga Khural (Lower Chamber of the Parliament). The vice president was also the speaker of the Baga Khural. In November 1991, the People's Great Khural began discussion on a new constitution and adopted it on 13 January 1992. The Constitution entered into force on 12 February 1992. In addition to establishing Mongolia as an independent, sovereign republic and guaranteeing a number of rights and freedoms, the new constitution restructured the legislative branch of government, creating a unicameral legislature, the State Great Khural, with 76 members.
The 1992 constitution provided that the president would be directly elected by popular vote rather than by the legislature as before. In June 1993, incumbent Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat won the first direct presidential election, running as the candidate of the democratic opposition.
As the supreme legislative organ, the State Great Khural is empowered to enact and amend laws, regarding domestic and foreign policy, to ratify international agreements, and declare a state of emergency by the constitution. The State Great Khural meets semi-annually. The parliamentary election holds place every four years, but the electoral system varied in each election. The current electoral system is based on plurality-on-large with 29 electoral districts. The Speaker of the State Great Khural is elected by the members of the parliament, and one deputy speaker is appointed by each political party or coalition with at least 10 seats in the parliament.
Political developments
Until June 1996 the predominant party in Mongolia was the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP). The country's president was Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat (Democratic Party) during 1990-1997. Ochirbat was a member of MPRP until 1990 but changed his party membership to the Democratic Party following the democratic revolution.
In 1997 Natsagiin Bagabandi (MPRP) was elected as the country's president in 1997 Mongolian presidential election. He was re-elected as president in 2001 Mongolian presidential election and served as the country's president until 2005.
As a result of
The vote in the
In 2005 Mongolian presidential election Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) was elected as the country's president.
The
On 24 May 2009, in 2009 Mongolian presidential election, Democratic Party candidate Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj made a victory over incumbent President Nambaryn Enkhbayar.[21] Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj was sworn into office and became the country's president on 18 June 2009.[22] Elbegdorj is Mongolia's first president to never have been a member of the former communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and the first to obtain a Western education.[23]
In 2010 former communist party
In June 2012 the
Incumbent President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, candidate of Democratic Party won the 2013 Mongolian presidential election on 26 June 2013[26] and was sworn into office for his second term as President of Mongolia on 10 July 2013.[27] Thus, since 2012 the Democratic Party has been in power holding both presidency and government.
Subsequently, in 2016, the party suffered a landslide defeat in that year's
On June 24, 2020, Mongolian People's Party was re-elected to the parliament with a landslide victory.[30] Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh continued to head the cabinet providing government stability and policy certainty.[30]
After Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh had resigned after protests over the treatment of a coronavirus patient, Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene of MPP became the new prime minister on 27 January 2021. He represented a younger generation of leaders that had studied abroad.[31]
In June 2021, former Prime Minister Ukhnaa Khurelsukh, the candidate of the ruling Mongolian People's Party (MPP), became the country's sixth democratically elected president after winning the presidential election.[32]
In August 2022, Prime Minister Oyun-Erdene made a cabinet reshuffle to get legislative support in pushing his liberalization and privatization agenda forward.[33]
Executive branch
Office | Name | Party | Since |
---|---|---|---|
President | Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh | Mongolian People's Party | 25 June 2021 |
Prime Minister | Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene | Mongolian People's Party | 27 January 2021 |
President
The presidential candidates are usually nominated by parties having seats in the State Great Khural. The president is elected by popular vote for a non-renewable six-year term. The president is the
In June 2021, former Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh won the presidential election. He was inaugurated on 25 June 2021.[34]
Cabinet
The
The prime minister holds most of the executive powers in Mongolian politics. Unlike the president, the prime minister is chosen by the party (or coalition) with the majority of seats in the State Great Khural. Typically, the prime minister leads a major political party and generally commands the majority in the State Great Khural.
Picture | Name | Position | Political party |
---|---|---|---|
Mr Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene | Prime Minister | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Sainbuyany Amarsaikhan | Deputy Prime Minister | Mongolian People's Party | |
Ms Battsetseg Batmunkh | Minister of Foreign Affairs | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Khishgeegiin Nyambaatar | Minister of Justice and Internal Affairs | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Boldyn Javkhlan | Minister of Finance | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Chimediin Khurelbaatar | Minister of Economy and Development | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Bat-Ulziin Bat-Erdene | Ministry of Environment and Tourism | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Gursediin Saikhanbayar | Minister of Defence | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Luvsantserengiin Enkh-Amgalan | Minister of Education and Science | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Nyam-Osoryn Uchral | Minister of Digital Development and Communications | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Begjaviin Munkhbaatar | Minister of Construction and Urban Development | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Sandagiin Byambatsogt | Minister of Road and Transport Development | Mongolian People's Party | |
Ms Davaajantsangiin Sarangerel | Minister of Labour and Social Protection | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Jambalyn Ganbaatar | Minister of Mining and Heavy Industry | Mongolian People's Party | |
Ms Chinbatyn Nomin | Minister of Culture | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Khayangaagiin Bolorchuluun | Minister of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Battogtokhyn Choijilsuren | Minister of Energy | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Sereejavyn Enkhbhold | Minister of Health | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Dashzegviin Amarbayasgalan | Minister and Chief of Cabinet | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Jamyankhorloogiin Sukhbaatar | Minister in Charge of Ulaanbaatar City and Traffic Congestion | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Badmaanyambuugiin Bat-Erdene | Minister for Olympism, Physical Culture and Sports | Mongolian People's Party | |
(Vacant) | Minister for Border Port Revitalization |
Structure
The Cabinet consists of the prime minister, the deputy prime minister, the cabinet secretary and 14 ministers. The government consists of six general function ministries, eight specialised ministries, four agencies for policy arrangement, 23 agencies for policy implementation, four agencies under direct control of the prime minister and five agencies under direct control of the deputy prime minister.[36]
The current prime minister of Mongolia is Mr Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene (Mongolian People's Party).
Ministries of general function
- Ministry of Environment and Tourism
- Ministry of Defence
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Ministry of Treasury
- Ministry of Justice and Interior Affairs
- Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
Specialised Ministries
- Ministry of Construction and Urban Development
- Ministry of Education and Science
- Ministry of Road and Transport Development
- Ministry of Culture
- Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry
- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry
- Ministry of Energy
- Ministry of Health
- Ministry of Economy and Development
- Ministry of Digital Development and Communications
Agencies for Policy Implementation
- General Authority for Archives
- Mineral Resources and Petroleum Agency
- Mongolian Customs
- Mongolian Immigration Agency
- Agency for Land Management, Geodesy and Cartography
- Authority for Family, Child and Youth Development
- Fund for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
- Civil Aviation Authority of Mongolia
- Agency for Veterinary Medicine
- General Authority for Social Insurance
- General Authority for Social Welfare and Services
- Authority for Intellectual Property
- Department for Arts and Culture
- General Authority for Taxation
- Department for Water
- National Geology Agency
- General Authority for Border Protection
- National Agency for Weather and Environmental Monitoring
- National Institute of Forensic Science
- General Agency for Court Decision Execution
- Department for Medicine and Medical Equipments
- General Authority for Health Insurance
Agencies Under Prime Minister
- Department for Physical Education and Sports
- General Intelligence Agency
- Agency for Coordination of Government Properties
- State Special Security Department
Agencies Under Deputy Minister
- General Authority for Professional Inspection
- National Emergency Management Agency
- Mongolian Agency for Standard and Metrology
- Agency for Government Purchases
- Agency for Fair Competition and Consumer Protection
Parliament
The State Great Khural (Ulsyn Ikh Khural in Mongolian, meaning State Great Assembly) is a unicameral legislative body with 76 seats. The State Great Khural wields some of the most important powers in Mongolian politics. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, and 76 representatives are chosen. The current electoral system is based on plurality-at-large with 29 electoral districts across the country. According to the Constitution, every Mongolian citizen over the age of 18 can participate in elections, or run for government offices including the State Great Khural. Although there are several controversies (such as the right to vote of prisoners and Mongolian nationals abroad), the US government-funded agency Freedom House considers Mongolia to be a free representative democracy.
The State Great Khural is charged with the passage of legislation, approval of treaties, confirmation of the Government ministers and hearings of various government officials. Members of the State Great Khural have immunity against court trials, and the right to inspect government documents as an accountability on the Government's activities.
Picture | Name | Position | Political Party |
---|---|---|---|
Mr Gombojaviin Zandanshatar | Speaker of the State Great Khural | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Tumurbaatariin Ayursaikhan | Deputy Speaker of the State Great Khural | Mongolian People's Party | |
Ms Saldangiin Odontuya | Deputy Speaker of the State Great Khural | Democratic Party | |
Mr Dulamdorjiin Togtokhsuren | Leader of the Mongolian People's Party Caucus in the Parliament | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Dashdondogiin Ganbat | Leader of the Democratic Party Caucus in the Parliament | Democratic Party | |
Mr Baagaagiin Battumur | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on the National Security and Foreign Affairs | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Badmaanyambuugiin Bat-Erdene | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Ethics, Discipline and Responsibility | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Khyangaagiin Bolorchuluun | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Environment, Food and Agriculture | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Sandangiin Byambatsogt | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Justice | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Jambaliin Ganbaatar | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Economy | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Boldiin Javkhlan | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Government Budget | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Jamiyangiin Munkhbat | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Education, Culture and Sports | Mongolian People's Party | |
Ms Munkhuugiin Oyunchimeg | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on the Public Requests | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Nyam-Osoriin Uchral | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Innovation and Digital Strategy | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Battogtokhiin Choijilsuren | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Industrialisation Strategy | Mongolian People's Party | |
Mr Luvsantserengiin Enkh-Amgalan | Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on the Governmental Organisation | Mongolian People's Party |
Political parties and elections
Mongolian politics is currently dominated by two major political parties: Mongolian People's Party (160,000 members) and Democratic Party (150,000 members).[38] After the 1990 Democratic Revolution, then-Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party transitioned into a centre-left social democratic party. In 2010, Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party changed its name to Mongolian People's Party along with modifications in the party manifesto and leadership; however, the former president Nambaryn Enkhbayar's faction and other conservative members departed from the party and created a new political party taking the original name, Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. Since the fall of the Soviet regime, Mongolian People's Party has been able to maintain a high level of support. On the other hand, the Democratic Party was established in 2000, integrating minor political parties established by the leaders of the Democratic Revolution. The Democratic Party is a centre-right political party. In 2011, National Labour Party, a centre-left party, was established as an alternative to the Mongolian People's Party and the Democratic Party and gained a notable support from the populace. In 2020 elections, it was able to obtain a number of seats in both the State Great Khural and municipal councils with hopes to increase its political power in the upcoming elections.
There are 36 political parties recognised by the Supreme Court.[38] However, critics say there are no major ideological differences between the political parties on issues like economic policies and governance.
2017 presidential election
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Khaltmaagiin Battulga | Democratic Party | 517,478 | 38.64 | 611,226 | 55.15 | |
Miyeegombyn Enkhbold | Mongolian People's Party | 411,748 | 30.75 | 497,067 | 44.85 | |
Sainkhüügiin Ganbaatar | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party | 409,899 | 30.61 | |||
Total | 1,339,125 | 100.00 | 1,108,293 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 1,339,125 | 98.63 | 1,108,293 | 91.76 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 18,663 | 1.37 | 99,494 | 8.24 | ||
Total votes | 1,357,788 | 100.00 | 1,207,787 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 1,978,298 | 68.63 | 1,990,787 | 60.67 | ||
Source: GEC, GEC |
2020 legislative election
In 2020 legislative election, Mongolian People's Party maintained its majority in the parliament.
Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mongolian People's Party | 1,795,793 | 44.93 | 62 | –3 | |
Democratic Party | 978,890 | 24.49 | 11 | +2 | |
Our Coalition | 323,675 | 8.10 | 1 | 0 | |
United Coalition of Just Citizens | 213,812 | 5.35 | 0 | New | |
Right Person Electorate Coalition | 209,104 | 5.23 | 1 | New | |
Keep Order! Constitution 19 Coalition | 41,417 | 1.04 | 0 | New | |
Mongolian Green Party | 23,473 | 0.59 | 0 | 0 | |
Love the People Party | 18,542 | 0.46 | 0 | 0 | |
People's Majority Party | 13,720 | 0.34 | 0 | New | |
Zon Olny Nam | 8,710 | 0.22 | 0 | – | |
Freedom Implementing Party | 5,142 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | |
Ger Area Development Party | 4,176 | 0.10 | 0 | New | |
Ikh Ev Nam | 4,118 | 0.10 | 0 | New | |
Development Programme Party | 3,521 | 0.09 | 0 | New | |
People's Party | 3,333 | 0.08 | 0 | New | |
World Mongols Party | 591 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
United Patriots Party | 448 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
Independents | 348,078 | 8.71 | 1 | 0 | |
Total | 3,996,543 | 100.00 | 76 | 0 | |
Total votes | 1,475,895 | – | |||
Registered voters/turnout | 2,003,969 | 73.65 | |||
Source: General Election Committee of Mongolia, Ikon |
Legal system
The new constitution empowered a Judicial General Council (JGC) to select all judges and protect their rights. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body. Justices are nominated by the JGC, confirmed by the State Great Khural and appointed by the president. The Supreme Court is constitutionally empowered to examine all lower court decisions—excluding specialized court rulings—upon appeal and provide official interpretations on all laws except the constitution.
Specialized civil, criminal, and administrative courts exist at all levels and are not subject to Supreme Court supervision. Local authorities—district and city governors—ensure that these courts abide by presidential decrees and SGKh decisions. At the apex of the judicial system is the Constitutional Court of Mongolia, which consists of nine members, including a chairman, appointed for six-year term, whose jurisdiction extends solely over the interpretation of the constitution.
The constitution states that the Judicial branch of the government should be independent of any outside influences and government officials. However, in 2019, the State Great Khural passed a law that allows the National Security Council (composed of speaker of parliament, president and prime minister) to dismiss judges who are "dishonest", effectively removing their immunity that meant to prevent outside interventions to court decisions. Various civil movements, international organisations and prominent individuals (including the former president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj) have denounced the decision, but no action was made so far.
Administrative divisions
Mongolia is divided in 21
Local elections are held every four year in all 21 provinces and the capital, electing representatives to municipal councils. After each election, the newly elected municipal councils recommend a governor and
On the next lower administrative level, representatives are elected in provincial subdivisions and urban sub-districts in Ulaanbaatar.
The latest municipal elections took place on 15 October 2020. A total of 17149 candidates ran for 8167 seats in provincial and county councils. Mongolian People's Party won a majority in 13 out of 21 provincial councils in Mongolia while the Democratic Party took the remaining eight provinces.[39]
Council | Available seats | MPP | DP | National Labour Party
|
MPRP | Mongolian Green Party | Coalition of Just Citizens Party | Independent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ulaanbaatar | 45 | 34 | 8 | 3 | ||||
Khovd | 41 | 26 | 14 | 1 | ||||
Orkhon | 35 | 23 | 12 | |||||
Khuvsgul | 41 | 18 | 22 | 1 | ||||
Dornogovi | 33 | 28 | 4 | 1 | ||||
Uvs | 41 | 17 | 19 | 5 | ||||
Bayankhongor | 41 | 22 | 19 | |||||
Arkhangai | 39 | 19 | 20 | |||||
Bulgan | 33 | 13 | 19 | 1 | ||||
Uvurkhangai | 41 | 35 | 6 | |||||
Umnugovi | 33 | 13 | 20 | |||||
Darkhan-Uul | 33 | 32 | 1 | |||||
Bayan-Ulgii | 39 | 23 | 15 | 1 | ||||
Govisumber | 17 | 10 | 5 | 2 | ||||
Tuv | 41 | 26 | 13 | 1 | 1 | |||
Selenge | 37 | 23 | 14 | |||||
Zavkhan | 41 | 21 | 18 | 1 | 1 | |||
Govi-Altai | 41 | 29 | 11 | 1 | ||||
Dundgovi
|
35 | 11 | 22 | 1 | 1 | |||
Khentii | 39 | 32 | 7 | |||||
Dornod | 37 | 26 | 8 | 1 | 2 | |||
Sukhbaatar | 33 | 6 | 27 |
See also
Further reading
- S. Narangerel, Legal System of Mongolia, Interpress, 2004
References
- ^ a b Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. United States: University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ^ . Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland and Senegal.
- ^ a b Odonkhuu, Munkhsaikhan (12 February 2016). "Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy". ConstitutionNet. International IDEA. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
Mongolia is sometimes described as a semi-presidential system because, while the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to the SGKh, the president is popularly elected, and his/her powers are much broader than the conventional powers of heads of state in parliamentary systems.
- ^ G., Dari (5 December 2011). "Democracy Days to be inaugurated". news.mn (in Mongolian). Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ "Tsakhia Elbegdorj". Community of Democracies Mongolia. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ ISBN 0-7146-4951-1. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ Baabar (16 November 2009). "Democratic Revolution and Its Terrible Explanations". baabar.mn (in Mongolian). Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Democracy's Hero: Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj". Washington: The International Republican Institute. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ "Mongolia Celebrates 20th Anniversary of Democratic Revolution". The International Republican Institute. 11 December 2009. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ Wilhelm, Kathy (12 March 1990). "Mongolian Politburo resigns en masse". The Free Lance Star. Fredericksburg, VA. p. 4. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ "Entire Mongolian Politburo resigns". Lawrence Journal-World. Lawrence, KS. 12 March 1990. pp. 8A. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ Ch., Munkhbayar (13 March 2013). "What was the Mongolian democratic revolution?". dorgio.mn (in Mongolian). Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ Gamba, Ganbat (2004). "The Mass Public and Democratic Politics in Mongolia" (PDF). Taipei: Asian Barometer. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ Lawrence, Susan V. (14 June 2011). "Mongolia: Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Constitution of Mongolia". World Intellectual Property Organization. 13 January 1992. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "April 1998". rulers.org. April 1998. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-7452-7. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ISBN 978-1-57143-155-4. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ Zuckerman, Ethan (13 January 2006). "It is never too cold to riot in Ulaanbaatar". ethanzuckerman.com. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Ts. Elbegdorj is Prime Minister (August 20, 2004)". Open Society Forum. 20 August 2004. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
- ^ "Mongolia Profile". BBC. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ "Mongolia's new president sworn in". euronews.com. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- ^ "Former MPRP is reborn and former President named chairman". Business-Mongolia.com. 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Parliament of Mongolia (in Mongolian)". Retrieved 4 August 2013.
- ^ "Incumbent Mongolian president wins 2nd term on pro-Western, anti-graft platform". The Washington Post. Washington. 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ Khuder (10 July 2013). "Ts. Elbegdorj takes oath". Montsame News Agency. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
- ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Mongolia votes for new president in divisive election | DW | 26.06.2017". DW.COM.
- ^ "Mongolia Just Chose a New President. What Now?". thediplomat.com.
- ^ a b Weekly, Mongolia (2020-07-10). "Khurelsukh Reelected Prime Minister of Mongolia Amid Economic Downturn". Mongolia Weekly. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
- ^ "With New PM, a New Generation Taking Charge in Mongolia".
- ^ "Ex-Mongolian prime minister Khurelsukh wins presidential election in landslide". Reuters. 10 June 2021.
- ^ Adiya, Amar (2022-09-10). "Mongolia Unveils New Pro-Business Cabinet". Mongolia Weekly. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
- ^ "Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh", Wikipedia, 2022-05-23, retrieved 2022-05-27
- ^ Adiya, Amar (2022-09-10). "Mongolia Unveils New Pro-Business Cabinet". Mongolia Weekly. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
- ^ "New government structure approved with 14 ministries and 17 ministers".
- ^ "Parliament". parliament.mn. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
- ^ a b "Улс төрийн намын бүртгэл". www.supremecourt.mn. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
- ^ "ИТХ-ын 2020 оны сонгууль". ikon.mn. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
External links
- official website of the Office of the President of Mongolia
- official website of the Office of the Parliament of Mongolia
- official website of the Government of Mongolia