Government of the Philippines
Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas | |
Jurisdiction | Republic of the Philippines |
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Website | www |
Legislative branch | |
Legislature | Congress |
Meeting place | Batasang Pambansa Complex (House of Representatives) GSIS Building (Senate) |
Executive branch | |
Leader | President |
Appointer | Direct popular vote |
Headquarters | Malacañang Palace |
Main organ | Cabinet |
Departments | Executive departments of the Philippines |
Judicial branch | |
Court | Supreme Court |
Seat | Manila |
Philippines portal |
The government of the Philippines (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas) has three interdependent branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Philippines is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system.
The powers of the three branches are vested by the Constitution of the Philippines in the following: Legislative power is vested in the two-chamber Congress of the Philippines—the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber.[1] Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the president. Judicial power is vested in the courts, with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body.
Executive branch
The executive branch of government comprises the Cabinet and all executive departments, led by the president. The president and vice president are directly elected separately by national popular vote for a term of six years. While the vice president may be re-elected once, the president is barred from seeking re-election. The incumbent president and vice president are Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte, respectively, who were elected in 2022.
President
The president of the Philippines is the country's chief executive, serving as the head of state and head of government. The president heads all executive departments. The heads of the departments, which make up the cabinet, are appointed by the president subject to the approval of the Commission on Appointments. The president also supervises all local government units. The president may also give executive issuances, grant pardons, and exercise the power of eminent domain. Aside from having the power to veto any bill, the president also sets the legislative agenda for Congress.
Vice president
The
If there is a vacancy in the position of vice president, the president will appoint any member of Congress (usually a party member) as the new vice president. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the Congress.[2]
Legislative branch
The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines. The Congress is bicameral, consisting of the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives. The two chambers have roughly equal powers, and every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs the consent of both chambers before being passed for the President's signature. The Senate is located in Pasay, while the House of Representatives is located in Quezon City, both of which are in Metro Manila.
House of Representatives
The House of Representatives of the Philippines is the lower house of the Congress. The House consists of district and sectoral representatives elected for a term of three years and may be re-elected for three consecutive terms. Each bill has to be approved by the House, after which it is sent to the Senate. Furthermore, all franchise and money bills must originate from the House. The House of Representatives also has the power to impeach certain officials.
The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The current speaker is Martin Romualdez.
Senate
The Senate of the Philippines is the upper house of Congress. Senators are elected for a term of six years; they can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term. Once a bill is approved by the House of Representatives, it is passed onto the Senate. A bill must first be approved by the Senate in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law. Only the Senate can concur with treaties and try impeachment cases.
The Senate is led by the President of the Senate. The current senate president is Migz Zubiri.
Judicial branch
Judicial power is vested in the
Other types of courts, of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago, are the following:
- Lower Collegiate Courts:
- Court of Appeals
- Court of Tax Appeals
- Sandiganbayan (a special appellate court)
- Regular Courts:
- Regional Trial Courts
- First-level courts:
- Metropolitan Trial Courts
- Municipal Trial Courts
- Municipal Trial Courts in Cities
- Municipal Circuit Trial Courts
- Sharia Courts:
- Sharia District Courts
- Sharia Circuit Courts
Constitutional commissions
Article 9 of the Constitution of the Philippines establishes three independent constitutional commissions: the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.[4]
The Civil Service Commission is the central personnel agency of the Philippine government. It is responsible for strengthening employment and a conducive work environment in the civil service sector and overseeing the Civil Service Exam, a civil service entrance examination to assess qualifications and work integrity for employment in the sector.[4]
The Commission on Elections enforces and administers all laws and regulations related to conducting elections,
The Commission on Audit is responsible for examining, auditing, and settling all revenues and expenditures of public funds and properties used by the government or its attached agencies.[4]
Office of the Ombudsman
The three branches of the Philippine government are independently monitored by the
Local government
Local government hierarchy |
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The Philippines has four main classes of elected
- Autonomous and administrative regions
- Provinces and independent cities
- Municipalities and component cities
- Barangays
Regions
Bangsamoro
The Bangsamoro is an autonomous region located in Mindanao. Established in 2019, the region replaced the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. The region has a regional parliamentary system separate from the national presidential system. Its executive branch is led by the regional chief minister, the Council of Leaders, and the Bangsamoro Cabinet. Its legislative branch is the unicameral Bangsamoro Parliament. The region also has its own judiciary system that applies Sharia.
Local legislative councils
- Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Council)
- Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council)
- Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Council)
- Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Council)
Local government officials
- Provincial governor
- Provincial vice governor
- City/Municipal mayor
- City/Municipal vice mayor
- Barangay captain
References
- ^ Exec. Order No. 1987-292 Book II Chapter 1 Section 1 (July 25, 1987) President of the Philippines. Retrieved on November 21, 2015.
- ^ Philippine Government
- ^ Redden, R.K. 1984. Modern Legal System Cyclopedia – Asia Chapter 7(b) "The legal system of the Philippines" W.B. Hein, Buffalo NY
- ^ a b c d "1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 9". Official Gazette. Retrieved December 28, 2018.