The governor-general of the Philippines (Filipinas ;
of the ruling power.
On November 15, 1935, the
.
From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565 to 1821, the governor and captain-general was appointed by the
in Manila appointed a temporary governor from among its members.
After Mexico won its independence in 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.
Under New Spain (1565–1764)
No.
Portrait
Name
Tenure start
Tenure end
Viceroy of New Spain
Monarch
1
Miguel López de Legazpi (1502–1572)
April 27, 1565
August 20, 1572
Francisco Ceinos Dean of the Audiencia (1564–1566)
Philip II (1554–1598)
Gastón de Peralta 3rd Marquess of Falces(1566–1567)
Alonso Muñoz andLuis Carrillo (1567–1568)
Alonso Muñoz (1568)
Francisco Ceinos Dean of the Audiencia (1564–1566)
Martín Enríquez de Almanza (1568–1580)
2
Guido de Lavezaris (1512–1581)
August 20, 1572
August 25, 1575
3
Francisco de Sande (1540–1602)
August 25, 1575
April 1580
4
Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa (died 1583)
April 1580
March 10, 1583
Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza 5th Count of Coruña(1580–1583)
5
Diego Ronquillo Acting Governor-General
March 10, 1583
May 16, 1584
Luis de Villanueva y Zapata Dean of the Audiencia (1583–1584)
6
Santiago de Vera (died 1606)
May 16, 1584
May 1590
Archbishop of Mexico
(1584–1585)
Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga 1st Marquess of Villamanrique(1585–1590)
Luis de Velasco 1st Marquess of Salinas(1590–1595)
7
Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas (1519–1593)
June 1, 1590
October 25, 1593
8
Pedro de Rojas Acting Governor-General
October 1593
December 3, 1593
9
Luis Pérez Dasmariñas (1567/1568–1603)
December 3, 1593
July 14, 1596
Gaspar de Zúñiga 5th Count of Monterrey(1595–1603)
Philip III (1598–1621)
10
Francisco de Tello de Guzmán (1532–1603)
July 14, 1596
May 1602
11
Pedro Bravo de Acuña (died 1606)
May 1602
June 24, 1606
Juan de Mendoza y Luna 3rd Marquess of Montesclaros(1603–1607)
12
Cristóbal Téllez Almazán Real Audiencia (died 1612)
June 24, 1606
June 15, 1608
Luis de Velasco 1st Marquess of Salinas(1607–1611)
13
Rodrigo de Vivero Acting Governor-General (1564–1636)
June 15, 1608
April 1609
14
Juan de Silva (died 1616)
April 1609
April 19, 1616
Archbishop of Mexico
(1611–1612)
Pedro Otárola Dean of the Audiencia (1612)
Diego Fernández de Córdoba 1st Marquess of Guadalcázar(1612–1621)
15
Andrés de Alcaraz Real Audiencia
April 19, 1616
July 3, 1618
16
Alonso Fajardo de Tenza (died 1624)
July 3, 1618
July 1624
Paz de Valecillo Dean of the Audiencia (1621)
Philip IV (1621–1665)
Diego Carrillo de Mendoza 1st Marquess of Gélves(1621–1624)
17
Jeronimo de Silva Real Audiencia
July 1624
June 1625
Rodrigo Pacheco 3rd Marquess of Cerralvo(1624–1635)
18
Fernándo de Silva Acting Governor-General }
June 1625
June 29, 1626
19
Juan Niño de Tabora (died 1632)
June 29, 1626
July 22, 1632
20
Lorenzo de Olaso Real Audiencia
July 22, 1632
1633
21
Juan Cerezo de Salamanca Acting Governor-General
August 29, 1633
June 25, 1635
22
Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera (1587–1660)
June 25, 1635
August 11, 1644
Lope Díez de Armendáriz 1st Marquess of Cadreita(1635–1640)
Diego López Pacheco 7th Duke of Escalona(1640–1642)
Bishop of Puebla
(1642)
García Sarmiento de Sotomayor 2nd Count of Salvatierra(1642–1648)
23
Diego Fajardo Chacón
August 11, 1644
July 25, 1653
Bishop of Yucatan
(1648–1649)
Matías de Peralta Dean of the Audiencia (1649–1650)
Luis Enríquez de Guzmán 9th Count of Alba de Liste(1650–1653)
24
Sabiniano Manrique de Lara (1606–1679)
July 25, 1653
September 8, 1663
Francisco Fernández de la Cueva 8th Duke of Alburquerque(1653–1660)
Juan Francisco Leiva y de la Cerda 5th Marquess of Adrada(1660–1664)
25
Diego de Salcedo
September 8, 1663
September 28, 1668
Bishop of Puebla
(1664)
Antonio Sebastián Álvarez de Toledo 2nd Marquess of Mancera(1664–1673)
Charles II (1665–1700)
26
Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz Acting Governor-General (died 1669)
September 28, 1668
September 24, 1669
27
Manuel de León
September 24, 1669
September 21, 1677
Archbishop of Mexico
(1673–1680)
28
Francisco Coloma y Maceda Real Audiencia (1617–1677)
April 11, 1677
September 25, 1677
29
Francisco de Montemayor y Mansilla Real Audiencia
September 21, 1677
September 28, 1678
30
Juan de Vargas Hurtado
September 28, 1678
August 24, 1684
Tomás de la Cerda 3rd Marquess of la Laguna de Camero Viejo(1680–1686)
31
Gabriel de Curucealegui y Arriola
August 24, 1684
April 1689
Melchor Portocarrero 3rd Count of Monclova(1686–1688)
Gaspar de la Cerda 8th Count of Galve(1688–1696)
32
Alonso de Abella Fuertes Real Audiencia
April 1689
July 1690
33
Fausto Cruzat y Góngora (died 1702)
July 25, 1690
December 8, 1701
Archbishop of Mexico
(1696)
José Sarmiento de Valladares 1st Duke of Atrisco(1696–1701)
Philip V (1700–1724)
Archbishop of Mexico
(1701–1702)
34
Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri
December 8, 1701
August 25, 1709
Francisco Fernández de la Cueva 1st Duke of Alburquerque(1702–1710)
35
Martín de Ursúa 1st Count of Lizárraga(1653–1715)
August 25, 1709
February 4, 1715
Fernando de Alencastre 1st Duke of Linares(1710–1716)
36
José Torralba Real Audiencia (1653–1726)
February 4, 1715
August 9, 1717
Baltasar de Zúñiga 1st Duke of Arión(1716–1722)
37
Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda (died 1719)
August 9, 1717
October 11, 1719
38
Archbishop of Manila
Acting Governor-General (1661–1724)
October 11, 1719
August 6, 1721
39
Toribio de Cossío
August 6, 1721
August 14, 1729
Juan de Acuña 1st Marquess of Casa Fuerte(1722–1734)
Louis I (1724)
Philip V (1724–1746)
40
Fernándo Valdés Tamón
August 14, 1729
July 1739
Archbishop of Mexico
(1734–1740)
41
Gaspar de la Torre y Ayala (died 1745)
July 1739
September 21, 1745
Pedro de Castro 1st Duke of la Conquista(1740–1741)
Pedro Malo de Villavicencio President of the Audiencia (1741–1742)
Pedro Cebrián 5th Count of Fuenclara(1742–1746)
42
Bishop-elect of Nueva Segovia
Acting Governor-General (1681–1751)
September 21, 1745
July 20, 1750
Juan Francisco de Güemes y Horcasitas 1st Count of Revillagigedo(1746–1755)
Ferdinand VI
(1746–1759)
43
Francisco José de Ovando 1st Marquess of Brindisi(1693–1755)
July 20, 1750
July 26, 1754
44
Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban (1699–1759)
July 26, 1754
May 31, 1759
Agustín de Ahumada 2nd Marquess of Amarillas(1755–1760)
45
Bishop of Cebu
Acting Governor-General (1701–1771)
June 1759
May 31, 1761
Charles III (1759–1788)
Francisco Antonio de Echávarri Dean of the Audiencia (1760)
Francisco Cajigal de la Vega (1760)
Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas(1760–1766)
46
Archbishop of Manila
Acting Governor-General (1708–1764)
July 1761
October 6, 1762
British occupation of Manila (1761–1764)
After the Spanish defeat at the Battle of Manila in 1762, the Philippines was briefly governed simultaneously by two Governors-General, one of the Spanish Empire and one of the British Empire .
Bacolor, Pampanga
to continue administering the rest of the archipelago.
British governor-general
Spanish governor-general
Under New Spain (1764–1821)
After the British returned Manila to the Spanish in 1764, the Spanish Governor-General
.
The Philippines, along with the rest of the Spanish Empire, became part of the
Sixth Coalition
.
No.
Portrait
Name
Tenure start
Tenure end
Viceroy of New Spain
Monarch
48
Francisco Javier de la Torre Acting Governor-General
March 17, 1764
July 6, 1765
Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas(1760–1766)
Charles III (1759–1788)
49
José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez (1700–1773)
July 6, 1765
July 1770
Carlos Francisco de Croix 1st Marquess of Croix(1766–1771)
(47)
Simón de Anda y Salazar (1709–1776)
July 1770
October 30, 1776
Antonio María de Bucareli (1771–1779)
50
Pedro Sarrió Acting Governor-General
October 30, 1776
July 1778
51
José Basco y Vargas (1733–1805)
July 1778
September 22, 1787
Francisco Romá y Rosell Regent of the Audiencia (1779)
Martín de Mayorga Captain General of Guatemala (1779–1783)
Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo Captain General of Guatemala (1783–1784)
Vicente de Herrera y Rivero Regent of the Audiencia (1784–1785)
Bernardo de Gálvez 1st Count of Gálvez(1785–1786)
Eusebio Sánchez Pareja Regent of the Audiencia (1786–1787)
Archbishop of Mexico
(1787)
Manuel Antonio Flórez (1787–1789)
(50)
Pedro Sarrió Acting Governor-General
September 22, 1787
July 1, 1788
51
Félix Berenguer de Marquina (1733–1826)
July 1, 1788
September 1, 1793
Charles IV (1788–1808)
Juan Vicente de Güemes 2nd Count of Revillagigedo(1789–1794)
52
Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León (1737–1806)
September 1, 1793
August 7, 1806
Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca 1st Marquess of Branciforte(1794–1798)
Miguel José de Azanza 1st Duke of Santa Fe(1798–1800)
Félix Berenguer de Marquina (1800–1803)
José de Iturrigaray (1803–1808)
53
Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General (1766–1823)
August 7, 1806
March 4, 1810
Ferdinand VII
(1808)
Joseph Bonaparte (1808–1813)
Pedro de Garibay (1808–1809)
Archbishop of Mexico
(1809–1810)
54
Manuel González de Aguilar
March 4, 1810
September 4, 1813
Pedro Catani (1810)
Francisco Javier Venegas 1st Marquess of Reunión and New Spain(1810–1813)
Félix María Calleja del Rey 1st Count of Calderón(1813–1816)
55
José de Gardoqui y Jarabeitia
September 4, 1813
December 10, 1816
Ferdinand VII
(1813–1833)
Juan Ruiz de Apodaca 1st Count of Venadito(1816–1821)
(53)
Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General (1766–1823)
December 10, 1816
September 15, 1821
Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez y Sicardo (1821)
Juan O'Donojú (1821)
Direct Spanish control (1821–1898)
After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence , Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid , under the Spanish Crown.
No.
Portrait
Name
Tenure start
Tenure end
Monarch
(53)
Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General (1766–1823)
September 16, 1821
October 30, 1822
Ferdinand VII
(1813–1833)
54
Juan Antonio Martínez
October 30, 1822
October 14, 1825
55
Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca (1776–1846)
October 14, 1825
December 23, 1830
56
Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo (1772–1836)
December 23, 1830
March 1, 1835
Isabella II
(1833–1868)
57
Gabriel de Torres
March 1, 1835
April 23, 1835
58
Joaquín de Crame Acting Governor-General
April 23, 1835
September 9, 1835
59
Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona Acting Governor-General
September 9, 1835
August 27, 1837
60
Andrés García Camba (1793–1861)
August 27, 1837
December 29, 1838
61
Luis Lardizábal
December 29, 1838
February 14, 1841
62
Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri (1788–1851)
February 14, 1841
June 17, 1843
63
Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre
June 17, 1843
July 16, 1844
64
Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa 1st Count of Manila(1795–1851)
July 16, 1844
December 26, 1849
65
Antonio María Blanco Acting Governor-General
December 26, 1849
July 29, 1850
66
Juan Antonio de Urbiztondo, Marquis of La Solana (1803–1857)
July 29, 1850
December 20, 1853
67
Ramón Montero y Blandino Acting Governor-General
December 20, 1853
February 2, 1854
68
Manuel Pavía y Lacy 1st Marquess of Novaliches(1814–1896)
February 2, 1854
October 28, 1854
(67)
Ramón Montero y Blandino Acting Governor-General
October 28, 1854
November 20, 1854
69
Manuel Crespo y Cebrían (1793–1868)
November 20, 1854
December 5, 1856
(67)
Ramón Montero y Blandino Acting Governor-General
December 5, 1856
March 9, 1857
70
Fernando de Norzagaray y Escudero
(1808–1860)
March 9, 1857
January 12, 1860
71
Ramón María Solano y Llanderal
January 12, 1860
August 29, 1860
72
Juan Herrera Dávila Acting Governor-General
August 29, 1860
February 2, 1861
73
José Lémery e Ibarrola (1811–1886)
February 2, 1861
July 7, 1862
74
Salvador Valdés Acting Governor-General
July 7, 1862
July 9, 1862
75
Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham (1815–1915)
July 9, 1862
March 24, 1865
76
Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez Acting Governor-General
March 24, 1865
April 25, 1865
77
Juan de Lara e Irigoyen
April 25, 1865
July 13, 1866
78
José Laureano de Sanz y Posse Acting Governor-General (1819–1898)
July 13, 1866
September 21, 1866
79
Antonio Osorio y Mallén (1808-1881) Acting Governor-General
September 21, 1866
September 27, 1866
(76)
Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez
September 27, 1866
October 26, 1866
80
José de la Gándara y Navarro (1820–1885)
October 26, 1866
June 7, 1869
Francisco Serrano 1st Duke of la TorreRegent (1868–1870)
(81)
Manuel Maldonado Acting Governor-General
June 7, 1869
June 23, 1869
82
Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada (1809–1879)
June 23, 1869
April 4, 1871
Amadeo I (1870–1873)
83
Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez (1820–1883)
April 4, 1871
January 8, 1873
(84)
Manuel MacCrohon Acting Governor-General
January 8, 1873
January 24, 1873
85
Juan Alaminos y Vivar (1813–1899)
January 24, 1873
March 17, 1874
Estanislao Figueras President (1873)
Francesc Pi i Margall President (1873)
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso President (1873)
Emilio Castelar President (1873–1874)
Francisco Serrano President (1874)
86
Manuel Blanco Valderrama Acting Governor-General
March 17, 1874
June 18, 1874
87
José Malcampo 3rd Marquess of San Rafael(1828–1880)
June 18, 1874
February 28, 1877
Alfonso XII (1874–1885)
88
Domingo Moriones y Murillo (1823–1881)
February 28, 1877
March 20, 1880
89
Rafael Rodríguez Arias Acting Governor-General (1819–1898)
March 20, 1880
April 15, 1880
90
Fernando Primo de Rivera 1st Marquess of Estella(1831–1921)
April 15, 1880
March 10, 1883
(91)
Emilio Molíns Acting Governor-General (1824–1889)
March 10, 1883
April 7, 1883
92
Joaquín Jovellar y Soler (1819–1892)
April 7, 1883
April 1, 1885
(91)
Emilio Molíns Acting Governor-General (1824–1889)
April 1, 1885
April 4, 1885
92
Emilio Terrero y Perinat (1827–1890)
April 4, 1885
April 25, 1888
Maria Christina Regent (1885–1886)
Alfonso XIII (1886–1931)
93
Antonio Moltó y Díaz Berrio Acting Governor-General
April 25, 1888
June 4, 1888
94
Federico Lobatón y Prieto Acting Governor-General
June 4, 1888
June 5, 1888
95
Valeriano Weyler 1st Marquess of Tenerife(1838–1930)
June 5, 1888
November 17, 1891
96
Eulogio Despujol y Dusay 1st Count of Caspe(1834–1907)
November 17, 1891
March 1, 1893
97
Federico Ochando Acting Governor-General (1848–1929)
March 1, 1893
May 4, 1893
98
Ramón Blanco 1st Marquess of Peña Plata(1833–1906)
May 4, 1893
December 13, 1896
99
Camilo Garcia de Polavieja 1st Marquess of PolaviejaActing Governor-General (1838–1914)
December 13, 1896
April 15, 1897
100
José de Lachambre Acting Governor-General (1846–1903)
April 15, 1897
April 23, 1897
(90)
Fernando Primo de Rivera 1st Marquess of Estella(1831–1921)
April 23, 1897
April 11, 1898
101
Basilio Augustín [1] (1840–1910)
April 11, 1898
July 24, 1898
102
Fermín Jáudenes [1] Acting Governor-General (1836–1915)
July 24, 1898
August 13, 1898
103
Francisco Rizzo [1] Acting Governor-General (1831–1910)
August 13, 1898
September 1898
104
Diego de los Ríos [1] Acting Governor-General (1850–1911)
September 1898
December 10, 1898
United States Military Government (1898–1902)
The city of Manila was captured by American expeditionary forces on August 13, 1898.[2] On August 14, 1898, the terms of the Spanish capitulation were signed. From this date, American government in the Philippines begins.[2] General Wesley Merritt, in accordance with the instructions of the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule.[2]
During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.
Insular Government (1901–1935)
On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the
Second Philippine Commission who had the title of
Civil Governor , a position appointed by the
President of the United States and approved by the
United States Senate . For the first year, a
Military Governor , Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil Governor, William Howard Taft.
[7] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.
[8] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.
[6] Chaffee remained commander of the Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.
[9]
After his retirement as Civil Governor, Governor Taft was appointed
No.
Portrait
Name
Tenure start
Tenure end
President
1
William Howard Taft (1857–1930)
July 4, 1901
February 1, 1904
William McKinley (1897–1901)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
2
Luke Edward Wright (1846–1922)
February 1, 1904
November 3, 1905
3
Henry Clay Ide (1844–1921)
November 3, 1905
September 19, 1906
4
James Francis Smith (1859–1928)
September 20, 1906
November 11, 1909
William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
5
William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959)
November 11, 1909
September 1, 1913
Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
–
Newton W. Gilbert (1862–1939) Acting Governor-General
September 1, 1913
October 6, 1913
6
Francis Burton Harrison (1873–1957)
October 6, 1913
March 5, 1921
Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
–
Charles Yeater (1861–1943) Acting Governor-General
March 5, 1921
October 14, 1921
7
Leonard Wood (1860–1927)
October 14, 1921
August 7, 1927
Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
–
Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) Acting Governor-General
August 7, 1927
December 27, 1927
8
Henry L. Stimson (1867–1950)
December 27, 1927
February 23, 1929
Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
–
Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) Acting Governor-General
February 23, 1929
July 8, 1929
9
Dwight F. Davis (1879–1945)
July 8, 1929
January 9, 1932
–
George C. Butte (1877–1940) Acting Governor-General
January 9, 1932
February 29, 1932
10
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1886–1944)
February 29, 1932
July 15, 1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
11
Frank Murphy (1890–1949)
July 15, 1933
November 14, 1935
High Commissioner to the Philippines (1935–42 and 1945–46)
On November 15, 1935, the
High Commissioner of the Philippines with
Frank Murphy , the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from
Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the
Embassy of the United States in Manila .
After the
United States Ambassador to the Philippines
.
No.
Portrait
Name
Tenure start
Tenure end
President
1
Frank Murphy (1890–1949)
November 14, 1935
December 31, 1936
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
–
J. Weldon Jones (1896–1982) Acting High Commissioner
December 31, 1936
April 26, 1937
2
Paul V. McNutt (1891–1955)
April 26, 1937
July 12, 1939
–
J. Weldon Jones (1896–1982) Acting High Commissioner
July 12, 1939
October 28, 1939
3
Francis Bowes Sayre Sr. (1885–1972)
October 28, 1939
October 12, 1942
4
Harold L. Ickes (1874–1952)
October 12, 1942
September 14, 1945
Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
5
Paul V. McNutt (1891–1955)
September 14, 1945
July 4, 1946
Japanese military governors (1942–1945)
In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Imperial Japan as part of World War II . The next year, the Japanese sent a military governor to control the country during the wartime period , followed by the formal establishment of the puppet Second Philippine Republic under Jose P. Laurel .[14]
On September 2, 1945, the position of Governor-General of the Philippines was abolished. The Philippines' independence from the United States was proclaimed by the Treaty of Manila on July 4, 1946, installing Manuel Roxas as the fifth President of the Philippines and ushering in the Third Philippine Republic .
Vice-governors of the Philippines
On October 29, 1901, the position of Vice-Governor was created. The Vice-Governor was appointed by the President of the United States to act as the Governor-General (known at that time as the Civil Governor) in case of illness or temporary absence.[15]
No.
Portrait
Name
Tenure start
Tenure end
1
Luke Edward Wright (1846–1922) [16]
October 29, 1901
January 31, 1904
2
Henry Clay Ide (1844–1921) [16]
February 1, 1904
March 30, 1906
3
William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959) [16]
July 31, 1908
November 10, 1909
4
Newton W. Gilbert (1862–1939) [16]
February 14, 1910
November 30, 1913
5
Henderson S. Martin [16]
December 1, 1913
June 28, 1917
6
Charles Yeater (1861–1943) [17]
June 29, 1917
January 25, 1922
7
Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) [18]
January 26, 1922
June 20, 1930
–
Nicholas Roosevelt (1893–1982) Ad interim [19]
July 29, 1930
September 24, 1930
8
George C. Butte (1877–1940) [20]
December 31, 1930
June 30, 1932
9
Joseph R. Hayden (1887–1945) [21]
November 7, 1933
November 15, 1935
Timelines
1750–1800
1800–1850
1850–1898
1898–1946
See also
Notes
^ a b c d Peterson 2007 , p. 11.
^ a b c d David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States ; The American Historical Review Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan. 1916), pp. 288-311 (PDF )
^ Halstead, Murat (1898). The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico . p. 116 .
.
.
^ a b Elliott (1917) , p. 509
^ Elliott (1917) , p. 4
^ Tanner (1901) , p. 383
^ Philippine Academy of Social Sciences (1967). Philippine social sciences and humanities review . pp. 40 .
^ Act of Congress of February 6, 1905, entitled: "An Act To amend an Act approved July first, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," and to amend an Act approved March eighth, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide revenue for the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes" and to amend an Act March second, nineteen hundred and three, entitled "An Act to establish a standard of value and to provide for a coinage system in the Philippine Islands," and to provide for the more efficient administration of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes." Section 8 thereof provided that "the civil governor of the Philippine Islands shall hereafter be known as the governor-general of the Philippine Islands.
^ "Island – from English to Latin" . Google Translate. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
^ "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations" Archived September 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Department of the Interior.
^ "Insular" . Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
^ Cahoon (2000)
^ Annual Report of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1901 . Washington: Government Printing Office. 1901. p. 64.
^ a b c d e Elliot, Charles Burke (1917). The Philippines to the End of the Commission Government: A Study in Tropical Democracy . Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 509.
^ Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War (1917-1919): Zone of the Interior, Volume 3, Part 1 . Washington: Government Printing Office. 1949. p. 229.
^ Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, 1922 . Washington: Government Printing Office. 1922. p. 2.
^ Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Herbert Hoover: 1930 . Government Printing Office. 1976.
^ Annual Report of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands, 1930 . Washington: Government Printing Office. 1932. p. 65.
^ The Michigan Alumnus, Volume XI, No. 8 . 1933.
References
Further reading