Gracilicutes

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Gracilicutes
Escherichia coli cells magnified 25,000 times
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
(unranked): Gracilicutes
Gibbons and Murray 1978[1]
Superphyla/Phyla

Various definitions, see text

Gracilicutes (

bacterial phylogeny.[2]

Traditionally

molecular phylogeny, the Kingdom Monera (as the domains Bacteria and Archaea were known then) was divided into four phyla,[1][3]

This classification system was abandoned in favour of the

molecular phylogeny started by C. Woese.[5][6]

Using hand-drawn schematics rather than standard molecular phylogenetic analysis, Gracilicutes was revived in 2006 by

flagella.[7] Most notably, this author assumed an unconventional tree of life placing Chloroflexota near the origin of life and Archaea as a close relative of Actinomycetota. This taxon is not generally accepted and the three-domain system is followed.[8]

A taxon called

eubacteria called Terrabacteria.[9] Some researchers have used the name Gracilicutes in place of Hydrobacteria, but this does not agree with the original description of Gracilicutes by Gibbons and Murray, noted above, which included cyanobacteria and did not follow the three-domain system. Also as noted above, the use of Gracilicutes by Cavalier-Smith can be rejected because it was a major alteration of an earlier taxonomic name, was not based on a statistical analysis, and did not follow the three-domain system. The most recent genomic analyses have supported the division of Bacteria into two major superphyla, corresponding to Terrabacteria and Hydrobacteria.[10][11]

Relationships

The phylogenetic tree according to the phylogenetic analyzes of Battistuzzi and Hedges (2009) is the following and with a molecular clock calibration.[9]

Recent phylogenetic analyzes have found that proteobacteria are a paraphyletic phylum that could encompass several recently discovered candidate phyla and other phyla such as

Deferribacterota as part of the proteobacteria.[7]

Phylogenetic analyzes have found roughly the following phylogeny between the major and some more closely related phyla.[12][13][14][15]

Hydrobacteria 

According to the phylogenetic analysis of Hug (2016), the relationships could be the following.[16]

The following graph shows

Cavalier-Smith
's version of the tree of life, indicating the status of Gracilicutes. However, this tree is not supported by any molecular analysis so it should not be considered phylogenetic.

Cavalier-Smith's Tree of Life, 2006[cstol 1]

 [A] 

Chlorobacteria

 [B] 

Hadobacteria

 [C] 
 [D] 

Cyanobacteria

 [E] 
 [F] Gracilicutes

Spirochaetae

Sphingobacteria (FCB)

Planctobacteria
(PVC)

Proteobacteria s.l.

 [G] 

Eurybacteria

 [H] [I] 

Endobacteria (Bacillota)

 [J] 

Actinobacteria

 [K] Neomura  
 [L] 

Archaea

 [M] 

Eukarya

Legend:
[A]

Gram-negative with a peptidoglycan cell wall like Chlorosome
.
[B] Oxygenic Photosynthesis, Omp85 and four new catalases.
[C]
TonB
.
[D]
chromophores
.
[E] Flagella.
[F] Four sections: an amino acid in HSP60 and FtsZ and a domain in RNA polymerases β and σ.
[G]
Endospores
.
[H]
Gram-positive Bacteria: hypertrophy of the wall peptidoglycan, sortase
enzyme and a loss of the outer membrane.
[I] Glycerol 1-P dehydrogenase.
[J] Proteasome and phosphatidylinositol.
[K] Neomura revolution: Replacement of peptidoglycan by glycoproteins and lipoproteins.
[L] Reverse
isoprenoids
.
[M] Phagocytosis.

  1. PMID 16754610
    .

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1099/00207713-28-1-1
    .
  2. PMID 18834516
    . Accounting for horizontal gene transfers explains conflicting hypotheses regarding the position of Aquificales in the phylogeny of Bacteria
  3. ^ Krieg NR, Holt JC, eds. (1984). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
  4. ^ Murray RG (1984). "The higher taxa, or, a place for everything...?". In Krieg NR, Holt JC (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. pp. 31–34.
  5. PMID 2439888
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2
    . British Library no. GBA561951.
  7. ^
    PMID 16834776
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6
    . British Library no. GBA561951.
  9. ^
    PMID 18988685
    .
  10. S2CID 233872903
    .
  11. PMID 35205421
    .
  12. PMID 27774985
    .
  13. S2CID 233872903
    .
  14. S2CID 4394530
    .
  15. PMID 31792218
    .
  16. S2CID 3833474
    .
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