Grain (unit)

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Grain
apothecaries' weight
Unit ofMass
Symbolgr
Conversions
1 gr in ...... is equal to ...
   Troy   15760 troy pound
   Avoirdupois   17000 pound
   Apothecaries'   15760 apothecaries' pound
   SI units   64.79891 mg

A grain is a

unit of measurement of mass, and in the troy weight, avoirdupois, and apothecaries' systems, equal to exactly 64.79891 milligrams. It is nominally based upon the mass of a single ideal seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance, the average masses of wheat and barley grains were part of the legal definitions of units of mass. Expressions such as "thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear" appear to have been ritualistic formulas.[1]: 27 [2] Another source states that it was defined such that 252.458 units would balance 1 cubic inch (16 cm3) of distilled water at an ambient air-water pressure and temperature of 30 inches of mercury (100 kPa) and 62 °F (17 °C) respectively.[3] Another book states that Captain Henry Kater, of the British Standards Commission, arrived at this value experimentally.[4]

The grain was the legal foundation of

traditional English weight systems,[5] and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries' systems of mass.[6]: C-6  The unit was based on the weight of a single grain of barley which was equal to about +43 the weight of a single grain of wheat.[5][7]: 95  The fundamental unit of the pre-1527 English weight system, known as Tower weights, was based on the wheat grain.[8] The tower "wheat" grain was defined as exactly +4564 (≈+34) of the troy "barley" grain.[1]
: 74 

Since the implementation of the

French unit equal to 53.115 mg.[5]

In both

troy pound or apothecaries' pound.[6]: C-6–C-7  It is obsolete in the United Kingdom and, like most other non-SI units, it has no basis in law and cannot be used in commerce.[10]

Current usage

A box of .38 Special (9.1 mm) cartridges that have 148-grain (9.6 g) bullets

Grains are commonly used to measure the mass of bullets and propellants.[11][12] In archery, the grain is the standard unit used to weigh arrows.[13]

In North America, the

parts per million (ppm), numerically equivalent to concentration measured in milligrams per litre.[14][15] One grain per US gallon is approximately 17.1 ppm.[14][note] Soft water contains 1–4 gpg of calcium carbonate equivalents, while hard water contains 11–20 gpg.[15]

A five-grain aspirin. The usage guidance label on a bottle of aspirin indicates that the dosage is "325 mg (5 gr)".

Though no longer recommended, in the U.S., grains are still used occasionally in medicine as part of the apothecaries' system, especially in prescriptions for older medicines such as aspirin or phenobarbital.[16][17] For example, the dosage of a standard 325 mg tablet of aspirin is sometimes given as 5 grains.[16][18] In that example the grain is approximated to 65 mg, though the grain can also be approximated to 60 mg, depending on the medication and manufacturer.[16][19] The apothecaries' system has its own system of notation, in which the unit's symbol or abbreviation is followed by the quantity in lower case Roman numerals.[17][19][20] For amounts less than one, the quantity is written as a fraction, or for one half, ss (or variations such as ss., ṡṡ, or s̅s̅).[17][19][20][21]: 263  Therefore, a prescription for tablets containing 325 mg of aspirin and 30 mg of codeine can be written "ASA gr. v c̄ cod. gr. ss tablets" (using the medical abbreviations ASA for acetylsalicylic acid [aspirin],[21]: 34 [22]: 8  c̄ for "with",[21]: 56 [22]: 14  and cod. for codeine).[21]: 70 [22]: 19  The apothecaries' system has gradually been replaced by the metric system, and the use of the grain in prescriptions is now rare.[19]

In the U.S.,

SI unit used to measure particulate emissions and absolute humidity is mg/m3.[23][25] One grain per cubic foot is approximately 2288 mg/m3.[note]

History

carob seed ≈200 mg
barley grain ≈65 mg
wheat grain ≈50 mg

At least since

carat (the mass of a carob seed) was equivalent to the weight of four wheat grains or three barleycorns.[7]: 95  Since the weights of these seeds are highly variable, especially that of the cereals as a function of moisture, this is a convention more than an absolute law.[26]
: 120–1 

The history of the modern British grain can be traced back to a royal decree in thirteenth century England, re-iterating decrees that go back as far as

]

By consent of the whole Realm the King's Measure was made, so that an

English Penny, which is called the Sterling, round without clipping, shall weigh Thirty-two Grains of Wheat dry in the midst of the Ear; Twenty pennies make an Ounce; and Twelve Ounces make a Pound.

: 119 

The pound in question is the

Tower pound. The Tower pound, abolished in 1527, consisted of 12 ounces like the troy pound, but was 116 (≈6%) lighter. The weight of the original sterling pennies was 22½ troy grains, or 32 "Tower grains".[26]
: 116 

Physical grain weights were made and sold commercially at least as late as the early 1900s, and took various forms, from squares of sheet metal to manufactured wire shapes and coin-like weights.[28]

The troy pound was only "the pound of Pence, Spices, Confections, as of Electuaries", as such goods might be measured by a troi or small balance. The old troy standard was set by King Offa's

dirhems of 48 grains. The new pound used a barley-corn grain, rather than a wheat grain.[29]

Avoirdupois (goods of weight) refers to those things measured by the lesser but quicker balances: the bismar or auncel, the Roman balance, and the steelyard. The original mercantile pound of 25 shillings or 15 (Tower) ounces was displaced by, variously, the pound of the Hanseatic League (16 tower ounces) and by the pound of the then-important wool trade (16 ounces of 437 grains). A new pound of 7680 grains was inadvertently created as 16 troy ounces, referring to the new troy rather than the old troy. Eventually, the wool pound won out.[29]

The

avoirdupois pound was defined in prototype, rated as 6992 to 7004 grains. In the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, the avoirdupois pound was defined as 7000 grains exactly. The act of 1855 authorised Miller's new standards to replace those lost in the fire that destroyed the Houses of Parliament. The standard was an avoirdupois pound, the grain being defined as 1/7000 of it.[30]

The division of the carat into four grains survives in both senses well into the early twentieth century. For pearls and diamonds, weight is quoted in carats, divided into four grains. The carat was eventually set to 205 milligrams (1877), and later 200 milligrams. For touch or fineness of gold, the fraction of gold was given as a weight, the total being a solidus of 24 carats or 96 grains.[31]

See also

  • English unit

Notes

1.^ The exact value of one grain per US gallon is 64.79891/3.785411784 mg/L (ppm).[6]: C-12, C-14 
2.^ The exact value of one grain per cubic foot is 64.79891/0.028316846592 mg/m3.[6]: C-10, C-14 

References

  1. ^ . Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  2. . Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  3. ^ Universal Dictionary of Weights and Measures. Baltimore. 1850. Retrieved 2016-09-23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Oldberg, Oscar (1885). A Manual of Weights, Measures, and Specific Gravity. Chicago: author [C. J. Johnson, printer]. p. 87. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
  5. ^ a b c d Rowlett, Russ (13 September 2001). "G". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. grain (gr) [1–3]. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  6. ^
    OCLC 58927093
    . Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  7. ^ .
  8. . Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  9. OCLC 610190761. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  10. ^ "Weights and measures: the law". UK Government. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
  11. ^ International Practical Shooting Confederation (2011). "Handgun Competition Rules (January 2012 ed.)" (PDF). Ontario, Canada: International Practical Shooting Confederation. p. 40. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  12. OCLC 255797039
    . Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  13. . Retrieved 4 July 2012. Arrow weight is measured in grains
  14. ^ . Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  15. ^ .
  16. ^ . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  17. ^ . Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  18. . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  19. ^ . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  20. ^ . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  21. ^ . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  22. ^ . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  23. ^ . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  24. . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  25. ^ on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  26. ^ a b c Connor, R.D.; Simpson, A.D.C. (c. 2004). Weights and Measures in Scotland. East Linton.
  27. .
  28. ^ "The Grains of History". Retrieved 2016-09-21.
  29. ^ a b Watson, C. M. (1910). British Weights and Measures as described in the laws of England from Anglo-Saxon times. London: John Murray. pp. 32–34.
  30. ^ "Pound (Avoirdupois, pound-mass) to grain (Avoirdupois) conversion | Units of Mass".
  31. ^ Woolhouse, W. S. B. (1890). Measures, Weights and Measures of all Nations. London: Crosby Lockwood and Son. p. 33.