Collar (order)
A collar, also known as collar of an order, is an ornate
History
A medieval tradition: the Order of the Collar (14th century)
The first of the
In the fourteenth century,
Animated by a similar Marian devotion, the fashion of these collars spread at the same time as the fashion of wearing rosaries as necklaces spread across Europe reaching England in the fifteenth century.[2]
The Collar of the Golden Fleece (15th tradition)
Collars of various devices are worn by the knights of some of the European
A French connection: the collar of Saint Michael created in 1469
Following this new fashion,
While the order of Saint Michael was exclusively male, Queen Anne of Austria with the help of her chaplain French Dominican friar François Arnoul established the Order of the Celestial Collar of the Sacred Rosary in 1647, proving once again the connection between the collar and the rosary as an instrument of devotion. The statues of the new order were associated to instructions for fifty devout maidens and all virtuous souls, in order to renew Marian devotion and encourage the holiness of women active in the Catholic Church in France.[8]
A tradition spreading to England: Henry VIII and the collar of the Garter (16th century)
Until the reign of
Heyday of Grand collars in the 18th century
After the 17th century the heyday of the collar was over. They were worn only on ceremonial occasions and replaced in daily life by stars pinned to the breast, and badges suspended from ribbons. Many orders retained their collars and when orders were divided into several ranks or grades the collar was usually reserved for the highest rank. The notable exception is Portugal.
At the end of the 18th century most of the European orders had only one rank; that of Knight and although they usually had collars, the cross or badge was now worn on a ribbon around the neck or over the right shoulder. When the orders became more democratic several ranks were introduced and only the highest grade, the "Grand Commanders" or "Grand Crosses", wore collars. The Netherlands never had collars but several Belgian, most of the Austrian and Prussian orders, and several Portuguese orders had collars. In Portugal all the members of these orders of knighthood wear a collar but the collars of the Grand Cross are more elaborate.
The Grand Collier de la Légion d'Honneur
Since the beginning of the 19th century, the collar has been used as the insignia of office of the
Heraldry
In heraldry, most members of orders are permitted to display the collar of their order on their coat of arms (if they are in fact entitled to wear the collar). There are often very strict rules as to how exactly the collar is to be displayed. Normally it will entirely encircle the escutcheon
Collars of different orders are often depicted in the
Death of a recipient
When a member of an order dies, they are not usually buried with the collar, but it may be displayed on a pillow placed on the coffin (along with other decorations that the member may have) during the funeral. Many orders require that after the death of a member of the order, the collar and perhaps other insignia be returned to the issuing authority. Often, the requirement is that a male relative personally return the award to the order.
Orders with Collar as a separate (highest) rank
Many orders also do have a chain as an ornament that is worn at more official ceremonial occasions (worn by knights of a single class order or members of the highest class of a multi-class order). However, in some orders Collar is a separate rank above that of Grand Cross, i.e.:
Europe
- Andorra: Collar of the Order of Charlemagne
- Bulgaria:
- Order of St. Alexander
- Czech Republic: First Class with Collar of the Order of the White Lion (Recipients)
- Cyprus: Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III
- Estonia: Collar of the Order of the National Coat of Arms
- Estonia: Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (Recipients)
- Estonia: Collar of the Order of the White Star
- Order of the White Rose
- Georgia:
- House of Bagrationi: Knight of the Grand Collar of the Order of the Eagle of Georgia
- Germany:
- House of Wittelsbach: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Saint Hubert
- House of Hanover: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Henry the Lion
- Greece:
- House of Glücksburg: Collar of the Order of Saints George and Constantine
- Holy See: Knight/Dame of the Collar of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
- Order of Pius IX
- Hungary : Hungarian Corvin Chain
- Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary, Civilian Class (Recipients)
- Iceland: Collar with Grand Cross Breast Star of the Order of the Falcon *
- Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Recipients)
- House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies / House of Bourbon-Parma: Bailiff Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Collar of the Order pro Merito Melitensi
- Order of Three Stars
- Lithuania: Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (Recipients)
- Malta: Honorary Companion of Honour with Collar of the National Order of Merit
- Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav
- Order of the Tower and Sword
- Portugal: Grand Collar of the Military Order of Christ
- Portugal: Grand Collar of the Military Order of Aviz
- Order of Saint James of the Sword (Recipients)
- Portugal: Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (Recipients)
- Portugal: Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (Recipients)
- Portugal: Grand Collar of the Order of Camões
- House of Braganza: Grand Collar of the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing
- House of Braganza: Grand Collar of the Order of Merit of the Portuguese Royal House
- Romania: Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania
- House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Carol I
- San Marino: Collar of the Order of San Marino
- Serbia: Collar of the Order of the Republic of Serbia
- House of Karađorđević: Knight Grand Collar of the Order of St. Prince Lazar
- Spain: Knight/Dame of the Collar of the Order of Charles III
- Spain: Knight/Dame of the Collar of the Order of Civil Merit (Recipients)
- Spain: Knight/Dame of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Recipients)
- Spain: Knight/Dame of the Collar of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (Recipients)
- United Kingdom: Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain
America
- Antigua and Barbuda: Knight/Dame Grand Collar of the Order of the Nation
- Argentina: Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (Recipients)
- Bolivia: Grand Collar of the Order of the Condor of the Andes
- Brazil: Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross
- Brazil: Grand Collar of the National Congress Order
- Minas Gerais: Grand Collar of the Medal of Inconfidência
- Order of the Merit of Chile
- Chile: Collar of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins
- Colombia: Grand Collar of the Order of Boyacá
- Colombia: Grand Collar of the Order of San Carlos
- Dominican Republic: Collar of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella
- Dominican Republic: Collar of the Order of Christopher Columbus
- Ecuador: Grand Collar of the National Order of San Lorenzo
- Ecuador: Grand Collar of the National Order of Merit
- Grenada: Knight/Dame Grand Collar of the Order of Grenada
- Guatemala: Collar of the Order of the Quetzal
- Guatemala: Collar of the Order of Antonio José de Irisarri
- Honduras: Grand Collar of the José Cecilio del Valle Order
- Mexico: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
- Nicaragua: Collar of the Order of Ruben Dario
- Panama: Collar of the Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero
- Paraguay: Collar of the National Order of Merit
- Peru: Grand Collar of the Order of the Sun of Peru
- Venezuela: Collar of the Order of the Liberator
Africa
- Egypt: Collar of the Order of the Nile
- Egypt: Collar of the Order of the Republic
- Ethiopia:
- House of Solomon: Collar of the Order of the Seal of Solomon
- House of Solomon: Collar of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
- House of Solomon: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Holy Trinity
- Ivory Coast: Collar of the National Order of the Ivory Coast
- Libya:
- House of Senussi: Grand Collar of the Order of Idris I
- Rwanda:
- House of Ndahindurwa: Knight Grand Collar of the Royal Order of the Drum
- Sudan: Collar of Honour
Asia
Middle East
- Bahrain: Collar of the Order of Khalifa
- Order of al-Hussein bin Ali
- Kuwait: Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great
- Oman: Collar of the Order of Al-Said
- Palestine: Grand Collar of the State of Palestine
- Saudi Arabia : Badr Chain
- Order of Abdulaziz al Saud
- United Arab Emirates : Collar of the Order of Zayed
South East & North Asia
- China: Friendship Medal
- Manchukuo: Collar of the Grand Order of the Orchid Blossom
- East Timor: Grand Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste
- Japan: Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
- Laos:
- Lao royal family: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol
- Order of the Golden Heart (Recipients)
- Philippines: Grand Collar (Supremo) of the Order of Lakandula (Recipients)
- Philippines: Grand Collar (Raja) of the Order of Sikatuna
- South Korea: Collar of the Grand Order of Mugunghwa
Oceania
- Tonga: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of Pouono
- Tonga: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Crown of Tonga
- Tonga: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Queen Sālote Tupou III
* indicates that the insignia must be returned upon the death of the recipient
† indicates that the order is now dormant but has not been formally abolished
Gallery
-
Collar of theOrder of the Iron Crown)
(Austrian Empire -
Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil)
-
Coat of arms of Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway surrounded by the collars of the Order of the Dannebrog and the Order of the Elephant
-
Collar of theOrder of St. Michael)
(France -
Collar of a Knight of theOrder of St. Patrick)
(Ireland -
Collar of theRoyal House of Serbia)
-
Collar of theOrder of St. Januarius—line drawing)
(Naples -
Keten van de NoorseOrder of St. Olaf)
(Norway -
Collar of the Order of the Sword
(Sweden) -
Collar of the Order of the Polar Star
(Sweden) -
Collar of the Order of Vasa
(Sweden) -
Collar of the Order of the Garter (United Kingdom)
-
The Star and Collar of a Knight Grand Cross of theOrder of St. Michael and St. George (United Kingdom)
-
Star and Collar of a Knight Grand Cross of the civil division of the Order of the Bath
(United Kingdom and Commonwealth) -
Star and Collar of a Knight Grand Cross of the military division of the Order of the Bath
-
Collar of the , 1893.
References
- ^ a b Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyzt-(Concluded), J. R. Hulbert, Modern Philology, Vol. 13, No. 12 (Apr., 1916), 140.
- ISBN 978-0-486-26122-5.
- ^ "Men's fashion". Fashions of the Hapsburg Era: Austria-Hungary. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1979. p. 3.
- ^ Fontenay, Eugène (1887). Les bijoux anciens et modernes (in French). Maison Quantin. p. 189.
- ISBN 978-0-85115-795-5.
- ^ Chaffanjon, Arnaud (1969). Les grands ordres de Chevalerie (in French). S.E.R.G. p. 117.
- ISBN 978-2-85056-608-0.
- ^ Arnoul, François (1647). Institution de l'Ordre du Collier Céleste du Sacré Rosaire (in French). Paris & Lyon: Jacques Carteron.
- ^ Ashmole, Elias (1672). "7. The Habit and Ensigns of the Order". The Institution, Laws and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. J. Macock. p. 222.
See also
- British honours system
- Collar (jewelry)
- Collar day
- Livery collar