Principality of Moscow
Principality of Moscow Grand Duchy of Moscow
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1282[1]–1547 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Double-headed eagle on the seal of Ivan III
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Status |
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Capital | Moscow | ||||||||||||||||||||
Common languages | Old East Slavic, Russian | ||||||||||||||||||||
Religion | Russian Orthodox (official)[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Muscovite | ||||||||||||||||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||||||||||||
Prince of Moscow | |||||||||||||||||||||
• 1282–1303[1] | Daniel (first) | ||||||||||||||||||||
• 1533–1547 | Ivan IV (last) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Legislature | Veche | ||||||||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||||||||
• Established | 1282[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||
16 January 1547 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||||||||||
1505[3] | 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Currency | ruble, denga | ||||||||||||||||||||
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The Principality of Moscow
In 1263, Daniel inherited the territory as an appanage of his father Alexander Nevsky, prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, but it was not until 1282 that Daniel is mentioned as an independent prince of Moscow.[10] Initially, Muscovy was a vassal state to the Golden Horde, paying the khans homage and tribute.[11] Moscow eclipsed and eventually absorbed its parent principality and later the other independent Russian principalities.[12] The Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480 marked the end of nominal Tatar suzerainty over Russia,[13][11] though there were frequent uprisings and several successful military campaigns against the Mongols, such as an uprising led by Dmitry Donskoy against the ruler of the Golden Horde, Mamai, in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.[14]
Ivan III ("the Great") further consolidated the state during his 43-year reign, campaigning against his major remaining rival power, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and by 1503, he had tripled the territory of his realm. Ivan's successor Vasili III also enjoyed military success, gaining Smolensk from Lithuania in 1512 and pushing Muscovy's borders to the Dnieper. Vasili's son Ivan IV ("the Terrible") was crowned tsar in 1547.[15]
Name
The Principality of Moscow
As with many medieval states, the country had no "official" name, but rather official titles for their rulers. "The Prince (
Despite feudalism, the collective name of the Eastern Slavic land, Rus', was not forgotten,[24] though it then became a cultural and geographical rather than the political term, as there was no single political entity on the territory. Since the 14th century various Muscovite princes added "of all Rus'" (всея Руси, vseya Rusi) to their titles, after the title of Russian metropolitans, "the Metropolitan of all Rus'".[25] Dmitry Shemyaka (died 1453) was the first Muscovite prince who minted coins with the title "the Sovereign of all Rus'".[citation needed] Although initially both "Sovereign" and "all Rus'" was supposed to be rather honorific epithets,[25] since Ivan III is transformed into the political claim over the territory of all the former Kievan Rus', a goal that the Muscovite prince came closer to by the end of that century, uniting eastern Rus'.[24]
Such claims raised much opposition and hostility from its main rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which controlled a large (western) portion of the land of ancient Rus' and hence denied any claims and even the self-name of the eastern neighbour.
During his reign, Ivan III the Great claimed the title of "Tsar of all Russia".[26]
Origin
When the
More important to the development of the state of Moscow, however, was its rule by a series of
By the early 14th century, Moscow had improved its standing against other towns within its parent principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, and by the 1320s, it emerged as the most influential, largely due to decisions made by the Mongol khan; aside from this, the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' started to be based in Moscow too.[27] In 1325, Metropolitan Peter (died 1326) transferred his residence from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow, further enhancing the prestige of the new principality.[30]
Yuriy's successor,
Dmitry Donskoy
Ivan's successors continued the "gathering of the Russian lands" to increase the population and wealth under their rule. In the process, their interests clashed with the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania, whose subjects were predominantly East Slavic and Orthodox. Grand Duke Algirdas of Lithuania allied himself by marriage with Tver and undertook three expeditions against Moscow (1368, 1370, 1372) but was unable to take it. The main bone of contention between Moscow and Vilnius was the large city of Smolensk.[citation needed]
In the 1350s, the country and the royal family were hit by the
Educated by
Nevertheless, Dmitri became a national hero. The memory of
Vasily I and Vasily II
The reforms of St. Sergius triggered a cultural revival, exemplified by the icons and frescoes of the monk
The situation changed with the ascension of Vasily I's successor,
Ivan III
The outward expansion of the grand principality in the 14th and 15th centuries was accompanied by internal consolidation. By the 15th century, the rulers of Moscow considered the entire territory of the former
Moscow gained full sovereignty over a significant part of Rus' by 1480 when the overlordship of the
Having consolidated the core of Russia under his rule, Ivan III became the first Moscow ruler to adopt the titles of
The reign of the Tsars started officially with
Court
The court of the Moscow princes combined ceremonies and customs inherited from
- Romodanovsky);[citation needed]
- Foreign princes from Trubetskoy) or from Genghis Khan;[citation needed]
- Ancient families of Moscow nobility that have been recorded in the service of Grand Dukes from the 14th century (e.g., ]
Rurikid and Gediminid boyars, whose fathers and grandfathers were independent princelings, felt that they were kin to the grand prince and hence almost equal to him. During the times of dynastic troubles (such as the years of Ivan IV's minority), boyardom constituted an internal force that was a permanent threat to the throne. An early form of the monarch's conflict with the boyars was the oprichnina policy of Ivan the Terrible.[citation needed]
During such conflicts, Ivan,
Relations with the Horde
Relations between the Moscow principality and the Horde were mixed.[35] In the first two decades of the 13th century Moscow gained the support of one of the rivalling Mongol statesmen, Nogai, against the principalities that were oriented towards Sarai khans. After the restoration of unity in the Golden Horde in the early 14th century, it generally enjoyed the favour of the Khans until 1317 but lost it in 1322–1327.[35] The following thirty years, when the relations between the two states improved, allowed Moscow to achieve sufficient economic and political potential. Further attempts to deprive its rulers of the status of grand dukes of Vladimir were unsuccessful after the Khanate sank into internecine war and proved to be fruitless during the reign of a relatively powerful khan such as Mamai, whereas Tokhtamysh had no other choice but to recognize the supremacy of Moscow over northern and eastern Russian lands.[35] The traditional Mongol principle of breaking up larger concentrations of power into smaller ones failed, and the following period is characterized by the lack of support from the Horde.[35]
Although Moscow recognized khans as the legitimate authority in the early years of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, despite certain acts of resistance and disobedience, it refused to acknowledge their suzerainty in the years 1374–1380, 1396–1411, 1414–1416 and 1417–1419, even despite the growing might of the Golden Horde.[36] The power of the Horde over Moscow was greatly limited in the reign of Dmitri Donskoi, who gained recognition of the Grand Principality of Vladimir as a hereditary possession of Moscow princes: while the Horde collected tribute from his land, it could no longer have a serious impact on the internal structure of northern Russian lands.[37] In the years of Vasily II and Ivan III, the Grand Principality of Moscow acquired the idea of tsardom from the fallen Byzantine Empire, which was incompatible with the recognition of the suzerainty of the khan, and started to declare its independence in diplomatic relations with other countries.[38] This process was complete by the reign of Ivan III.[36]
Assessment
The development of the modern-day Russian state is traced from Kievan Rus' through Vladimir-Suzdal and the Grand Principality of Moscow to the Tsardom of Russia, and then the Russian Empire.[39] The Moscow principality drew people and wealth to the northeastern part of Kievan Rus';[39] established trade links to the Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, and to Siberia; and created a highly centralized and autocratic political system. The political traditions established in Muscovy, therefore, exerted a powerful influence on the future development of Russian society.[citation needed]
Society
Class
- Boyar
- Former people (Byvshiye lyudy)
- Izgoi
- Kholop
- Knyaz
- Posad people
- Service class people (Sluzhilyye lyudi)
- Smerd
Culture
Muscovite Russia was culturally influenced by Slavic and Byzantine cultural elements. In Muscovite Russia
See also
- Prince of Moscow
- Collector of Russian lands
- List of wars involving the Grand Duchy of Moscow
- Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
- 15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism
- List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
- Foreign policy of the Russian Empire
References
- ^ ISSN 0869-5687.
- ISBN 9780199591770.
- (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
- ^ a b Martin 2007, p. 208, 222, 228, 231.
- ^ a b c d Halperin 1987, p. 217.
- ^ A Short History of the USSR. Progress Publishers. 1965.
- ^ Florinsky, Michael T. (1965). Russia: a History and an Interpretation.
- ^ Introduction into the Latin epigraphy (Введение в латинскую эпиграфику) Archived 2021-03-10 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Martin 2007, p. 487.
- ISSN 0869-5687.
- ^ ISBN 978-1285436401.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 978-1305091726.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 9781000310566.
- ^ Davies, B. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge, 2014, p. 5
- ISBN 9780300119732.
- ISBN 978-0-521-81227-6.
- ISBN 978-1-315-48307-8.
- ^ JSTOR 130622.
- ^ "Moscow, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. December 2002. Retrieved 10 January 2021. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "Muscovy, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. March 2003. Retrieved 10 January 2021. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "Andrew Miksys: White Russia in Color - Laimonas Briedis". www.lituanus.org. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- Konda, and others..." Сборник Русского исторического общества. Vol. 53. СПб. 1887. p. 19.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 9781644697139.
- ^ a b c d e f Хорошкевич, А. Л. (1976). "Россия и Московия: Из истории политико-географической терминологии" [Khoroshkevich A. L. Russia and Muscovy: from the history of politico-geographic terminology]. Acta Baltico-Slavica. X: 47–57.
- ^ ISBN 978-5-98874-011-7.
- . Retrieved 2023-05-16.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-300-22221-0.
- ^ a b Library of Congress Country Studies – Russia
- ISBN 978-5-02-010202-6. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ^
Compare: Trepanier, Lee (2010). "2: Muscovite Russia (ca. 1240 – ca. 1505)". Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Lanhan, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 31. ISBN 9780739117897. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
But the crucial year was 1326, when [Metropolitan] Peter became a resident of Moscow and began to build his burial vault. On December 20, 1326. Metropolitan Peter died and was buried by one of the bishops in the presence of Ivan I. Due to his residency and burial place, Metropolitan Peter had confirmed Moscow the future haven of the Russian Orthodox Church, although this official transfer would not take place until the reign of Alexis.
- ^ Martin J. Medieval Russia, 980–1584. 2007. Cambridge University Press. p. 196
- ^ Moss (2005)
- ^ Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (1995), p.80.
- ^ Trepanier, L. Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice. Lexington Books. 2010. p. 39
- ^ ISBN 978-5-02-010202-6. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-5-02-010202-6. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ISBN 978-5-02-010202-6. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ISBN 978-5-02-010202-6. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ^ a b A Brief History of Russia by Michael Kort pg.xxiii
- ISSN 1920-0242.
Bibliography
- Halperin, Charles J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. Indiana University. p. 222. ISBN 9781850430575. (e-book).
- Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4.
- ISBN 9780521135337.
- Moss, Walter G (2005). "History of Russia - Volume 1: To 1917", Anthem Press, p. 80
Further reading
- Chester Dunning, The Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy: A Seventeenth Century French Account
- Romaniello, Matthew (September 2006). "Ethnicity as social rank: Governance, law, and empire in Muscovite Russia". S2CID 109929798.
- ISBN 0-89357-262-4
- This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division. - Russia
External links
- Media related to Grand Duchy of Moscow at Wikimedia Commons