Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich | |
---|---|
Russian Soviet Republic | |
Spouse |
Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp |
Father | Alexander III of Russia |
Mother | Dagmar of Denmark |
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (
Michael was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, Alexander II. He was then fourth-in-line to the throne after his father and elder brothers Nicholas and George. After the assassination of his grandfather in 1881, he became third-in-line and, in 1894, after the death of his father, second-in-line. George died in 1899, leaving Michael as heir presumptive to Nicholas II.
The birth of Nicholas's son
After the outbreak of
Early life
Michael was born at
Michael was raised in the company of his younger sister, Olga, who nicknamed him "Floppy" because he "flopped" into chairs; his elder siblings and parents called him "Misha".[5] Conditions in the nursery were modest, even spartan.[6] The children slept on hard camp beds, rose at dawn, washed in cold water and ate a simple porridge for breakfast.[6] Michael, like his siblings, was taught by private tutors and was cared for by an English nanny, Mrs Elizabeth Franklin.[7][8]
Michael and Olga frequently went on hikes in the forests around Gatchina with their father, who took the opportunity to teach them woodsmanship.[9] Physical activities such as equestrianism were also taught at an early age,[10] as was religious observance. Though Christmas and Easter were times of celebration and extravagance, Lent was strictly observed—meat, dairy products and any form of entertainment were avoided.[11] Family holidays were taken in the summer at Peterhof Palace and with Michael's grandparents in Denmark.[12]
Michael was almost 16 when his father fell fatally ill; the annual trip to Denmark was cancelled.
Military career and public duties
Michael's mother, Dowager Empress Marie, moved back to Anichkov Palace with Michael and Olga. Like most male members of his family, Michael was enrolled in the military. He completed training at a gunnery school and joined the
Michael was perceived as unremarkable, quiet and good-natured.
Michael was heir presumptive until 12 August 1904, when the birth of Tsarevich Alexei to Nicholas and Alexandra provided an heir apparent. Michael again became second-in-line to the throne, but was named as co-regent for the boy, along with Alexandra, in the event of Nicholas's death.[24]
Romances
In 1902, Michael met Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. They fell in love and began to correspond in her native English.[25] Michael spoke both French and English fluently.[26] At first it seemed they would marry; however, the Eastern Orthodox Church prohibited the marriage of first cousins, and Michael's father and Beatrice's mother were siblings. Nicholas refused to permit the marriage and, to Michael's and Beatrice's mutual dismay, their romance ended.[27]
Michael's attention turned to Alexandra Kossikovskaya (September 1875, Orel region – 1923, Berlin), known affectionately as "Dina", who was his sister Olga's lady-in-waiting. Dina's father, Vladimir Kossikovsky, was a lawyer and Dina was a commoner.[28] Michael rejected the notion, proposed by his friends, that he keep her as a mistress,[29] and in July 1906, he wrote to Nicholas asking permission to marry her.[28] Nicholas and Dowager Empress Marie were appalled.[28] Both felt that royalty should marry royalty and, according to Russian house law, any children of a marriage between a royal and a commoner would be ineligible for the succession. Nicholas threatened to revoke Michael's army commission and exile him from Russia if he married without his permission.[28] Marie had Dina dismissed as Olga's lady-in-waiting and took Michael to Denmark until mid-September.[28]
Shortly after his return to Russia, three British newspapers announced on 24 September 1906 that Michael was to marry Princess Patricia of Connaught,[30] but neither he nor Patricia knew anything about it. Buckingham Palace issued a denial.[31] Nevertheless, two years later, in October 1908, Michael visited London, and he and Patricia were "paired" at social engagements. It seems likely that Michael's mother was plotting to get him married to a more suitable bride[32] and the originator of the false report, Reuters correspondent Guy Beringer, read too much into the plans.[31] Michael and Dina were planning to elope, but their plans were stymied as Dina was under surveillance by the Okhrana, Nicholas's secret police, and she was prevented from travelling.[33] Under family pressure and unable to see Dina, by August 1907 Michael appeared to be losing interest.[34] Dina went to live abroad. She never married and believed herself to be Michael's rightful fiancée, but their romance was over.[35]
In early December 1907, Michael was introduced to
In May 1911, Nicholas permitted Natalia to move from Moscow to Brasovo and granted her the surname "Brasova".
Marriage
In September 1912, Michael and Natalia spent a holiday abroad and, as usual, they were trailed by the Okhrana. In Berlin, Michael announced that he and Natalia would drive to Cannes and instructed his staff to follow by train. The Okhrana was under instructions to follow by train rather than car, so Michael and Natalia would be unaccompanied on their journey south. Michael's journey was a deliberate ruse.[45] On the way to Cannes, the couple diverted to Vienna, where they were married on 16 October 1912 by Father Misitsch at the Serbian Orthodox Church of Saint Sava.[46] A few days later, after travelling through Venice and Milan, they arrived at Cannes, where George and Natalia's daughter from her first marriage joined them.[47] Two weeks after the marriage, Michael wrote to his mother and brother to inform them.[48] They were both horrified by Michael's action. His mother said it was "unspeakably awful in every way",[49] and his brother was shocked that his brother had "broken his word ... that he would not marry her".[50]
Nicholas was particularly upset because his heir, Alexei, was gravely ill with
For six months, they stayed in hotels in France and Switzerland without any decrease in their standard of living. They were visited by Michael's sister Grand Duchess Xenia and cousin Grand Duke Andrew.[55] In July 1913, they saw Michael's mother in London, who told Natalia "a few home truths", according to Xenia's diary.[56] After another trip to continental Europe, Michael took a one-year lease on Knebworth House, a staffed and furnished stately home 20 miles north of London.[57] Michael's finances were stretched as he had to rely on remittances sent from Russia at Nicholas's command, and Nicholas still controlled all his estates and assets.[58]
War
Upon the outbreak of
The Grand Duke, promoted from his previous rank of colonel to major-general, received command of a newly formed division: the
By January 1915 the horrific nature of the war had become apparent. Michael felt "greatly embittered towards people in general and most of all towards those who are at the top, who hold power and allow all that horror to happen. If the question of war were decided by the people at large, I would not be so passionately averse to that great calamity."[64] Michael confessed in a letter to his wife that he felt "ashamed to face the people, i.e. the soldiers and officers, particularly when visiting field hospitals, where so much suffering is to be seen, for they might think that one is also responsible, for one is placed so high and yet has failed to prevent all that from happening and protect one's country from this disaster."[64]
At the start of the war, Michael wrote to Nicholas asking him to legitimise his son in order that the boy would be provided for in the event of Michael's death at the front.[65] Eventually Nicholas agreed to make George legitimate and granted him the style of "Count Brasov" by decree on 26 March 1915.[66]
Retreat
By June 1915, the Russians were in retreat. When
In July 1915, Michael caught
In October 1915, Michael regained control of his estates and assets from Nicholas and, in February 1916, was given command of the 2nd Cavalry Corps, which included the Savage Division, a
Throughout the summer of 1916, Michael's corps was involved in the
Before leaving for his sister Xenia's estate at Ai-Todor, 12 miles from Yalta, he wrote a candid letter to his brother warning him that the political situation was tense:
I am deeply concerned and worried by what is happening around us. There has been a shocking alteration in the mood of the most loyal people ... which fills me with a most serious apprehension not only for you and for the fate of our family, but even for the integrity of the state order.
The public hatred for certain people who allegedly are close to you and who are forming part of the present government has, to my amazement, brought together the right, the left and the moderate; and this hatred, along with the demands for changes are already openly expressed.[83]
Increasing public unrest
Michael and other members of the imperial family, including
In January 1917, Michael returned to the front to hand over command of his corps; from 29 January he was Inspector-General of Cavalry stationed at Gatchina.[90] General Aleksei Brusilov, Michael's commander on the south-eastern front, begged him to tell the Tsar of "the need for immediate and drastic reforms", but Michael warned him, "I have no influence ... My brother has time and time again had warnings and entreaties of this kind from every quarter."[91] Brusilov recorded in his memoirs, "[Michael] was an absolutely honourable and upright man, taking no sides and lending himself to no intrigues ... he shunned every kind of gossip, whether connected with the services or with family matters. As a soldier, he was an excellent leader and an unassuming and conscientious worker."[91]
Through February, Grand Duke Alexander, Duma President Rodzianko and Michael pressured Nicholas and Alexandra to yield to popular demands.[92] Public unrest grew and, on 27 February, soldiers in Petrograd joined demonstrators, elements of the military mutinied and prisoners were freed.[93] Nicholas, who was at army headquarters in Mogilev, prorogued the Duma, but the deputies refused to leave and instead set up their own rival government.[94] After consulting Rodzianko at the Mariinsky Palace in Petrograd, Michael advised Nicholas to dismiss his ministers and set up a new government led by the leader of the majority party in the Duma, Georgy Lvov.[95] His advice was supported by General Mikhail Alekseyev, Nicholas's chief of staff.[96] Nicholas rejected the suggestion and issued futile orders for troops to move on Petrograd.[96]
Revolution
On the night of 27–28 February 1917, Michael attempted to return to Gatchina from Petrograd, where he had been in conference with
On 1 March, Rodzianko sent guards to Putyatina's apartment to ensure Michael's safety, and Michael signed a document drawn up by Rodzianko and Grand Duke Paul proposing the creation of a constitutional monarchy.[103] The newly formed Petrograd Soviet rejected the document, which became irrelevant. Calls for the Tsar's abdication had superseded it.[104]
Abdication of Nicholas II
On the afternoon of 15 March [O.S. 2 March] 1917, Emperor Nicholas II, under pressure from generals and Duma representatives, abdicated in favour of his son, Alexei, with Michael as Regent.[105] Later that evening, though, he reconsidered his decision. Alexei was gravely ill with haemophilia and Nicholas feared that if Alexei was emperor, he would be separated from his parents.[106] In a second abdication document, signed at 11.40 p.m. but marked as having been issued at 3.00 p.m., the time of the earlier one,[107] Nicholas II declared:
We have judged it right to abdicate the Throne of the Russian State and to lay down the Supreme Power. Not wishing to be parted from Our Beloved Son, We hand over Our Succession to Our Brother the Grand Duke Michael Aleksandrovich and Bless Him on his accession to the Throne.[108]
By early morning, Michael was proclaimed as "Emperor Michael II" to Russian troops and in cities throughout Russia, but his accession was not universally welcomed. While some units cheered and swore allegiance to the new emperor, others remained indifferent.[109] The newly formed Provisional Government had not agreed to Michael's succession.[110] When Michael awoke that morning, he discovered not only that his brother had abdicated in his favour, as Nicholas had not informed him previously, but also that a delegation from the Duma would visit him at Putyatina's apartment in a few hours' time.[111] The meeting with Duma President Rodzianko, the new Prime Minister Prince Lvov and other ministers, including Pavel Milyukov and Alexander Kerensky, lasted all morning.[112] Putyatina laid on a lunch, and in the afternoon two lawyers (Baron Nolde and Vladimir Nabokov) were called to the apartment to draft a manifesto for Michael to sign. The legal position was complicated, as the legitimacy of the government, whether Nicholas had the right to remove his son from the succession, and whether Michael actually was emperor, were all open to question.[113] After further discussion, and several drafts, the meeting settled on a declaration of conditional acceptance as an appropriate form of words.[114] In it, Michael deferred to the will of the people and acknowledged the Provisional Government as the de facto executive, but neither abdicated nor refused to accept the throne.[115] He wrote:
Inspired, in common with the whole people, by the belief that the welfare of our country must be set above everything else, I have taken the firm decision to assume the supreme power only if and when our great people, having elected by universal suffrage a Constituent Assembly to determine the form of government and lay down the fundamental law of the new Russian State, invest me with such power.
Calling upon them the blessing of God, I therefore request all the citizens of the Russian Empire to submit to the Provisional Government, established and invested with full authority by the Duma, until such time as the Constituent Assembly, elected within the shortest possible time by universal, direct, equal and secret suffrage, shall manifest the will of the people by deciding upon the new form of government.[116]
Commentators, ranging from Kerensky to French ambassador Maurice Paléologue, regarded Michael's action as noble and patriotic,[117] but Nicholas was appalled that Michael had "kowtowed to the Constituent Assembly" and called the manifesto "rubbish".[118]
The hopes of the monarchists that Michael might be able to assume the throne following the election of the Constituent Assembly were overtaken by events. His renunciation of the throne, though conditional, marked the end of the Tsarist regime in Russia. The Provisional Government had little effective power; real power was held by the Petrograd Soviet.[119]
Arrest
Michael returned to Gatchina and was not permitted to return to his unit or to travel beyond the Petrograd area. On 5 April 1917, he was discharged from military service.
On 21 August 1917, guards surrounded the villa on Nikolaevskaya street where Michael was living with Natalia. On the orders of Kerensky, they were both under house arrest, along with Nicholas Johnson, who had been Michael's secretary since December 1912.[122] A week later, they were moved to an apartment in Petrograd.[123] Michael's stomach problems worsened and, with the intervention of British ambassador Buchanan and foreign minister Mikhail Tereshchenko, they were moved back to Gatchina in the first week of September.[124] Tereshchenko told Buchanan that the Dowager Empress would be allowed to leave the country, for Britain if she wished, and that Michael would follow in due course.[125] The British, however, were not prepared to accept any Russian Grand Duke for fear it would provoke a negative public reaction in Britain, where there was little sympathy for the Romanovs.[126]
On 1 September 1917, Kerensky declared Russia a republic. Michael wrote in his diary: "We woke up this morning to hear Russia declared a Republic. What does it matter which form the government will be as long as there is order and justice?"
The house arrest was lifted again in November, and the
Imprisonment
On 11 March 1918, Uritsky sent Michael and Johnson to
In May, Natalia was granted a travel permit to join Michael. Accompanied by family friends Prince Putyatin and Margaret Abakanovich, she arrived at Perm before the Orthodox Easter and they spent about a week together.
Death
On 12 June 1918, the leader of the local secret police, Gavril Myasnikov,[144] with the connivance of other local Bolsheviks,[145] hatched a plan to murder Michael. Myasnikov assembled a team of four men who, like him, were all former prisoners of the Tsarist regime: Vasily Ivanchenko, Ivan Kolpashchikov, Andrei Markov and Nikolai Zhuzhgov.[146] Using a forged order, the four men gained entry to Michael's hotel at 11.45 p.m.[147] At first, Michael refused to accompany the men until he spoke with the local chairman of the secret police, Pavel Malkov, and then because he was ill. His protestations were futile and he got dressed. Johnson insisted on accompanying him and the four men plus their two prisoners climbed into two horse-drawn three-seater traps.[148]
They drove out of the town into the forest near
The bodies were stripped and buried. Anything of value was stolen and the clothes were taken back to Perm. After they were shown to Myasnikov as proof of the murders, the clothes were burned.
The Perm authorities distributed a concocted cover story that Michael was abducted by unidentified men and had disappeared.[156] Chelyshev and Borunov were arrested. Shortly before his own arrest, Colonel Peter Znamerovsky, a former Imperial army officer also exiled to Perm, managed to send Natalia a brief telegram saying that Michael had disappeared. Znamerovsky, Chelyshev and Borunov were all killed by the Perm Bolsheviks.[153] Soviet disinformation about Michael's disappearance led to unfounded rumours that he had escaped and was leading a successful counter-revolution.[157] In the ultimately forlorn hope that Michael would ally with Germany, the Germans arranged for Natalia and her daughter to escape to Kiev in German-controlled Ukraine. On the collapse of the Germans in November 1918, Natalia fled to the coast, and she and her daughter were evacuated by the British Royal Navy.[158]
On 8 June 2009, four days short of the 91st anniversary of their deaths, both Michael and Johnson were officially rehabilitated. Russian State Prosecutors stated, "The analysis of the archive material shows that these individuals were subject to repression through arrest, exile and scrutiny ... without being charged of committing concrete class and social-related crimes."[159]
Michael's son George, Count Brasov, died in a car crash shortly before his 21st birthday in 1931.[160] Natalia died penniless in a Parisian charity hospital in 1952.[161] His stepdaughter Natalia Mamontova married three times and wrote a book about her life entitled Step-Daughter of Imperial Russia, published in 1940.[162]
Regimental affiliations and commands
Russian
- Life-Guards Horse Artillery Brigade – lieutenant, 1898
- Life-Guards Her Imperial Majesty Empress Maria Feodorovna's Cuirassier Regiment – captain and squadron commander, 1902
- 17th Hussar Chernigovskii HIH Grand Princess Elizavet Feodorovna Hussars – colonel, commanding, 1910
- Life-Guards Her Imperial Majesty Empress Maria Feodorovna's Chevalier Guards Regiment – colonel, commanding, 1912
- Caucasian Native Mounted Division – major-general, commanding, 1914
- Second Cavalry Corps, Seventh Army – lieutenant-general, 1916
- Inspector-General of Cavalry, 1917
Foreign
- Ulanen-Regiment Kaiser Alexander III von Rußland (Westpreußisches) Nr.1,
- à la suite Imperial German Navy[165]
Honours
- Russian orders[166]
- Knight of St. Andrew, 12 October 1878[165]
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, 12 October 1878 (by statute of the Order of St. Andrew)
- Knight of the White Eagle, 12 October 1878 (by statute of the Order of St. Andrew)
- Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class, 12 October 1878 (by statute of the Order of St. Andrew)
- Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class, 12 October 1878 (by statute of the Order of St. Andrew)
- Alexander III Commemorative Medal, 17 March 1896
- Nicholas II Coronation Medal, 26 May 1896
- Brusilov Offensive, while in command of the 2nd Cavalry Corps), 1916[79]
- Knight of St. George, 4th Class (for actions in the Carpathian Mountains, while in command of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division), January 1915[167]
- St. George Sword, 27 June 1915
- Foreign orders[166]
- Denmark:
- Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise, 26 May 1892[168]
- Knight of the Elephant, 6 August 1897[168]
- Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, 27 September 1899[168]
- Emirate of Bukhara:
- Order of the Golden Star of Bukhara, 1st Class, 1 January 1893
- Order of the Crown of Bukhara, in Diamonds, 25 May 1896
- Order of the Sun of Alexander, in Diamonds, 19 May 1898
- Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore, 16 July 1894
- Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 26 November 1894[169]
- Principality of Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I, 17 May 1896[170]
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 25 May 1896
- Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 15 May 1897[165]
- Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 4 July 1897[171]
- Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania, 8 July 1898
- Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 9 November 1899
- Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 8 September 1900[172]
- Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer, 22 September 1900[173]
- Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 16 January 1901[174]
- United Kingdom:
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (civil), 15 February 1901[175]
- Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 15 July 1902[176]
- Commemorative Medal for the Coronation of King Edward VII, 19 August 1902
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 14 April 1901[165]
- Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders, 27 April 1901[177]
- Kingdom of Prussia:
- Knight of the Black Eagle, 15 December 1901 – during an official visit to Berlin[163]
- Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 23 May 1905[178]
- Spain: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 26 December 1901[179]
- Persian Empire: Order of the August Portrait, in Diamonds, 12 February 1902
- Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 26 June 1902[178]
- Norway:
- Silver Commemorative Medal for the Coronation of King Haakon VII, 6 June 1906
- Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar, 22 June 1906[180]
- Silver Commemorative Medal for the Coronation of
- Sweden: Knight of the Seraphim, 12 May 1908[181]
Ancestry
Ancestors of Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia[ Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel | | ||||||||||||
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15. Princess Charlotte of Denmark | |||||||||||||
Notes
- ^ All dates before 14 February [O.S. 1 February] 1918, unless otherwise stated, are shown in Old Style, using the Julian calendar; from that date, only Gregorian (New Style) dates apply.
- ^ "The Abdication of Nicholas II: 100 Years Later". The Russian Legitimist. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 20
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 17, 20
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 22
- ^ a b Crawford and Crawford, p. 23; Phenix, pp. 8–10; Vorres, p. 4
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 22–23; Vorres, p. 3
- ^ "Mrs" Franklin was not married; the "Mrs" was a courtesy title (Crawford and Crawford, p. 22).
- ^ Vorres, p. 24
- ^ Phenix, pp. 12–13; Vorres, pp. 26–27
- ^ Vorres, p. 30
- ^ Phenix, pp. 11, 24; Vorres, pp. 33–41
- ^ Vorres, pp. 48–52
- ^ Phenix, pp. 30–31; Vorres, pp. 54, 57
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 23
- ^ a b Crawford and Crawford, p. 24
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 25
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 25–26
- Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 27
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 26
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 47–48
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 48
- ^ Brasovo alone covered 430 square miles (1,100 km2), and was self-sufficient in bread, meat and dairy products. It included sawmills, chemical plants, distilleries, brickworks, schools, hospitals, churches, 9 villages and 184,000 acres (740 km2) of forest (Crawford and Crawford, p. 112).
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 28–29
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 7–8
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 5
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 8–9
- ^ a b c d e Crawford and Crawford, p. 10
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 11
- ^ The Observer, The Sunday Times, and Reynold's News, of 7 October 1906 (N.S.), quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 12
- ^ a b Crawford and Crawford, p. 13
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 57
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 14
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 15
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 16
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 44 47
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 77
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 85–87
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 74–91
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 104
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 107
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 111
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 112
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 116–119
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 122–125
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 125–126
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 128
- ^ a b Crawford and Crawford, pp. 129–131
- ^ Letter to Nicholas, 4 November 1912, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 131
- ^ Letter to Marie, 7 November 1912, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 132
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 130–132
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 136
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 137
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 151–152, 410 (note 17), and 213
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 138–145
- ^ Quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 146
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 148–149
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 153
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 159–160
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 161
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 162
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 162–165
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 178.
- ^ a b Letter from Michael to Natalia, 22 January 1915, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 622/20, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 172.
- ^ Letter from Michael to Nicholas, 15 November 1914, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 601/1301, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 164.
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 182
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 188–189
- ^ a b Washburn, Stanley (1916), The Russian Campaign, 1915, London: Andrew Melrose, pp. 261–262, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 190
- ^ Letter from Natalia to Michael, 10 June 1915, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 668/78, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 189
- ^ Letter from Michael to Natalia, 20 June 1915, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 622/20, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 190
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 195
- ^ Grand Duke Andrew, Major-General Sir Alfred Knox, French ambassador Maurice Paléologue, and General Aleksei Brusilov, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 197
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 211
- ^ Dimitri Abrikosov, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 213
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 221
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 225
- ^ Letter from Michael to Natalia, 5 August 1916, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 622/21, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 224
- ^ Quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 218
- ^ a b c Crawford and Crawford, p. 230
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 231
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 231–233
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 233
- ^ Letter from Michael to Nicholas, 11 November 1916, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 601/1301, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 234
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 240
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 241–243
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 244–245
- ^ Paléologue, Maurice (1925), An Ambassador's Memoirs, New York: Doran, vol. III, p. 162, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, pp. 231–233
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 247–251
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 252–254
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 251
- ^ a b Brusilov, Aleksei (1936), A Soldier's Note-Book, London: Macmillan, pp. 287–288, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 252
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 255–256
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 256–259
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 259–260
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 262–263
- ^ a b Crawford and Crawford, p. 264
- ^ Michael's diary, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 265
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 265, 267, 271–272
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 265–266
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 266
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 266–267, 274
- ^ Michael's diary, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 267
- ^ Burdzhalov and Raleigh, pp. 262–263; Crawford and Crawford, pp. 274–275
- ^ Burdzhalov and Raleigh, p. 264; Crawford and Crawford, pp. 276–277
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 279–281
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 286
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 287
- ^ State Archive of the Russian Federation, 601/2100, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 288
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 295
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 288–291
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 297–300
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 302–307
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 307–311
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 309–311
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 312–313
- ^ Kerensky, A. F. (1927), The Catastrophe, chap. 1, Marxists Internet Archive, retrieved 14 November 2009
- ^ See, for example, Kerensky's The Catastrophe (1927), chap. 1, and Paléologue's An Ambassador's Memoirs (1925), vol. III, p. 241.
- ^ Nicholas's diary, 3 March 1917, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 314
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 315–319
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 318
- ^ a b Kerensky, A. F. (1927), The Catastrophe, chap. 12, Marxists Internet Archive, retrieved 14 November 2009
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 327
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 330
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 331
- ^ Telegram from Ambassador Buchanan to Foreign Secretary Balfour, PRO FO/371/3015, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 331
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 322–323, 332
- ISBN 0-7139-0894-7
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 332
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 334
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 335–336
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 346
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 337–338
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 339
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 339–340
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 341
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 342
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 342–343
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 343–344
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 344–345
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 345–347
- ^ Massie, p. 13
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 348
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, p. 352
- ^ "Царская семья: последние дни, расстрел, обретение останков :: Документы". www.nik2.ru. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ Statements of local Bolsheviks in the State Archive of the Perm District (Pavel Malkov 90/M-60 and A. A. Mikov 09/2/M-22b), quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 354
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- ^ Myasnikov, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, pp. 356–357
- ^ Statements of murderers Andrei Markov and Gavriil Myasnikov, valet Vasily Chelyshev and hotel guest Krumnis, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, pp. 357–358
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References
- ISBN 978-0-253-20440-0
- Crawford, Rosemary; Crawford, Donald (1997) Michael and Natasha: The Life and Love of the Last Tsar of Russia, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-7538-0516-9
- ISBN 0-09-960121-4
- Phenix, Patricia (1999) Olga Romanov: Russia's Last Grand Duchess, Viking/Penguin, ISBN 0-14-028086-3
- Ruvigny, Marquis of (1914) The Titled Nobility of Europe, London: Harrison and Sons
- Vorres, Ian (2001) [1964] The Last Grand Duchess, Toronto: Key Porter Books, ISBN 1-55263-302-0
Further reading
- Crawford, Donald (2011) The Last Tsar: Emperor Michael II, Edinburgh: Murray McLellan, ISBN 978-0-9570091-1-0