Landing of the Granma

Coordinates: 23°8′27″N 82°21′25″W / 23.14083°N 82.35694°W / 23.14083; -82.35694
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Landing of the Granma
Part of the Cuban Revolution

Fighters disembarking from the Granma onto the Cuban coast
DateNovember 26 – December 2, 1956
Location
Result
  • Landing delayed 2 days due to bad weather
  • Rebels ambushed by Batistiano forces 3 days later
Belligerents
26th of July Movement  Cuba
Commanders and leaders
Fidel Castro Fulgencio Batista
Strength
82
Casualties and losses
67 (killed in ambush 3 days later)[1]
The route of Granma from Tuxpan to Playa Las Coloradas

Granma is a yacht that was used to transport 82 fighters of the Cuban Revolution from Mexico to Cuba in November 1956 to overthrow the regime of Fulgencio Batista. The 60-foot (18 m) diesel-powered vessel was built in 1943 by Wheeler Shipbuilding of Brooklyn, New York, as a light armored target practice boat, US Navy C-1994, and modified postwar to accommodate 12 people. "Granma", in English, is an affectionate term for a grandmother; the yacht is said to have been named for the previous owner's grandmother.[2][3][4]

Background

Exile of Moncada attackers

In 1953, beginning their first attack against the Batista government, Fidel Castro gathered 160 fighters and planned a multi-pronged attack on two military installations.[5] On 26 July 1953, the rebels attacked the Moncada Barracks in Santiago and the barracks in Bayamo, only to be defeated decisively by the far more numerous government soldiers.[6] It was hoped that the staged attack would initiate a nationwide revolt against Batista's government. After an hour of fighting most of the rebels and their commander fled to the mountains.[7] The exact number of rebels killed in the battle is debatable; however, in his autobiography, Fidel Castro wrote that six were killed during the fighting, and an additional 55 were executed after being captured by the Batista government.[8] Due to the government's large number of men, Hunt revised the number to about 60 members taking the opportunity to flee to the mountains along with Castro.[9] Among the dead was Abel Santamaría, Castro's second-in-command, who was imprisoned, tortured, and executed on the same day as the attack.[10]

Numerous important revolutionaries, including the Castro brothers, were captured soon afterwards. During a political trial, Fidel spoke for nearly four hours in his defense, ending with the words "Condemn me, it does not matter.

Jesuit childhood teachers succeeded in persuading Batista to include Fidel and Raúl in the release. Fidel Castro left Cuba for exile in Mexico.[13]

Conception

In Mexico, Fidel Castro soon met with

Cuban exiles for his invasion.[14]

Preparations

The yacht was purchased on October 10, 1956, for

US$4,000 in 1956) from the United States-based Schuylkill Products Company, Inc., by a Mexican citizen—said to be Mexico City gun dealer Antonio "The Friend" del Conde[15]—secretly representing Fidel Castro
. The builder, Wheeler Shipbuiding, then of Brooklyn, New York, now of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, also built It is still unknown who removed the light armor and expanded the cabin postwar to convert the navy training boat into a civilian yacht. Castro's 26th of July Movement had attempted to purchase a Catalina flying boat maritime aircraft, or a US naval crash rescue boat for the purpose of crossing the Gulf of Mexico to Cuba, but their efforts had been thwarted by lack of funds. The money to purchase Granma had been raised in the US state of Florida by former President of Cuba Carlos Prío Socarrás[17] and Teresa Casuso Morín.[18]

Soon after midnight on November 25, 1956, in the Mexican port of

Playa Las Coloradas, in the municipality of Niquero, in modern Granma Province (named for the vessel), formerly part of the larger Oriente Province. Granma was piloted by Norberto Collado Abreu, a World War II Cuban Navy veteran and ally of Castro.[20] The location was chosen to emulate the voyage of national hero José Martí, who had landed in the same region 61 years earlier during the wars
of independence from Spanish colonial rule.

Operation

Santiago de Cuba uprising

A rebellion organized by the

26th of July movement and planned by Haydée Santamaría, Celia Sánchez, and Frank País occurred in Santiago de Cuba. It was planned in occurrence with the landing of the Granma. The rebellion happened on November 30 but was destroyed quickly by police. The Granma itself wouldn't arrive in Cuba until days later on December 2. It was made two days late due to bad weather during the voyage to Cuba.[21]

Granma landing

We reached solid ground, lost, stumbling along like so many shadows or ghosts marching in response to some obscure psychic impulse. We had been through seven days of constant hunger and sickness during the sea crossing, topped by three still more terrible days on land. Exactly 10 days after our departure from Mexico, during the early morning hours of December 5, following a night-long march interrupted by fainting and frequent rest periods, we reached a spot paradoxically known as Alegría de Pío (Rejoicing of the Pious). – Che Guevara[22]

Batista predicted correctly that the landing would occur, and his troops were ready. Consequentially, the landing party was bombarded by helicopters and airplanes soon after landing. Since the terrain on the coastline provided little cover, the party was an easy target.[23] Many casualties ensued, most of them during battle at Alegría de Pío [es] further inland. The survivors continued to the foot of Pico Turquino in the Sierra Maestra to perform guerilla war.[24]

Initially, Batista did not know who exactly were among the casualties, and international media widely reported that Fidel had died.

Granma yacht expeditioners

The 82 expeditioners were:[27]

Legacy

Granma Memorial in Havana

Soon after the revolutionary forces triumphed on January 1, 1959, the cabin cruiser was transferred to Havana Bay. Norberto Collado Abreu, who had served as main helmsman for the 1956 voyage,[20] received the job of guarding and preserving the yacht.[citation needed]

Since 1976, the yacht has been displayed permanently in a glass enclosure at the Memorial Granma adjacent to the Museum of the Revolution in Havana. A portion of old Oriente Province, where the expedition made landfall, was renamed Granma Province in honor of the vessel. UNESCO has declared the Landing of the Granma National Park—established at the location (Playa Las Coloradas)—a World Heritage Site for its natural habitat.[28]

The Cuban government celebrates December 2 as the

Cuban Communist Party has been named Granma. The name of the vessel became a symbol for Cuban communism.[30]

References

  1. .
  2. ^ Daniel, Frank Jack (November 25, 2006). "Fifty years on, Mexico town recalls young Castro". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 28, 2006.
  3. ^ Arrington, Vanessa (July 2006). "Roots of Cuban Revolution lie in the east". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
  4. ^ "Down with Imperialism* 12,000 Miles Away". Time. December 2, 2008. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2006.
  5. ^ "Historical sites: Moncada Army Barracks and". CubaTravelInfo. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  6. Newsmax Media. Archived
    from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  7. .
  8. ^ Castro (2007), p. 133
  9. ^ Hunt, Michael (2014). The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 257.
  10. ^ Castro (2007), p. 672
  11. ^ Hunt, Michael (2014). The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 258.
  12. ^ "Chronicle of an Unforgettable Agony: Cuba's Political Prisons". Contacto Magazine. September 1996. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  13. ^ Castro (2007), p. 174
  14. .
  15. ^ Frank Jack Daniel (November 27, 2006). "Fifty years on, Mexico town recalls young Castro". Caribbean Net News. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
  16. ^ "History – Wheeler Yacht Company". wheeleryachts.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  17. .
  18. ^ "Humanismo. Mexico City: January-February 1958, No. 4". Sotherbys.com. Sotherbys. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  19. ^ Guevara, Ernesto. Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria. "Una revolución que comienza" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 12, 2010.
  20. ^ a b "Cuban Revolutionary Collado Abreu Dies". Associated Press. April 3, 2008. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
  21. .
  22. .
  23. ^ Cuba Libre 2016, 24:00.
  24. ^ Cuba Libre 2016, 25:00.
  25. ^ Cuba Libre 2016, 26:00.
  26. .
  27. ^ "Lo que brilla con luz propia, nada lo puede apagar". Granma Cuba Si (in Spanish). Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  28. ^ "Desembarco del Granma National Park". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  29. ^ Expedición del Granma. Cuban Ministry of the Armed Forces. Retrieved November 19, 2006.
  30. .

Works cited

External links

23°8′27″N 82°21′25″W / 23.14083°N 82.35694°W / 23.14083; -82.35694