Granuloma

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Granulomatous" and "Granulomatous reactions" redirect here. For the Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction, see Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction.
Not to be confused with Granulation tissue.
Granuloma
Mycobacterium avium infection.
SpecialtyPathology

A granuloma is an aggregation of

fungi, as well as other materials such as foreign objects, keratin, and suture fragments.[2][3][4][5]

Definition

In pathology, a granuloma is an organized collection of macrophages.[1][6]

In medical practice, doctors occasionally use the term granuloma in its more literal meaning: "a small nodule". Since a small

pathologist
to examine surgically removed and specially colored (stained) tissue under a microscope.

Macrophages (specifically

epithelial cells. Epithelioid macrophages differ from ordinary macrophages in that they have elongated nuclei that often resemble the sole of a slipper or shoe. They also have larger nuclei than ordinary macrophages, and their cytoplasm is typically pinker when stained with eosin. These changes are thought to be a consequence of "activation" of the macrophage by the offending antigen.[citation needed
]

The other key term in the above definition is the word "organized" which refers to a tight, ball-like formation. The macrophages in these formations are typically so tightly clustered that the borders of individual cells are difficult to appreciate. Loosely dispersed macrophages are not considered to be granulomas.

All granulomas, regardless of cause, may contain additional cells and

bronchopulmonary fungal disease, and granulomas with numerous neutrophils suggest blastomycosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, aspiration pneumonia, or cat-scratch disease
.

In terms of the underlying cause, the difference between granulomas and other types of inflammation is that granulomas form in response to antigens that are resistant to "first-responder" inflammatory cells such as

eosinophils. The antigen causing the formation of a granuloma is most often an infectious pathogen or a substance foreign to the body, but sometimes the offending antigen is unknown (as in sarcoidosis).[citation needed
]

Granulomas are seen in a wide variety of diseases, both infectious and noninfectious.

rheumatoid nodules, and aspiration of food and other particulate material into the lung.[citation needed
]

Caseating vs Non-Caseating

An important feature of granulomas is whether or not they contain necrosis, which refers to dead cells that, under the microscope, appear as a mass of formless debris with no nuclei present. A related term, caseation (literally: turning to cheese) refers to a form of necrosis that, to the unaided eye, appears cheese-like ("caseous"), and is typically a feature of the granulomas of tuberculosis. The identification of necrosis in granulomas is important because granulomas with necrosis tend to have infectious causes.[2] Several exceptions to this general rule exist, but it nevertheless remains useful in day-to-day diagnostic pathology.

  • Necrosis in granulomas
  • Granuloma without necrosis in a lymph node of a person with sarcoidosis
    Granuloma without necrosis in a lymph node of a person with sarcoidosis
  • Granuloma with central necrosis in a lung of a person with tuberculosis: Note the Langhans-type giant cells (with many nuclei arranged in a horseshoe-like pattern at the edge of the cell) around the periphery of the granuloma. Langhans-type giant cells are seen in many types of granulomas and are not specific for tuberculosis.
    Granuloma with central necrosis in a lung of a person with tuberculosis: Note the Langhans-type giant cells (with many nuclei arranged in a horseshoe-like pattern at the edge of the cell) around the periphery of the granuloma. Langhans-type giant cells are seen in many types of granulomas and are not specific for tuberculosis.

Diseases with granulomas

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause the granulomas of tuberculosis which tend to contain necrosis ("caseating tubercules"), but non-necrotizing granulomas may also be present.[8] Multinucleated giant cells with nuclei arranged like a horseshoe (Langhans giant cell) and foreign body giant cells[9] are often present, but are not specific for tuberculosis. A definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis requires identification of the causative organism by microbiologic cultures.[10]

Leprosy

In leprosy, granulomas are found in the skin and tend to involve nerves. The appearance of the granulomas differs according to the precise type of leprosy.

Aquarium granuloma

The other Mycobacterium species, Mycobacterium marinum can cause a rare infection known as "aquarium granuloma."[11]

Schistosomiasis

Some

schistosome
ova that are laid in intestinal and urinary venules backwash into the liver via the portal vein, causing granuloma formation in the liver.

Histoplasmosis

Granulomas are seen in most forms of histoplasmosis (acute histoplasmosis, histoplasmoma, chronic histoplasmosis). Histoplasma organisms can sometimes be demonstrated within the granulomas by biopsy or microbiological cultures.[2]

Cryptococcosis

When

Cryptococcus infection occurs in persons whose immune systems are intact, granulomatous inflammation is typically encountered. The granulomas can be necrotizing or non-necrotizing. Using a microscope and appropriate stains, organisms can be seen within the granulomas.[10]

Cat-scratch disease

Cat-scratch disease is an infection caused by the bacterial organism Bartonella henselae, typically acquired by a scratch from a kitten infected with the organism. The granulomas in this disease are found in the lymph nodes draining the site of the scratch. They are characteristically "suppurative", i.e., pus-forming, containing large numbers of neutrophils. Organisms are usually difficult to find within the granulomas using methods routinely used in pathology laboratories.

Rheumatic fever

streptococcal pharyngeal infection
. It is believed to be caused by antibody cross-reactivity.

Sarcoidosis

asteroid bodies in sarcoidosis, H&E stain

Schaumann bodies, but these structures are not specific for sarcoidosis.[10] Sarcoid granulomas can resolve spontaneously without complications or heal with residual scarring. In the lungs, this scarring can cause a condition known as pulmonary fibrosis
that impairs breathing. In the heart, it can lead to rhythm disturbances, heart failure, and even death.

Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory condition of uncertain cause characterized by severe inflammation in the wall of the intestines and other parts of the abdomen. Within the inflammation in the gut wall, granulomas are often found and are a clue to the diagnosis.[13]

Listeria monocytogenes

granulomatosis infantiseptica
, following in utero infection.

Leishmania spp.

Leishmaniases are a group of human diseases caused by Leishmania genus and transmitted by a sandfly bite can lead to granulomatous inflammation[14] in skin (cutaneous form of the disease) and liver (visceral form), with research suggesting effective granuloma formation to be desirable in the resolution of the disease.[15]

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Pneumocystis infection in the lungs is usually not associated with granulomas, but rare cases are well documented to cause granulomatous inflammation. The diagnosis is established by finding Pneumocystis yeasts within the granulomas on lung biopsies.[16]

Aspiration pneumonia

Aspiration pneumonia is typically caused by aspiration of bacteria from the oral cavity into the lungs, and does not result in the formation of granulomas. Granulomas may form, though, when food particles or other particulate substances such as pill fragments are aspirated into the lungs. Patients typically aspirate food because they have esophageal, gastric, or neurologic problems. Intake of drugs that depress neurologic function may also lead to aspiration. The resultant granulomas are typically found around the airways (bronchioles), and are often accompanied by foreign body-type, multinucleated giant cells, acute inflammation, or organizing pneumonia. The finding of food particles in lung biopsies is diagnostic.[17]

Rheumatoid arthritis

Necrotizing granulomas can develop in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, typically manifesting as bumps in the soft tissues around the joints (so-called rheumatoid nodules) or in the lungs.[10]

Granuloma annulare

Granuloma annulare is a skin disease of unknown cause in which granulomas are found in the dermis of the skin, but it is not a true granuloma. Typically, a central zone of necrobiotic generation of collagen is seen, with surrounding inflammation and mucin deposition on pathology.

Foreign-body granuloma

Granulomatous reaction to nylon suture material

A

foreign-body granuloma occurs when a foreign body (such as a wood splinter, piece of metal, glass etc.) penetrates the body's soft tissue followed by acute inflammation and formation of a granuloma.[18] In some cases the foreign body can be found and removed even years after the precipitating event.[19]

Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis

Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis is a rare granulomatous skin disorder of unknown cause. It is temporary and tends to affect children, usually of African descent.

Granulomas associated with vasculitis

Certain inflammatory diseases are characterised by a combination of granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels). Both the granulomas as well as the vasculitis tend to occur in association with necrosis. Classic examples of such diseases include granulomatosis with polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Etymology

The term is from

Latin
grānulum 'small grain' and -oma, a suffix used to indicate tumors or masses. The plural is granulomas or granulomata. The adjective granulomatous means "characterized by granulomas".

See also

References

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  11. ^ Pereira, C., Tauro, L. F., & Shetty, P. (2020). Aquarium granuloma: a diagnosis based on history. International Surgery Journal, 7(6), 2036-2038.
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  13. ^ Cohen E (June 11, 2009). "Teen diagnoses her own disease in science class". CNN Health. Cable News Network. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
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