Granuloma annulare
Granuloma annulare | |
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Perforating form of granuloma annulare on hand | |
Specialty | Dermatology |
Granuloma annulare (GA) is a common, sometimes chronic skin condition which presents as reddish bumps on the skin arranged in a circle or ring.[1] It can initially occur at any age, though two-thirds of patients are under 30 years old, and it is seen most often in children and young adults. Females are two times as likely to have it as males.[2]
Signs and symptoms
Aside from the visible rash, granuloma annulare is usually asymptomatic. Sometimes the rash may burn or itch. People with GA usually notice a ring of small, firm bumps (papules) over the backs of the forearms, hands or feet, often centered on joints or knuckles. The bumps are caused by the clustering of T cells below the skin. These papules start as very small, pimple looking bumps, which spread over time from that size to dime, quarter, half-dollar size and beyond. Occasionally, multiple rings may join into one. Rarely, GA may appear as a firm nodule under the skin of the arms or legs. It also occurs on the sides and circumferential at the waist and without therapy can continue to be present for many years. Outbreaks continue to develop at the edges of the aging rings.[citation needed]
Causes
The condition is usually seen in otherwise healthy people. Occasionally, it may be associated with
Pathology
Granuloma annulare microscopically consists of
Pathogenesis
Granuloma annulare is an idiopathic condition, though many catalysts have been proposed. Among these is
The mechanisms proposed at a molecular level vary even more. In 1977, Dahl et al. proposed that since the lesions of GA often display a thickening of, occlusion of, or other trauma to
Umbert et al. (1976), proposed an alternative pathogenesis: cell-mediated immunity. Their data suggests that
Diagnosis
Types
Granuloma annulare may be divided into the following types:[13]: 703–5
Treatment
Because granuloma annulare is usually asymptomatic and self-limiting with a course of about two years, initial treatment is generally
History
The disease was first described in 1895 by Thomas Colcott Fox as a "ringed eruption of the fingers",[2] and it was named granuloma annulare by Henry Radcliffe Crocker in 1902.[17]
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0729540759; pbk)
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- ISSN 1019-5149.
- S2CID 42375301.
- ^ PMID 27543210.
- PMID 322621.
- PMID 3766919.
- S2CID 7026704.
- PMID 596898.
- PMID 8311184.
- PMID 6218788.
- ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ "Granuloma Annulare Treatment". www.buzzle.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25.
- ^ "Granuloma annulare | DermNet NZ".
- ^ Ghadially, Ruby (15 October 2020). "Granuloma Annulare: Treatment & Management". Medscape. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
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