Grape juice
Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending
.In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from
Grape juice can be made from all grape varieties after reaching appropriate maturity. Because of consumers' preferences for characteristics in colour, flavour and aroma, grape juice is primarily produced from American cultivars of Vitis labrusca.[2]
History
The method of pasteurizing grape juice to halt fermentation has been attributed to an American physician and dentist, Thomas Bramwell Welch, in 1869. A supporter of the temperance movement, he produced a non-alcoholic wine to be used for church services in his hometown of Vineland, New Jersey. His fellow parishioners continued to prefer and use regular wine. His son, Charles E. Welch, who was also a dentist, eventually gave up his practice to promote grape juice. In 1893, he founded Welch's Grape Juice Company at Westfield, New York. The product was given to visitors at international exhibitions. The oldest extant structure associated with the company is Welch Factory Building No. 1, located at Westfield, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.[3]
As the temperance movement grew, so did the popularity of grape juice. In 1913, US Secretary of State
Ingredients and composition
Grape juice from
Production
Around mid-September in the
A rotating perforated drum removes any stems and leaves that remain attached to the grapes. Once they are detached from the stems, the grapes are subsequently crushed and pass through the holes of the drum. Stems, leaves and other residuals continue along the drum to be removed as waste.
There are other process alternatives that can be applied to the processing grape juice, including cold-pressing the juice, and adding sulfur dioxide to the juice.[8](p101-104) The juice can be further processed by removing water to produce a pure concentrate that can be used in a variety of juice products.[9]
Packaging and storage
Hot filling is traditionally used to package grape juice.[8] In this process, grape juice is heated to a minimum of 77-82 °C using a heat exchanger before the juice is poured into preheated containers made of materials such as glass or newer, heat resistant plastics. Glass presents a more high quality appearance, but can also be quite fragile and bulky compared to plastics. Pasteurization can also be used afterwards to prolong its shelf life by heating the juice to 85 °C for 3 min before cooling it down.[10] At the highest quality of retention, unopened grape juice can be stored for 6–12 months unrefrigerated.[8] After opening, grape juice can be stored for approximately 7–10 days in the refrigerator before spoilage occurs.[11]
Aseptic processing can also be used, which requires the grape juice to be sterilized before packaging.[8] There are different methods of sterilization. Sterile filtration can be used for clarified grape juice with no particulate matter, which uses membranes with a pore size that is small enough to filter out microorganisms (<0.45 µm). Thermal sterilization can also be used by heating the juice to a temperature of 93-100 °C for 15–45 seconds.[8] Additionally, the container itself must also be sterilized with a chemical sterilizing agent like hydrogen peroxide.[12] This process is beneficial for packaging materials such as Tetra Paks that cannot withstand high temperatures. The containers must then be filled in a sterile environment and can be stored for at least 6 months unrefrigerated. Although aseptic packaging is more costly, it maximizes shelf life and results in less heat damage and nutrient losses compared to hot filling.[8]
Grape varieties
Commercial grape juice does not use the same varieties of grapes known for eating as "table grapes". Due to the large selection of grape varieties, considerations that go into the choice of grape species include factors such as consumer preferences, grape disease resistance, and tolerance to climate.[13] The purple-skinned Concord grape is the most common grape used for juice in North America due to its durability to its environment and its labrusca flavour that comes from its methyl anthranilate properties.[14] This type of grape can also be used for wines and jelly. The green grapes that are used for white grape juice lack the phytochemicals that give their purple counterparts their dark colour.
Religious uses
Catholicism
In certain circumstances, the
Protestantism
Some Protestant denominations (specifically those which oppose the use of alcoholic beverages by members) use grape juice in their celebration of the Eucharist. The
Judaism
Alcohol is permitted by traditional Jewish law and wine is used for sacramental purposes. The Jewish legal code, the Talmud, in tractate Bava Batra 97b, permits the use of unfermented fresh grape juice for sacramental use. Later legal codes have ruled that while wine is preferable to grape juice, grape juice is permitted for blessings and rituals such as Shabbat, the Jewish Sabbath.[17]
See also
References
- ^ "Thompson Seedless Grape Juice". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
- .
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
- ^ "What does orange juice 'from concentrate' mean?". BBC Science Focus Magazine. Archived from the original on 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-08-05.
- ^ "Welch's 100% Grape Juice Fact Sheet"[permanent dead link]. [PDF file]. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
- ^ "Ascorbic acid". ChemicalSafetyFacts.org. 2018-03-23. Archived from the original on 2019-08-05. Retrieved 2019-08-05.
- ^ "Fall |". www.grapegrowersofontario.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2019-08-05.
- ^ ISBN 9781475762969
- ^ How grape juice is made, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2019-08-05
- ^ "Principles and practices of small - and medium - scale fruit juice processing". www.fao.org. Archived from the original on 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2019-08-05.
- ^ "Our Story | Welch's". www.welchs.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-06. Retrieved 2019-08-05.
- ^ "Role of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide in fruit juice preservation: A review". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-08-05.
- ^ "Wine and Juice Varieties for Cool Climates". www.grapegrowersofontario.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
- ^ "Grapes for Juice |". www.grapegrowersofontario.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
- ^ "Norms for Use of Low-Gluten Bread and Mustum, Follow-Up | EWTN". EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
- ISBN 1576078337.
- ^ Haber, Tzvi Hirsch (November 21, 2013). "Using Grape Juice for Kiddush". torahlab.com. TorahLab. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2020.