Vitis
Vitis (grapevine) is a genus of 81 accepted species[5] of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The genus consists of species predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. The study and cultivation of grapevines is called viticulture.
Most cultivated Vitis varieties are
Grapevines usually only produce fruit on shoots that came from buds that were developed during the previous
Description
Flower buds are formed late in the growing season and overwinter for blooming in spring of the next year. They produce leaf-opposed
Other parts of the vine include the
In the wild, all species of Vitis are normally
The genus Vitis is divided into two subgenera, Euvitis
Wild grapes can resemble the single-seeded Menispermum canadense (moonseed), which is toxic.[12]
Species
Most Vitis species are found mostly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in North America and eastern Asia, exceptions being a few in the tropics and the wine grape Vitis vinifera which originated in southern Europe and southwestern Asia. Grape species occur in widely different geographical areas and show a great diversity of form.
Their growth makes leaf collection challenging and polymorphic leaves make identification of species difficult. Mature grapevines can grow up to 48 centimetres (19 inches) in diameter at breast height and reach the upper canopy of trees more than 35 metres (115 feet) in height.[13]
Many species are sufficiently closely related to allow easy interbreeding and the resultant interspecific hybrids are invariably fertile and vigorous. Thus the concept of a species is less well defined and more likely represents the identification of different ecotypes of Vitis that have evolved in distinct geographical and environmental circumstances.
The exact number of species is not certain. Plants of the World Online states 81 species are accepted, but lists 84.[5] More than 65 species in Asia are poorly defined.[14] Approximately 25 species are known in North America and just one, V. vinifera has Eurasian origins;[15] some of the more notable include:
- Vitis aestivalis, the summer grape, native to the Eastern United States, especially the Southeastern United States
- Vitis amurensis, native to the Asian continent, including parts of Siberia and China
- Vitis arizonica, The Arizona grape is native to Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, New Mexico, Texas, and Northern Mexico.[16]
- Vitis berlandieri, native to the southern North America, primarily Texas, New Mexico and Arkansas. Primarily known for good tolerance against soils with a high content of lime, which can cause chlorosis in many vines of American origin
- Vitis californica, the California wild grape, or Northern California grape, or Pacific grape, is a wild grape species widespread across much of California as well as southwestern Oregon
- Vitis coignetiae, the crimson glory vine, a species from East Asia grown as an ornamental plant for its crimson autumn foliage
- Vitis labrusca L., the fox grapevine, sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the Eastern United States and Canada. The Concord grape was derived by a cross with this species
- Vitis riparia, the riverbank grapevine, sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the entire Eastern United States and north to Quebec
- muscadine, used for jams and wine. Native to the Southeastern United States from Delaware to the Gulf of Mexico
- Vitis rupestris, the rock grapevine, used for breeding of Phylloxera resistant rootstock. Native to the Southern United States
- Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine. Native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia.
- Vitis vulpina, the frost grape, native to the Eastern United States, from Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas[17] Treated by some as a synonym of V. riparia.[18]
Plants of the World Online also includes:[5]
- Vitis acerifolia Raf.
- Vitis amoena Z.H. Chen, Feng Chen & WW.Y. Xie
- Vitis baihuashanensis M.S.Kang & D.Z.Lu
- Vitis balansana Planch.
- Vitis bashanica P.C.He
- Vitis bellula (Rehder) W.T.Wang
- Vitis betulifolia Diels & Gilg
- Vitis biformis Rose
- Vitis blancoi Munson
- Vitis bloodworthiana Comeaux
- Vitis bourgaeana Planch.
- Vitis bryoniifolia Bunge
- Vitis × champinii Planch.
- Vitis chunganensis Hu
- Vitis chungii F.P.Metcalf
- Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millardet
- Vitis davidi (Rom.Caill.) Foëx
- Vitis × doaniana Munson ex Viala
- Vitis erythrophylla W.T.Wang
- Vitis fengqinensis C.L.Li
- Vitis ficifolia Bunge
- Vitis flavicosta Mickel & Beitel
- Vitis flexuosa Thunb.
- Vitis girdiana Munson
- Vitis hancockii Hance
- Vitis heyneana Schult.
- Vitis hissarica Vassilcz.
- Vitis hui W.C.Cheng
- Vitis jaegeriana Comeaux
- Vitis jinggangensis W.T.Wang
- Vitis jinzhainensis X.S.Shen
- Vitis kaihuaica Z.H.Chen, Feng Chen & W.Y Xie
- Vitis kiusiana Momiy.
- Vitis lanceolatifoliosa C.L.Li
- Vitis longquanensis P.L.Chiu
- Vitis luochengensis W.T.Wang
- Vitis menghaiensis C.L.Li
- Vitis mengziensis C.L.Li
- Vitis metziana Miq.
- Vitis monticola Buckley
- Vitis mustangensis Buckley
- Vitis nesbittiana Comeaux
- Vitis × novae-angliae Fernald
- Vitis novogranatensis Moldenke
- Vitis nuristanica Vassilcz.
- Vitis palmata Vahl
- Vitis pedicellata M.A.Lawson
- Vitis peninsularis M.E.Jones
- Vitis piasezkii Maxim.
- Vitis pilosonervia F.P.Metcalf
- Vitis popenoei J.L.Fennell
- Vitis pseudoreticulata W.T.Wang
- Vitis quinlingensis P.C.He
- Vitis retordii Rom.Caill. ex Planch.
- Vitis romanetii Rom.Caill.
- Vitis ruyuanensis C.L.Li
- Vitis saccharifera Makino
- Vitis shenxiensis C.L.Li
- Vitis shizishanensis Z.Y.Ma, J.Wen, Q.Fu & X.Q.Liu
- Vitis shuttleworthii House
- Vitis silvestrii Pamp.
- Vitis sinocinerea W.T.Wang
- Vitis sinoternata W.T.Wang
- Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.
- Vitis tsoi Merr.
- Vitis wenchowensis C.Ling
- Vitis wenxianensis W.T.Wang
- Vitis wilsoniae H.J.Veitch
- Vitis wuhanensis C.L.Li
- Vitis xunyangensis P.C.He
- Vitis yunnanensis C.L.Li
- Vitis zhejiang-adstricta P.L.Chiu
There are many cultivars of grapevines; most are cultivars of V. vinifera. One of them includes, Vitis 'Ornamental Grape'.
Hybrid grapes also exist, and these are primarily crosses between V. vinifera and one or more of V. labrusca, V. riparia or V. aestivalis. Hybrids tend to be less susceptible to frost and disease (notably phylloxera), but wine from some hybrids may have a little of the characteristic "foxy" taste of V. labrusca.
The Latin word Vitis is feminine,[19] and therefore adjectival species names take feminine forms, such as V. vinifera.[20][a]
Ecology
Phylloxera is an American root aphid that devastated V. vinifera vineyards in Europe when accidentally introduced in the late 19th century. Attempts were made to breed in resistance from American species, but many winemakers and customers did not like the unusual flavour profile of the hybrid vines. However, V. vinifera grafts readily onto rootstocks of the American species and their hybrids with V. vinifera, and most commercial production of grapes now relies on such grafts.
The
Grapevines are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.
Commercial distribution
According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.
The following list of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes (regardless of the grapes' final destination):[22]
Country | Area under vine ( ha x103) | Grape production (metric ton x106) |
---|---|---|
World | 7511 | 75.7 |
Spain | 1021 | 6.0 |
China | 830 | 12.6 |
France | 786 | 6.3 |
Italy | 682 | 8.2 |
Turkey | 497 | 3.6 |
United States | 419 | 7.0 |
Argentina | 225 | 2.4 |
Iran | 223 | 2.1 |
Portugal | 217 | |
Chile | 211 | 3.1 |
Romania | 192 | |
Australia | 149 | 1.7 |
Moldova | 140 | |
South Africa | 130 | 2.0 |
India | 120 | 2.6 |
Brazil | 85 | 1.5 |
Bulgaria | 60 | |
New Zealand | 39 |
Domestic cultivation
Grapevines are widely cultivated by gardeners, and numerous suppliers cater specifically for this trade. The plants are valued for their decorative foliage, often colouring brightly in autumn; their ability to clothe walls, pergolas and arches, thus providing shade; and their fruits, which may be eaten as dessert or provide the basis for homemade wines. Popular varieties include:-
- Buckland Sweetwater' (white dessert)
- 'Chardonnay' (white wine)
- 'Foster's Seedling' (white dessert)
- 'Grenache' (red wine)
- 'Muscat of Alexandria' (white dessert)
- 'Müller-Thurgau' (white wine)
- 'Phoenix' (white wine)
- 'Pinot noir' (red wine)
- 'Regent' (red wine)
- 'Schiava Grossa' (red dessert)
- 'Seyval blanc' (white wine)[23]
- 'Tempranillo' (red wine)
The following varieties have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-[24]
Uses
The fruit of several Vitis species are grown commercially for consumption as fresh grapes and for fermentation into wine.[30] Vitis vinifera is the most important such species.[31]
The
Culture
The grapevine (typically Vitis vinifera) has been used as a symbol since ancient times. In
The grapevine has a profound symbolic meaning in
In Christian
The vine and
In Mandaeism, uthras (angels or celestial beings) are often described as personified grapevines (gupna).[38]
See also
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ Roland Wilbur Brown. Paleocene Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Vitis L.". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ GRIN. "Species in GRIN for genus Vitis". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ V. kelungensis, V. yeshanensis Ahmet Güner; Gábor Gyulai; Zoltán Tóth; Gülsüm Asena Başlı; Zoltán Szabó; Ferenc Gyulai; András Bittsánszky; Luther Waters Jr.; László Heszky (2008). "Grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds from Antiquity and the Middle Ages Excavated in Hungary - LM and SEM analysis" (PDF). Anadolu Univ J Sci Technol. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Vitis L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ ISBN 9781905819157
- ISBN 9780521707725.
- LCCN 63-16478
- ^ Bennett, M.D.; Leitch, I.J. (2012). "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Plant DNA C-values database, release 6.0". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2016-03-19. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
- ^ "Vitis rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong". Plant of the Week: Vitis rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong. University of Arkansas. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
- ISSN 0018-5345.
- )
- ^ Everhart SE (2010). "Upper Canopy Collection and Identification of Grapevines (Vitis) from Selected Forests in the Southeastern United States". Castanea (From University of Nebraska Digital Commons). 75 (1): 141–149.
- ISBN 2-01-236331-8.
- ISBN 979-10-91799-89-8.
- ^ "SEINet Portal Network - Vitis arizonica".
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Vitis vulpina L.". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Jain, E.; Bairoch, A.; Duvaud, S.; Phan, I.; Redaschi, N.; Suzek, B.E.; Martin, M.J.; McGarvey, P.; Gasteiger, E. (November 3, 2009). "Vitis riparia (Frost grape) (Vitis vulpina)". The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt). The UniProt Consortium. Retrieved November 16, 2009.
- ^ Lewis, C.T.; Short, C. (1958), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6Article 23.5
- ^ Stearn, W.T. (1992), Botanical Latin: History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary, Fourth edition, David and Charles
- ^ "OIV Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ISBN 9781845334345.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ "Vitis 'Boskoop Glory'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Vitis 'Brant '". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "Vitis 'Claret Cloak' ('Frovit')". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Vitis 'New York Muscat'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Vitis 'Purpurea'". Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- PMID 20932167.
- PMID 27741360.
Nearly all table grapes that are sold in commercial markets are V. vinifera.
- .
- ^ a b Wulkan, Reba, "The Grape and the Vine: A Motif in Contemporary Jewish Textiles" (1998). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 217.
- ^ S2CID 241465067.
- ^ Deuteronomy 8:8
- ^ Isaiah 5:7, Hosea 9:10
- ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Clement W. Coumbe (1920). . In Rines, George Edwin (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana.
- ISBN 9780958034630.
Further reading
- Francesco Emanuelli; Silvia Lorenzi; Lukasz Grzeskowiak; Valentina Catalano; Marco Stefanini; Michela Troggio; Sean Myles; José M. Martinez-Zapater; Eva Zyprian; Flavia M. Moreira & M. Stella Grando (2013). "Genetic diversity and population structure assessed by SSR and SNP markers in a large germplasm collection of grape". BMC Plant Biology. 13. BioMed Central Ltd.: 39. PMID 23497049.
- Roberto Bacilieri; Thierry Lacombe; Loic Le Cunff; Manuel Di Vecchi Staraz; Valerie Laucou; Blaise Genna; Jean-Pierre Peros; Patrice This; Jean-Michel Boursiquot (2013). "Genetic structure in cultivated grapevines is linked to geography and human selection". BMC Plant Biology. 13. BioMed Central Ltd.: 25. PMID 23394135.
External links
- Media related to Vitis at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Vitis at Wikispecies
- List of 48 descriptors defined in the GRAPEGEN06 project (selected from the 151 OIVdescriptors published in June 2007)