Graphidaceae

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Graphidaceae
Graphis desquamescens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Family: Graphidaceae
Dumort.
(1822)
Type genus
Adans.
(1763)
Subfamilies
  • Fissurinoideae
  • Graphidoideae
Synonyms[1][2][3]
  • Asterothyriaceae Walt.Watson (1929)
  • Diploschistaceae
    Zahlbr.
    (1905)
  • Fissurinaceae B.P.Hodk. (2012))
  • Thelotremataceae
    Stizenb.
    (1862)

The Graphidaceae are a

genera and more than 2000 species.[4] Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.[5]

Taxonomy

Graphidaceae was originally proposed by French botanist Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in 1822 (as "Graphineae"). Graphis, Opegrapha, and Arthonia were included in the new family.[6]

In 2002, German lichenologist Bettina Staiger revised the Graphidaceae family in a

molecular phylogenetic studies led to a further reorganization of the family.[7]

Two subfamilies are recognized in the Graphidaceae:[5]

  • Fissurinoideae Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch (2011)[1]
  • Graphidoideae Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch (2011)[1]

Subfamily Redonographoideae, proposed by Lücking and colleagues in 2013,[8] has since been promoted to familial status.[9]

Synonymy

The family Thelotremataceae was placed in

monophyletic lineage. This study also showed that many genera in Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were paraphyletic or polyphyletic.[10] In 2018,[11] Kraichak and colleagues, using a "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks, proposed removing Fissurina from the Graphidaceae and instead as placing it as the type genus of Fissurinaceae, a family originally proposed by Brendan P. Hodkinson in 2012.[12] They similarly suggested recognizing Diploschistaceae and Thelotremataceae as independent families. This taxonomic proposal was rejected by Robert Lücking in a critical 2019 review of the temporal method for the classification of lichen-forming fungi, using these specific examples to highlight several drawbacks of this approach. He noted "there is substantial loss of information content in this alternative classification at the second most important rank, the level of family, and such a revised classification is practically meaningless. It makes more sense to apply such essentially phylogenetic classifications, with less information content, to infraranks, such as subfamily or tribe".[3]

Description

The photosynthetic partner (photobiont) of Graphidaceae fungi is typically green algae from the genus Trentepohlia, or very rarely Trebouxia. The lichen thallus is typically crustose, which means it forms a crust-like structure on the substrate it grows on. The form of the ascomata of Graphidaceae are usually apothecioid (cup-shaped), lirellate (narrow, and slit-like) or perithecioid (round or oval-shaped structure and embedded in the substrate), but can be rarely mazaediate (with a powdery mass of ascospores and paraphyses formed by the disintegration of the asci). They are usually zeorine (with both a thalline exciple and a proper exciple), but are sometimes lecideine (without a thallus margin) or lecanorine (surrounded by a pale thalline margin). The hamathecium, which is the hyphae and tissue that between the asci, consists of usually unbranched, sometimes capitate, rarely branched and anastomosing paraphyses. In some lineages, the paraphyses may be apically spinulose (covered with small spines or projections at the tips), and there may be lateral priphysoids in some lineages. The asci are annelasceous, which means they have a ring structure protruding into the lumen and with an apical tholus. They are non-amyloid or amyloid in some lineages, such as in the genus Diorygma. The asci are clavate to oblong or fusiform in shape.[5]

The ascospores of Graphidaceae number primarily 8 per ascus but can often be reduced to 2–4 or 1 per ascus. They are transversely

conidia, which are non-septate, usually oblong, and hyaline.[5]

Distribution and ecology

The vast majority of Graphidaceae species are restricted to the

epiphytic (i.e. they grow only on plants).[8] Forty-two species are known from the Galápagos Islands, where they are among the most diverse of the crustose lichens there.[13] Mexico is thought to be a biodiversity hotspot of undiscovered Graphidaceae species, with about 430 species predicted to occur in tropical regions,[14] compared to less than 200 recorded in the entire country.[15]

Genera

According to the

taxonomic authority
, year of publication, and the number of species:

Acanthothecis abaphoides
Diorygma antillarum
Dyplolabia afzelii
Fissurina insidiosa
Phaeographina obfirmata
Sarcographa glyphiza
Platythecium hypoleptum
Thecaria quassicola

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0135-8
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  2. ^
    JSTOR 44250015
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  3. ^
    doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517
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  4. ^ a b "Graphidaceae". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  5. ^
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    .
  6. ^ Dumortier, B.C.J. (1822). Commentationes botanicae (in French). Vol. 1822. Tournay: C. Casterman-Dieu. pp. 69, 78.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-3-443-58064-3
    .
  8. ^
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  9. hdl:10481/61998
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  10. JSTOR 25066016
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  11. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060
    .
  12. ^ Hodkinson, Brendan P. (2012). "An evolving phylogenetically based taxonomy of lichens and allied fungi" (PDF). Opuscula Philolichenum. 4: 4–10.
  13. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2010/0090-0001
    .
  14. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.4
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  15. ^
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  16. ^ Clements, F.E. (1909). The Genera of Fungi (1 ed.). p. 59.
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    ISBN 978-3-443-58071-1
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  18. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.8
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  19. ^ Chevallier, F.F. (1824). Histoire des Graphidées, accompagné d'un tableau analytique des genres. Ouvrage renfermant des observations anatomiques et physiologiques sur ces végétaux (in French). Paris: Firmin Didot Père et fils. p. 16.
  20. ^ Kalb, Klaus (2009). "New taxa and new records of thelotremoid Graphidaceae" (PDF). Herzogia. 22: 17–24.
  21. ^ Kalb, K. (2004). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. II". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 301–329.
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    doi:10.3158/2158-5520-16.9.1
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  24. ^ Massalongo, A.B. (1860). "Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni". Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze (in Italian). 5 (3): 247–276.
  25. ^ Kalb, Klaus; Archer, Alan W.; Sutjaritturakan, Jutarat; Boonpragob, Kansri (2009). "New or otherwise interesting lichens V". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 99: 225–246.
  26. ^ Norman, J.M. (1852). "Conatus praemissus redactionis novae generum nonnullorum Lichenum in organis fructificationes vel sporis fundatae". Nytt Magazin for Naturvidenskapene [New Magazine for the Natural Sciences] (in Latin). 7: 213–252.
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  30. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.4.742
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  31. ^ Lücking, R. (2007). "Kalbographa: Monografie einer unerkannten Flechtengattung". Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). 96: 185–192.
  32. doi:10.11646/PHYTOTAXA.69.1.1
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  33. ^ Tibell, L. (1984). "A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Caliciales". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. 79: 597–713 [672].
  34. ^
    doi:10.1006/lich.2000.0274
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  35. ^ Kalb, Klaus (2001). "The lichen genus Topeliopsis in Australia and remarks on Australian Thelotremataceae". Mycotaxon. 79: 319–328.
  36. ^ Vainio, Edvard A. (1921). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum III". Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae (in Latin). 15 (6): 184.
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