Gravettian

The Gravettian was an

The Gravettians were hunter-gatherers who lived in a bitterly cold period of European prehistory, and the Gravettian lifestyle was shaped by the climate. Pleniglacial environmental changes forced them to adapt. West and Central Europe were extremely cold during this period. Archaeologists usually describe two regional variants: the western Gravettian, known mainly from cave sites in France, Spain and Britain, and the eastern Gravettian in Central Europe and Russia. The eastern Gravettians, which include the Pavlovian culture, were specialized mammoth hunters,^[8] whose remains are usually found not in caves but in open air sites.

Gravettian culture thrived on their ability to hunt animals. They utilized a variety of tools and hunting strategies. Compared to theorized hunting techniques of

During the post glacial period, evidence of the culture begins to disappear from northern Europe but was continued in areas around the Mediterranean.[12]

The

Animals were a primary food source for humans of the Gravettian period.^[16] Since Europe was extremely cold during this period, they preferred food sources high in energy and fat content. Testing comparisons among various human remains reveal that populations at higher latitudes placed greater dietary emphasis on meat. A defining trait distinguishing Gravettian people was their ease of mobility compared to their Neanderthal counterparts. Modern humans developed the technology and social organization that enabled them to migrate with their food source whereas Neanderthals were not adept at travelling, even with relatively sedentary herds.^[17]

With their ability to move with the herds, Gravettian diets incorporated a huge variety of animal prey. The main factors were the animal's age and size. For example, first year deer offered hides most suitable for clothing, while fourth year deer contained far more meat.^[18] Gravettian diet included larger animals such as mammoths, hyenas, wolves, and reindeer killed with stone or bone tools, as well as hares and foxes captured with nets.^[19] This time period is classified by the strong emphasis on meat consumption because agriculture had not been fully introduced nor utilized. In addition, the climate was not favorable to stable crop cultivation.^[16]

Coastal Gravettians were able to avail of marine protein. From remains found in Italy and

Physical remains of people of the Gravettian have revealed that they were tall and relatively slender people. The male height of the Gravettian culture ranged between 179 and 188 centimetres (5 ft 10 in and 6 ft 2 in) tall with an average of 183.5 centimetres (6 ft 0.2 in), which is exceptionally tall not only for that period of prehistory, but for all periods of history.^[22][23]

They were fairly slender and normally weighed between 67–73 kilograms (148–161 lb), although they would likely have had a higher ratio of lean muscle mass compared to body fat in comparison to modern humans as a result of a very physically active and demanding lifestyle. The females of the Gravettian were much shorter, standing 158 centimetres (5 ft 2 in) on average, with an average weight of 54 kilograms (119 lb). Examinations of Gravettian skulls reveal that high cheekbones were common among them.^[24][25][26]

Hunting

Clubs, stones and sticks were the primary hunting tools during the Upper Paleolithic period. Bone, antler and ivory points have all been found at sites in France; but proper stone arrowheads and throwing spears did not appear until the Solutrean period (~20,000 Before Present). Due to the primitive tools, many animals were hunted at close range.^[27] The typical artefact of Gravettian industry, once considered diagnostic, is the small pointed blade with a straight blunt back. They are today known as the Gravette point,^[28] and were used to hunt big game. Gravettians used nets to hunt small game, and are credited with inventing the bow and arrow.^{[8][citation needed]}

Gravettian settlers tended towards the valleys that pooled migrating prey.^[27] Examples found through discoveries in Gr. La Gala, a site in Southern Italy, show a strategic settlement based in a small valley.^[29] As the settlers became more aware of the migration patterns of animals like red deer, they learned that prey herd in valleys, thereby allowing the hunters to avoid travelling long distances for food. Specifically in Gr. La Gala, the glacial topography forced the deer to pass through the areas in the valley occupied by humans.^[29] Additional evidence of strategically positioned settlements include sites like Klithi in Greece, also placed to intercept migrating prey.^[18]

Discoveries in the Czech Republic suggest that nets were used to capture large numbers of smaller prey, thus offering a quick and consistent food supply and thus an alternative to the feast/famine pattern of large game hunters. Evidence comes in the form of 4 mm (0.16 in) thick rope preserved on clay imprints.^[19] Research suggests that although no larger net imprints have been discovered, there would be little reason for them not to be made as no further knowledge would be required for their creation.^[19] The weaving of nets was likely a communal task, relying on the work of both women and children.^[19]

Use of animal remains

Decorations and tools

The Gravettian era landscape is most closely related to the landscape of present-day Moravia. Pavlov I in southern Moravia is the most complete and complex Gravettian site to date, and a perfect model for a general understanding of Gravettian culture. In many instances, animal remains indicate both decorative and utilitarian purposes. In the case of, for example, Arctic foxes, incisors and canines were used for decoration, while their humeri and radii bones were used as tools. Similarly, the skeletons of some red foxes contain decorative incisors and canines as well as ulnas used for awls and barbs.^[30]

Some animal bones were only used to create tools. Due to their shape, the ribs, fibulas, and metapodia of horses were good for awl and barb creation. In addition, the ribs were also implemented to create different types of smoothers for pelt preparation. The shapes of hare bones are also unique, and as a result, the ulnas were commonly used as awls and barbs.

• 
  Venus of Laussel, France, c. 23,000 BC
• 
  Male figurine, mammoth ivory, Anthropos, Brno
• 
  Venus of Lespugue
• 
  Venus of Dolní Věstonice
• 
  Female figurines, Gravettian, Anthropos, Brno
• 
  Upper Paleolithic art, relief of mammoth, Anthropos, Brno
• 
  Various Gravettian statuettes
• 
  Shaman equipment, Brno, Gravettian
• 
  Fish in Abri du Poisson Cave
• 
  Engraving on a mammoth tusk, map
• 
  Engraving on a mammoth tusk, map
• 
  Gravettian necklace
• 
  Gravettian engraving (Venus of Předmostí)
• 
  Venus figurine from Kostenki
• 
  Replica of the Venus of Lespugue
• 
  Reconstruction of the Lady of Brassempouy by Libor Balák

See also

Selected Gravettian sites from the ROAD database (CC BY-SA 4.0 ROCEEH)

• Art of the Upper Paleolithic
• Aurignacian culture
• Earth's Children series
• Epigravettian
• Haplogroup I-M170
• Last Glacial Maximum
• List of Stone Age art
• Perigordian
• Solutrean
• Upper Paleolithic
• Venus figurines
• Bayac, Dordogne commune closest to the type-site of La Gravette

Note

References

Sources

• Fu, Qiaomei (May 2, 2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe".
  PMID 27135931
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gravettian.

• Picture Gallery of the Paleolithic (reconstructional palaeoethnology), Libor Balák at the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Archaeology in Brno, The Center for Paleolithic and Paleoethnological Research
• Cave sites in France
• 20,000-year-old Gravettian stone pendant found in Piatra Neamţ, Romania
• Prehistoric jewelry reveals 9 distinct cultures across Stone Age Europe (2024)