Gray's Inn
The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn, commonly known as Gray's Inn, is one of the four
Gray's Inn does not claim a specific foundation date; none of the Inns of Court claims to be any older than the others.
The Inn continued to prosper during the reign of
Role
Gray's Inn and the other three Inns of Court remain the only bodies legally allowed to
History
During the 12th and early 13th centuries, the law was taught in the City of London, primarily by the clergy. Then two events happened which ended the Church's role in legal education: firstly, a papal bull that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law, rather than canon law;[4][5] and secondly, a decree by Henry III of England on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London.[6] The common law began to be practised and taught by laymen instead of clerics, and these lawyers migrated to the hamlet of Holborn, just outside the city and near to the law courts at Westminster Hall.[4]
Founding and early years
The early records of all four Inns of Court have been lost, and it is not known precisely when each was founded. The records of Gray's Inn itself are lost until 1569, and the precise date of founding cannot therefore be verified.[7] Lincoln's Inn has the earliest surviving records. Gray's Inn dates from at least 1370,[8] and takes its name from the 1st Baron Grey de Wilton, as the Inn was originally Lord Grey's family townhouse (or inn) within the Manor of Portpoole.[9] A lease was taken for various parts of the inn by practising lawyers as both residential and working accommodation, and their apprentices were housed with them. From this the tradition of dining in "commons", probably by using the inn's main hall, followed as the most convenient arrangement for the members. Outside records from 1437 show that Gray's Inn was occupied by socii, or members of a society, at that date.[9]
In 1456 the
In 1506 the Inn was sold by the Grey family to
Elizabethan golden age
During the reign of
Gray's Inn, as well as the other Inns of Court, became noted for the parties and festivals it hosted. Students performed masques and plays in court weddings, in front of Queen Elizabeth herself, and hosted regular festivals and banquets at Candlemas, All Hallows Eve and Easter.[21] At Christmas the students ruled the Inn for the day, appointing a Lord of Misrule called the Prince of Purpoole,[22] and organising a masque entirely on their own, with the Benchers and other senior members away for the holiday.[23]
The Gray's Inn masque in 1588 with its centrepiece,
Central to Gray's was the system shared across the Inns of Court of progress towards a
The student was then considered an "inner barrister", and would study in private, take part in the moots and listen to the readings and other lectures. After serving from six to nine years as an "inner barrister," the student was called to the Bar, assuming he had fulfilled the requirements of having argued twice at moots in one of the Inns of Chancery, twice in the Hall of his Inn of Court and twice in the Inn Library.[28] The new "utter barrister" was then expected to supervise bolts ("arguments" over a single point of law between students and barristers)[29] and moots at his Inn of Court, attend lectures at the Inns of Court and Chancery and teach students. After five years as an "utter" barrister he was allowed to practice in court—after 10 years he was made an Ancient.[28]
The period saw the establishment of a regular system of legal education. In the early days of the Inn, the quality of legal education had been poor—readings were given infrequently, and the standards for call to the Bar were weak and varied. During the Elizabethan age readings were given regularly, moots took place daily and barristers who were called to the Bar were expected to play a part in teaching students, resulting in skilled and knowledgeable graduates from the Inn.[20]
Many noted barristers, judges and politicians were members of the Inn during this period, including Gilbert Gerard, Master of the Rolls, Edmund Pelham, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and Francis Bacon, who served as Treasurer for eight years, supervising significant changes to the facilities of the Inn and the first proper construction of the gardens and walks for which the Inn is noted.[30]
Caroline period and the English Civil War
At the start of the
Many academics, including
With the introduction of printing, written legal texts became more available, reducing the need for students to attend readings and lectures. However, this meant that the students denied themselves the opportunity to query what they had learnt or discuss it in greater detail.[36] Eventually, as students now had a way to learn without attending lectures, they began to excuse themselves from lectures, meetings and moots altogether; in the early 17th century they developed a way of deputising other students to do their moots for them.[37] The Benchers and Readers did little to arrest the decline of the practice of lecturers and readings, first because many probably believed (as the students did) that books were an adequate substitute, and secondly because many were keen to avoid the work of preparing a reading, which cut into their time as practising barristers.[38] These problems were endemic to all the Inns, not just Gray's Inn.[34]
The outbreak of the First English Civil War led to a complete suspension of legal education, and from November 1642 until July 1644 no Pension meetings were held. Only 43 students were admitted during the four years of the war, and none were called to the Bar.[39] Meetings of Pension resumed after the Battle of Marston Moor but the education system remained dormant. Although Readers were appointed, none read, and no moots were held.[40] In 1646, after the end of the war, there was an attempt to restore the old system of readings and moots, and in 1647 an order was made that students were required to moot at least once a day.[41] This failed to work, with Readers refusing to read, and the old system of legal education completely died out.[42]
The Caroline period saw a decline in prosperity for Gray's Inn.
English Restoration to present
The fortunes of Gray's Inn continued to decline after the
Over a 50-year period, the Civil War and high taxation under William III economically crippled many members of the gentry, meaning that they could not afford to allow their sons to study at the Inns.[47] David Lemmings considers it to have been more serious than that, for two reasons; firstly, Inner Temple and Middle Temple had actually shown an increase in membership following the Restoration, and secondly because Gray's Inn had previously had far more "common" members than the other Inns.[48] The decrease in the number of gentry at the Inn could therefore not completely explain the large drop in members.[48]
Gray's Inn was the venue for an early cricket match in July 1730 between London and Kent. The original source reports "a cricket-match between the Kentish men and the Londoners for £50, and won by the former", giving the precise location as "a field near the lower end of Gray's Inn Lane, London".[49][50][51]
In 1733 the requirements for a call to the Bar were significantly revised in a joint meeting between the Benchers of Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, revisions accepted by Lincoln's Inn and Middle Temple, although they were not represented.[52] It is not recorded what these changes were, but after a further discussion in 1762 the Inns adopted a rule that any student with a Master of Arts or Bachelor of Laws degree from the universities of Oxford or Cambridge could be called to the Bar after three years as a student, and any other student could be called after five years.[53] An attempt was made to increase the quality of legal education at Gray's Inn; in 1753 a barrister, Danby Pickering, was employed to lecture there, although this agreement ended in 1761 when he was called to the Bar.[53]
The 18th century was not a particularly prosperous time for the Inn or its members, and few notable barristers were members during this period. Some noted members include
During the 19th century, the Inns began to stagnate; little had been changed since the 17th century in terms of legal education or practice, except that students were no longer bound to take the
Gray's Inn was the smallest of the Inns during the early 20th century, and was noted for its connection to the
Following the passage of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act in December 1919, women could be admitted to the Inns of Court. The first three women were admitted in 1920. Mary Selina Share Jones (1874-1954) was admitted on 27 Jan 1920 following a law degree from the University of Liverpool but was not called, going on to qualify as a medical doctor instead. Edith Hesling (1899-1971) was admitted on 4 October 1920 while studying for a law degree at the University of Manchester. On 13 June 1923 she became the first woman called to the Bar at Gray’s Inn. (Mary) Robina Stevens (1903-51) was admitted on 8 October 1920 whilst studying at London University. She was called on 28 January 1924.[59]
During World War II the Inn was badly damaged during the Blitz in 1941, with the Hall, the chapel, the Library and many other buildings hit and almost destroyed. The rebuilding of much of the Inn took until 1960[2] by the architect Sir Edward Maufe.[60] In 2008 Gray's Inn became the first Inn to appoint "fellows"—elected businesspeople, legal academics and others—with the intent of giving them a wider perspective and education than the other Inns would offer.[61]
Structure and governance
Gray's Inn's internal records date from 1569, at which point there were four types of member; those who had not yet been
The Inn is run by Pension, its ultimate governing body. The name is peculiar to Gray's Inn—at
Readers
A Reader was a person literally elected to read—he would be elected to the Pension (council) of Gray's Inn, and would take his place by giving a "reading", or lecture, on a particular legal topic.[64] Two readers would be elected annually by Pension to serve a one-year term. Initially (before the rise of the Benchers) the Readers were the governing body of Gray's Inn, and formed Pension.[65] The earliest certain records of Readers are from the 16th century—although the Inn's records only start at 1569 William Dugdale (himself a member) published a list in his Origines Juridiciales dating from 1514. S.E. Thorne published a list dating from 1430, but this is entirely conjectural and not based on any official records, only reports of "readings" that took place at Gray's Inn.[63] By 1569 there had certainly been Readers for more than a century.[64]
The English Civil War marked the end of legal education at the Inns, and the class of Readers went into decline. The last Readers were appointed in 1677, and the position of the Readers as heads of the Inn and members of Pension was taken by the Benchers.[66]
Benchers
A Bencher, Benchsitter or (formally) Master of the Bench,
The practice became more common during the 17th century—11 people were made Benchers between 1600 and 1630—and in 1614 one of the Benchers appointed was explicitly allowed to be a member of Pension.[66] This became more common, creating a two-rank system in which both Readers and Benchers were members of Pension. However far more Readers were appointed than Benchers—50 between 1600 and 1630—and it appeared that Readers would remain the higher rank despite this change.[66]
The outbreak of the First English Civil War in 1642 marked the end of legal education at the Inns, although Parliament attempted to persuade Readers to continue by threatening them with fines. The class of Readers went into decline and Benchers were called as members of Pension instead.[66] In 1679 there was the first mass-call of Benchers (22 on one occasion, and 15 on another),[66] with the Benchers paying a fine of 100 marks because they refused to read, and modern Benchers pay a "fine" in a continuation of this tradition.[68]
Noted Benchers of Gray's Inn include
Badge
Gray's Inn does not possess a coat of arms per se but instead uses a heraldic badge, which is often displayed on a shield. It is blazoned either "Azure an Indian Griffin proper segreant"[72] or, more currently, "Sable a griffin segreant or", i.e., a gold griffin on a black background.[73] The Inn originally used a variant of the coat of arms of the Grey family,[74] but this was changed to the griffin at some time around the 1590s. There is no record of why this was done, but it is possible that the new emblem was adapted from the arms of the Treasurer Richard Aungier (d. 1597).[73]
The Inn's motto, the date of adoption of which is unknown, is Integra Lex Aequi Custos Rectique Magistra Non Habet Affectus Sed Causas Gubernat, which is Latin for 'Impartial justice, guardian of equity, mistress of the law, without fear or favour rules men's causes aright'.[73] The seal of Gray's Inn consists of the badge encircled by the motto.
Buildings and gardens
The Inn is located at the intersection of
As the Inn grew it became necessary (for safety purposes) to wall off the land owned by the Inn, which had previously been open to everyone. In 1591 the "back field" was walled off, but little more was done until 1608, when under the supervision of Francis Bacon, the Treasurer, more construction work was undertaken, particularly in walling off and improving the gardens and walks.[76] In 1629 it was ordered that an architect supervise any construction and ensure that the new buildings were architecturally similar to the old ones, and the strict enforcement of this rule during the 18th century is given as a reason for the uniformity of the buildings at Gray's Inn.[77]
During the late 17th century many buildings were demolished, either because of poor repair or to standardise and modernise the buildings at the Inn.
In February 1679 a fire broke out on the west side of Coney Court, necessitating the rebuilding of the entire row. Another fire broke out in January 1684 in Coney Court, destroying several buildings including the Library. A third fire in 1687 destroyed a large part of Holborn Court, and when the buildings were rebuilt after these fires they were constructed of brick to be more resistant to fire than the wood and plaster previously used in construction. As a result, the domestic
More buildings were constructed during the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1941 the Inn suffered under
Hall
The Hall was part of the original Manor of Portpoole, although it was significantly rebuilt during the reign of Mary I,[84] and again during the reign of Elizabeth, with the rebuilding being finished on 10 November 1559.[85] The rebuilt Hall measured 70 ft (21 m) in length, 35 ft (11 m) in width and 47 ft (14 m) in height, and remains about the same size today.[86] It has a hammerbeam roof and a raised dais at one end with a grand table on it, where the Benchers and other notables would originally have sat.[87]
The hall also contains a large carved screen at one end covering the entrance to the
The walls of the Hall are decorated with paintings of noted patrons or members of the Inn, including
Chapel
The Chapel existed in the original manor house used by the Inn,[91] and dates from 1315.[92] In 1625 it was enlarged under the supervision of Eubule Thelwall,[93] but by 1698 it was "very ruinous", and had to be rebuilt.[45] Little is known of the changes, except that the barristers' chambers above the chapel were removed.[81] The building was again rebuilt in 1893, and remained that way until its destruction during The Blitz in 1941.[86] The chapel was finally rebuilt in 1960, and the original stained glass windows (which had been removed and taken to a safe location) were restored.[86] The rebuilt Chapel contains "simple furnishings" made of Canadian maple donated by the Canadian Bar Association.[94]
The Inn has had a Chaplain since at least 1400, where a court case is recorded as being brought by the "Chaplain of Greyes Inn".
Walks
The Walks are the gardens within Gray's Inn, and have existed since at least 1597, when records show that Francis Bacon was to be paid £7 for "planting of trees in the walkes".[99] Prior to this the area (known as Green Court) was used as a place to dump waste and rubble, since at the time the Inn was open to any Londoner.[100] In 1587 four Benchers were ordered by the Pension to "consider what charge a brick wall in the fields will draw unto And where the said wall shalbe fittest to be builded", and work on such a wall was completed in 1598, which helped keep out the citizens of London.[101]
In 1599 additional trees were planted in the Walks, and stairs up to the Walks were also added.[102] When Francis Bacon became treasurer in 1608 more improvements were made, since he no longer had to seek the approval of the Pension to make changes. In September 1608 a gate was installed on the southern wall, and various gardeners were employed to maintain the Walks.[103] The gardens became commonly used as a place of relaxation, and James Howell wrote in 1621 that "I hold [Gray's Inn Walks] to be the pleasantest place about London, and that there you have the choicest society".[104]
The Walks were well-maintained during the reign of William III, although the Inn's lack of prosperity made more improvements impossible.[105] In 1711 the gardener was ordered not to admit "any women or children into the Walkes", and in 1718 was given permission to physically remove those he found. At the end of the 18th century Charles Lamb said that the Walks were "the best gardens of any of the Inns of Court, their aspect being altogether reverend and law-abiding".[105] In 1720 the old gate was replaced by "a pair of handsome iron gates with peers and other proper imbellishments".[106] The 19th and 20th centuries saw few major changes, apart from the introduction of plane trees into the Walks.[107]
The Walks are listed Grade II*on the
Library
The Library of Gray's Inn has existed since at least 1555, when the first mention of it was made in the will of Robert Chaloner, who left some money to buy law books for the Library. The Library was neither a big collection nor a dedicated one; in 1568 it was being housed in a single room in the chambers of
In 1669 books were bought by the Inn as an organisation for the first time,[111] and a proper catalogue was drawn up to prevent theft.[89] In 1684 a fire that broke out in Coney Court, where the Library was situated, and destroyed much of the collection. While some books were saved, most of the records prior to 1684 were lost. A "handsome room" was then built to house the Library.[79]
The Library became more important during the 18th century; prior to that it had been a small, little-used collection of books. In 1725 it was proposed by the Pension that "a publick Library be sett up and kept open for ye use of ye society",[112] and that more books be purchased. The first order of new books was on 27 June 1729 and consisted of "a collection of Lord Bacon's works".[112] In 1750 the Under-Steward of the Inn made a new catalogue of the books, and in 1789 the Library was moved to a new room between the Hall and the chapel.[105] In 1840 another two rooms were erected in which to store books, and in 1883 a new Library was constructed with space to store approximately 11,000 books.[113] This was rapidly found to be inadequate, and in 1929 a new Library, known as the Holker Library after the benefactor, Sir John Holker, was opened. The library, although impressive looking, was not particularly useful. Francis Cowper wrote that:
Though impressive to look at, the new building was something less than a success as a library. The air of spaciousness was produced at the expense of shelf room, and though in the octagon [at the north end] the decorative effect of row upon row of books soaring upwards towards the cornice was considerable, the loftiest were totally inaccessible save to those who could scale the longest and dizziest ladders. Further, the appointments were of such surpassing magnificence that no ink-pots were allowed in the room for fear of accidents.[114]
The building did not last very long—damage to the Inn during
Notable members
Having existed for over 600 years, Gray's Inn has a long list of notable members and honorary members. Names of many members can be found in the
References
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- ^ a b c d "Gray's Inn – The Estate". Gray's Inn. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
- ^ a b "Gray's Inn – Residential Flats". Gray's Inn. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
- ^ a b Watt (1928), p. 133.
- ^ Bellot (1902), p. 32.
- ^ Douthwaite (1886), p. 2.
- ^ Simpson (1973), p. 132.
- ^ Watt (1928), p. 139.
- ^ a b Douthwaite (1886), p. 3.
- ^ Fletcher (1901), p. xx.
- ^ Fletcher (1901), p. xxi.
- ^ Fletcher (1901) p.xxiii
- ^ Fletcher (1901), pp. xxiii–xxiv.
- ^ Williams, E. (1906), pp. 42–43.
- ^ Pearce (1848), p. 317.
- ^ Fletcher (1901), p. xxviii.
- ^ a b c "Gray's Inn". Bar Council. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
- ^ Watt (1928), p. 177.
- ^ Watt (1928), p. 179.
- ^ a b Fletcher (1901), p. xxxii.
- ^ Fletcher (1901), p. xxxix.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-281461-6. Archivedfrom the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
- ^ Aikenhead (1977), p. 248.
- ISBN 978-1-113-14362-4.
- ^ a b c "Gray's Inn – History". Gray's Inn. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
- ^ Watt (1928), p. 9.
- ^ Steel (1907), p. 586.
- ^ a b Fletcher (1901), p. xxxiii.
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- ^ Fletcher (1901), p. xlii.
- ^ a b Fletcher (1901), p. xliii.
- ^ Edward (1860), p. 99.
- ^ Campbell (1983), p. 66.
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- ^ Holdsworth (1921), p. 202.
- ^ Holdsworth (1921), p. 203.
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- ^ Holdsworth (1921), p. 209.
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- ^ a b Fletcher (1910), p. xi.
- ^ a b Lemmings (1990).
- ^ Waghorn, p. 1.
- ^ Wilson, p. 44.
- ^ Maun, p. 42.
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- ^ a b c Fletcher (1910), p. xxiv.
- ^ Fletcher (1910), p. xxxi.
- ^ Watt (1928), p. 25.
- ^ Ruda (2008), p. 108.
- OCLC 2323156.
- ISBN 978-0-141-02926-9– via Archive Foundation.
- ^ "Gray's Inn Women Admitted".
- ^ Graysinn.info accessed September 2011
- ^ a b Rozenberg, Joshua (19 October 2008). "Some jolly good fellows". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
- ^ Simpson (1973), p. 134.
- ^ a b Simpson (1973), p. 135.
- ^ a b c Simpson (1973), p. 138.
- ^ a b Simpson (1973), p. 139.
- ^ a b c d e Simpson (1973), p. 141.
- ^ a b Simpson (1973), p. 140.
- ^ Simpson (1973), p. 142.
- ^ required.)
- ISBN 0-297-81138-X.
- ^ "Gray's Inn". Gray's Inn. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
- ^ Pearce (1848), p. 318.
- ^ a b c "Badge and motto". Gray's Inn. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
- ^ Barry of six argent and azure within a bordure quarterly of the second and or; these arms are depicted in the pediment over the Benchers' entrance in South Square.
- ^ Fletcher (1901), p. xxxvii.
- ^ Fletcher (1901), p. xxxviii.
- ^ Fletcher (1901), p. xxlvii.
- ^ Fletcher (1910), p. xii.
- ^ a b Fletcher (1910), p. xiv.
- ^ Pulleyn (1830), p. 239.
- ^ a b Fletcher (1910), p. xv.
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- ^ a b Douthwaite (1886), p. 113.
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- ^ Edward (1860), p. 98.
- ^ a b Douthwaite (1886), p. 141.
- ^ Ruda (2008), p. 115.
- ^ a b Fletcher (1901), p. xxxv.
- ^ "Gray's Inn – The Chapel". Gray's Inn. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
- ^ Fletcher (1901), p. xxlvi.
- ^ Ruda (2008), p. 104.
- ^ Pearce (1848), p. 316.
- ^ a b Foster (1889), p. 499.
- ^ "Gray's Inn – Preacher". Gray's Inn. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
- ^ "Ostrehan, George William". Visit Stained Glass.
- ^ Douthwaite (1886), p. 183.
- ^ Jacques (1989), p. 41.
- ^ Jacques (1989), p. 44.
- ^ Jacques (1989,) p. 45.
- ^ Jacques (1989), p. 46.
- ^ Douthwaite (1886), p. 186.
- ^ a b c Fletcher (1910), p. xxvii.
- ^ Jacques (1989), p. 57.
- ^ Jacques (1989), p. 58.
- ^ Historic England, "Gray's Inn (1000351)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 5 February 2016
- ^ Douthwaite (1886), p. 176.
- ^ Fletcher (1901), p. xlix.
- ^ Fletcher (1901) p. l
- ^ a b Fletcher (1910), p. xxvi.
- ^ Douthwaite (1886), p. 179.
- ^ a b Ruda (2008), p. 111.
- ^ Ruda (2008), p. 106.
- ^ "Gray's Inn – Library". Gray's Inn. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
- ^ Douthwaite (1886), p. 195.
- ^ "Huw Thomas – Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. 9 April 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
- ^ Pritchett, Frances. "1910s". columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
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External links
51°31′10″N 00°06′44″W / 51.51944°N 0.11222°W