Great kiskadee
Great kiskadee | |
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Song and call recorded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Tyrannidae |
Genus: | Pitangus Swainson, 1827 |
Species: | P. sulphuratus
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Binomial name | |
Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766)
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Synonyms | |
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The great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), called bem-te-vi in Brazil, pitogue in Paraguay, and benteveo or bichofeo in Argentina, is a
It breeds in open woodland with some tall trees, including cultivation and around human habitation. It is mainly found in Belize, the Lower Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas, and northern Mexico. Cited in Liberia, Guanacaste, Costa Rica in December 2022. Occurs throughout Brazil and Venezuela (especially the central and south-southeastern regions) south to Argentina and Uruguay, Paraguay and central Argentina, the Guyana coastline, and Trinidad. It was introduced to Bermuda in 1957, and to Tobago in about 1970.
Taxonomy
The great kiskadee was described and illustrated in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in the Historia Naturalis Brasiliae.[2] He used the name Pitangua-guacu, the word for a large flycatcher in the Tupi language.[3] In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the species in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Cayenne, French Guiana. He used the French name La Pie-Griesche jaune de Cayenne and the Latin name Lanius Cayanensis Luteus.[4] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[5] At one time, the bird was also known as the Derby flycatcher.[6]
When the Swedish naturalist
The great kiskadee is now the only species placed in the genus Pitangus that was introduced by the English naturalist
There are 10 subspecies:[9]
- P. s. texanus van Rossem, 1940 – south Texas to east Mexico
- P. s. derbianus (Kaup, 1852) – west Mexico
- P. s. guatimalensis (Lafresnaye, 1852) – southeast Mexico to central Panama
- P. s. rufipennis (Lafresnaye, 1851) – north Colombia and north Venezuela
- P. s. caucensis Chapman, 1914 – west and south Colombia
- P. s. trinitatis Hellmayr, 1906 – east Colombia, south and east Venezuela and northwest Brazil, Trinidad
- P. s. sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766) – the Guianas and north, west, central Amazonian Brazil, southeast Colombia, and east Ecuador to southeast Peru
- P. s. maximiliani (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) – north, east Bolivia and west, central Paraguay to east and south Brazil
- P. s. bolivianus (Lafresnaye, 1852) – central Bolivia
- P. s. argentinus Todd, 1952 – east Paraguay, southeast Brazil, and Uruguay to central Argentina
Description
The adult great kiskadee is one of the largest of the tyrant flycatchers. It is 25 to 28 cm (9.8 to 11.0 in) in length and weighs 53 to 71.5 g (1.87 to 2.52 oz).[14] The head is black with a strong white supercilium and a concealed yellow crown stripe. The upperparts are brown, and the wings and tail are brown with usually strong rufous fringes. The bill is short, thick, and black in color. The similar boat-billed flycatcher (Megarynchus pitangua) has a more massive black bill, an olive-brown back, and very little rufous in the tail and wings. A few other tyrant flycatchers — the social flycatcher (Myiozetetes similis), for example — share a similar color pattern, but these species are markedly smaller.
The call is an exuberant BEE-tee-WEE, and the bird has an onomatopoeic name in different languages and countries: In Brazil its popular name is bem-te-vi ("I saw you well") and in Spanish-speaking countries it is often bien-te-veo ("I see you well") and sometimes shortened to benteveo. In Venezuela it is called "cristofué" or "Christ did it".[15][16]
Distribution and habitat
The great kiskadee occupies a wide range of habitats, from open grassland with scattered trees to urban areas. Its range extends from the Lower Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas south through Central America to southern Argentina. It does not occur in Chile.[14] The great kiskadee was introduced to Bermuda in 1957. Two hundred birds were imported from Trinidad in an attempt to control the number of lizards, especially the tree lizard (Anolis grahami) which had itself been introduced.[17] The birds bred successfully and by 1976 the population on the island had expanded to around 60,000.[18] The great kiskadee is omnivorous and has failed to control the number of lizards.[19]
Behaviour and ecology
The great kiskadee is a common, noisy, and conspicuous bird. It is almost
Breeding
Great kiskadees are monogamous and defend a territory. Both sexes build a large domed nest that has a side entrance.[27] It is chiefly composed of grasses and small twigs but can also incorporate lichen, string, and plastic.[28][29] The birds will steal material from other nests.[27] The nest is placed in a wide range of sites, often in an exposed position high up in a tree or on man-made structures.[14][28] Occasionally the nest is placed in a cavity.[30][31] The clutch is 3 to 4 eggs.[14] These are moderately glossy, light yellowish cream in colour with purplish black and purplish brown spots. The average size is 27.9 mm × 20.0 mm (1.10 in × 0.79 in).[32] Only the female incubates the eggs; the male guards the nest while she leaves the nest to feed.[27] The eggs hatch after 16–17 days. The chicks are fed by both parents and fledge after 17–18 days.[14]
Food and feeding
This alert and aggressive bird has a strong and maneuverable flight, which it uses to good effect when it feels annoyed by
To
Status
Not being appreciated as a songbird, the great kiskadee is not usually kept caged and therefore has escaped the depredations of poaching for the pet trade. Also, its feeding mostly on live prey makes it extremely difficult to keep in captivity. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.[1][35]
Gallery
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P. s. guatimalensis
Guatemala -
P. s. maximiliani
Brazil -
possibly from Trinidad and Tobago
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eggs from a nest near El Copey de Dota, Costa Rica
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nest near El Copey de Dota, Costa Rica
Footnotes
- ^ . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (in Latin). Vol. Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus. Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 216.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ a b Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 176–178, Plate 16 fig 4. The two stars (**) at the start of the paragraph indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
- ^ hdl:2246/678.
- ^ Brush, T.; Fitzpatrick, J.W. (2020). Poole, A.F.; Gill, F.B. (eds.). "Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae: per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 137.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Tyrant flycatchers". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
- ^ Swainson, William (1827). "On several groups and forms in ornithology, not hitherto defined". Zoological Journal. 3: 158–175 [165].
- hdl:2246/5271.
- ISBN 978-84-87334-69-6.
- ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
- ^ S2CID 216275683. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
- ^ Darwin, Charles R. (1839). Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Vol. 3. London: Henry Colburn. p. 62.
The Saurophagus sulphureus is typical of the great American tribe of Tyrant-flycatchers. [...] In the evening the Saurophagus takes its stand on a bush, often by the road-side, and continually repeats, without change, a shrill and rather agreeable cry, which somewhat resembles articulate words. The Spaniards say it is like the words, "Bien te veo "(I see you well), and accordingly have given it this name.
- ^ Lepage, Denis. "Great Kiskadee". Avibase. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
- .
- hdl:2246/6483. The link is to a 99 MB pdf containing 1102 pages. The article begins on page 775.
- .
- ^ "Pitangus sulphuratus (Great kiskadee)". Animaldiversity.org.
- ^ https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/grekis/cur/foodhabits
- ^ "Pitangus sulphuratus (Great Kiskadee)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
- ^ like tamanqueiro (Alchornea glandulosa) or gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba): Pascotto (2006), Foster (2007).
- ^ https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/grekis/cur/foodhabits
- ^ https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/grekis/cur/foodhabits
- ^ Machado (1999), de A. Gabriel & Pizo (2005), Pascotto (2006)
- ^ S2CID 85600333.
- ^ JSTOR 1362189.
- JSTOR 4081715.
- JSTOR 4084492.
- JSTOR 4088879.
- ^ Hellebrekers, W. Ph. J. (1942). "Revision of the Penard oölogical collection from Surinam". Zoologische Mededelingen. 24 (10): 240–275 [260].
- ^ de Lyra-Neves et al. (2007)
- ^ Basto et al. (2006)
- ^ BLI (2008)
References
- Basto, Natalia; Rodríguez, Oscar A.; Marinkelle, Cornelis J.; Gutierrez, Rafael; Matta, Nubia Estela (2006). "Haematozoa in birds from la Macarena National Natural Park (Colombia)" (PDF). Caldasia. 28 (2): 371–377.
- gabriel, De A.; Vagner; Pizo, Marco A. (2005). "Foraging behavior of tyrant flycatchers (Aves, Tyrannidae) in Brazil" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 22 (4): 1072–1077. .
- de Lyra-Neves, Rachel M.; Oliveira, Maria A.B.; Telino-Júnior, Wallace R.; dos Santos, Ednilza M. (2007). "Comportamentos interespecíficos entre Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Primates, Callitrichidae) e algumas aves de Mata Atlântica, Pernambuco, Brasil [Interspecific behaviour between Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Callitrichidae, Primates) and some birds of the Atlantic forest, Pernambuco State, Brazil]" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 24 (3): 709–716. .
- ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
- Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
- Machado, C.G. (1999). "A composição dos bandos mistos de aves na Mata Atlântica da Serra de Paranapiacaba, no sudeste brasileiro [Mixed flocks of birds in Atlantic Rain Forest in Serra de Paranapiacaba, southeastern Brazil]" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 59 (1): 75–85. .
- Pascotto, Márcia Cristina (2006). "Avifauna dispersora de sementes de Alchornea glandulosa (Euphorbiaceae) em uma área de mata ciliar no estado de São Paulo [Seed dispersal of Alchornea glandulosa (Euphorbiaceae) by birds in a gallery forest in São Paulo, southeastern Brazil.]" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia. 14: 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-02.
- Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
External links
- Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the Great kiskadee
- Bermuda Online: Bermudian Fauna.
- Stamps[usurped] (for Brazil, Argentina, British Honduras-(Belize), Guyana, Nicaragua, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) at bird-stamps.org
- "Great kiskadee media". Internet Bird Collection.
- Great kiskadee Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology