Greater Khorasan
Greater Khorasan
خراسان بزرگ Historical Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan | |
---|---|
Countries in Khorasan | Afghanistan, Iran and Turkmenistan.[1] Different regions of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan are also included in different sources. |
Demonym | Khorasani (Persian: خراسانی) |
Ethnicities: Persians, Tajiks, Farsiwans, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Pashtuns, Hazaras |
Greater Khorāsān
The extent of the region referred to as Khorasan varied over time. In its stricter historical sense, it comprised the present territories of
The name Khorāsān is
Khorasan was first established as an
Geography
First established in the 6th century as one of four administrative (military) divisions by the
With the rise of the
By the late Middle Ages, the term lost its administrative significance, in the west only being loosely applied among the Turko-Persian dynasties of modern Iran to all its territories that lay east and north-east of the Dasht-e Kavir desert. It was therefore subjected to constant change, as the size of their empires changed. In the east, Khwarasan likewise became a term associated with the great urban centers of Central Asia. It is mentioned in the Memoirs of Babur
The people of Hindustān call every country beyond their own Khorasān, in the same manner as the Arabs term all except Arabia,
In modern times, the term has been source of great nostalgia and nationalism, especially amongst the Tajiks of Central Asia.[citation needed] Many Tajiks regard Khorasan as an integral part of their national identity, which has preserved an interest in the term, including its meaning and cultural significance, both in common discussion and academia, despite its falling out of political use in the region.[26]
According to Afghan historian
History
Ancient era
During the Sasanian era, likely in the reign of
In the Sasanian era, Khorasan was further divided into four smaller regions, and each region was ruled by a marzban. These four regions were Nishapur, Marv, Herat and Balkh.[25]
Khorasan in the east saw some conflict with the
Medieval era
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The first movement against the Arab conquest was led by
Abu Muslim helped the
Other major independent dynasties who ruled over Khorasan were the
Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century, the majority of Islamic archaeological efforts were focused on the medieval era, predominantly in areas near what is today Central Asia.[32]
Rashidun era (651–661)
Under
Umayyad era (661–750)
After the invasion of Persia under Rashidun was completed in five years and almost all of the Persian territories came under Arab control, it also inevitable created new problems for the caliphate. Pockets of tribal resistance continued for centuries in the
In 724, immediately after the rise of
From the early days of the
Abbasid era (750–861)
Khorasan became the headquarters of the
This article is missing information about post-Abbasid, pre-Modern era.(June 2023) |
Modern era
Between the early 16th and early 18th centuries, parts of Khorasan were contested between the
Cultural importance
Khorasan has had a great cultural importance among other regions in Greater Iran. The literary New Persian language developed in Khorasan and Transoxiana and gradually supplanted the Parthian language.[50] The New Persian literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana[51] where the early Iranian dynasties such as Tahirids, Samanids, Saffirids and Ghaznavids (a Turco-Persian dynasty) were based.[citation needed]
Until the devastating
There have been many archaeological sites throughout Khorasan, however many of these expeditions were illegal or committed in the sole pursuit of profit, leaving many sites without documentation or record.[32]
See also
References
- ^ Sistan and Khorasan Travelogue Page 48
- ^ a b Dabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Tehran, Zavvâr: 1375 (Solar Hijri Calendar) 235–236
- ^ a b Minorsky, V. (1938). "Geographical Factors in Persian Art". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 9(3), 621-652.
- ^ a b c "Khorasan". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
historical region and realm comprising a vast territory now lying in northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. The historical region extended, along the north, from the Amu Darya westward to the Caspian Sea and, along the south, from the fringes of the central Iranian deserts eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan. Arab geographers even spoke of its extending to the boundaries of India.
- ^ a b c d e Lambton, Ann K.S. (1988). Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History, 11th-14th Century. Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies. New York, NY: Bibliotheca Persica. p. 404.
In the early centuries of Islam, Khurasan generally included all the Muslim provinces east of the Great Desert. In this larger sense, it included Transoxiana, Sijistan and Quhistan. Its Central Asian boundary was the Chinese desert and the Pamirs, while its Indian boundary lay along the Hindu Kush toward India.
- ^ ISBN 90-04-07819-3.
- ^ Sykes, M. (1914). "Khorasan: The Eastern Province of Persia". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 62(3196), 279-286.
- ^ A compound of khwar (meaning "sun") and āsān (from āyān, literally meaning "to come" or "coming" or "about to come"). Thus the name Khorasan (or Khorāyān خورآيان) means "sunrise", viz. "Orient, East". Humbach, Helmut, and Djelani Davari, "Nāmé Xorāsān" Archived 2011-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Persian translation by Djelani Davari, published in Iranian Languages Studies Website. MacKenzie, D. (1971). A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary (p. 95). London: Oxford University Press. The Persian word Khāvar-zamīn (Persian: خاور زمین), meaning "the eastern land", has also been used as an equivalent term. DehKhoda, "Lughat Nameh DehKhoda" Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Khorāsān". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.4
- ^ C. Edmund Bosworth, (2002), 'Central Asia iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols' Encyclopaedia Iranica (online)
- ^ C. Edmund Bosworth, (2011), 'Mā Warāʾ Al-Nahr' Encyclopaedia Iranica (online)
- .
- ^ Gholami, Saloumeh (2010), Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar (PhD thesis), University of Göttingen, p.25, 59
- ^ Sims-Williams, N. "Bactrian Language". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ^ Schindel, Nikolaus (2013a). "Kawād I i. Reign". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XVI, Fasc. 2. pp. 136–141.
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- ^ Sykes, P. (1906). A Fifth Journey in Persia (Continued). The Geographical Journal, 28(6), 560-587.
- ^ a b Minorsky, V. (1937). Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. - 982 A.D. London: Oxford UP.
- ^ a b Zahir ud-Din Mohammad Babur (1921). "Events of the Year 910". Memoirs of Babur. Translated by John Leyden; William Erskine. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ISBN 978-1-4744-0029-9.
- ^ DehKhoda, "Lughat Nameh DehKhoda" Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ CGIE. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ Шакурӣ, Муҳаммадҷон (1996; 2005). Хуросон аст инҷо, Dushanbe; Shakūrī, Muḥammad (1393), Khurāsān ast īn jā, Tehran: Fartāb;
- ^ Ghubar, Mir Ghulam Mohammad (1937). Khorasan, Kabul Printing House. Kabul, Afghanistan.
- ^ The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram. Ch:17 ISBN 0-19-597713-0
- ISBN 9780742562967.
- ISBN 978-3-11-033155-4.
- ^ Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. V, Ch. 4, "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans" (John Andrew Boyle), p.312 (1968).
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- ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 274.
- ^ Sharon 1990, p. 35.
- ^ Crone 1980, p. 102.
- ^ Gibb 1960, p. 684.
- ^ Blankinship 1994, pp. 125–127.
- ^ Gibb 1923, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Blankinship 1994, pp. 42–46.
- ^ Hawting 2000, pp. 54–55.
- ^ Shaban 1979, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Sharon 1990, pp. 25–27, 34.
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- Nancy Hatch Dupree and others. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
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- ^ electricpulp.com. "DARĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
- ^ Frye, R.N., "Dari", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, CD edition
- ISBN 0-8108-2994-0; Shukurov, Sharif. Хорасан. Территория искусства, Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya, 2016.
- ^ Starr, S. Frederick, Lost Enlightenment. Central Asia's golden age from the Arab conquest to Tamerlane, Princeton University Press (2013)
Sources
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- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
- Shaban, M. A. (1979). The ʿAbbāsid Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29534-3.
- Sharon, Moshe (1990). Revolt: The Social and Military Aspects of the ʿAbbāsid revolution. Jerusalem: Graph Press Ltd. ISBN 965-223-388-9.
Further reading
- Sánchez, Ignacio (2013). "Ibn Qutayba and the Ahl Khurāsān: The Shuʿūbiyya Revisited". Abbasid Studies IV. 5: 232.