Greater Netherlands

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Area
• Total
55,490 km2 (21,420 sq mi)
Population
• 2022 estimate
24,562,743a[1][2]
• Density
460/km2 (1,191.4/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
€1.167 trilliona[3]
  1. Excluding Brussels.

Greater Netherlands (

ethnically Dutch and/or Afrikaans-speaking parts of South Africa,[4] though such variants are mostly limited to far-right groups. A related proposal is the Pan-Netherlands concept, which includes Wallonia and potentially also Luxembourg
.

The Greater Netherlands concept was originally developed by Pieter Geyl,[5] who argued that the "Dutch tribe", encompassing the Flemish and Dutch people, only separated due to the Eighty Years' War against Spain in the 16th century.[6] While Geyl—an outspoken anti-fascist—argued from a historical and cultural perspective, the fascist Verdinaso and Nazi movements built upon the idea of a Greater Netherlands during the 1930s and 1940s with a focus on ethnic nationalism, a concept still prominent among some on the far-right. Other 21st century proponents of the Greater Netherlands concept include moderates in Belgium and the Netherlands who seek to elevate the Benelux ideal to a more centralized political union.[7]

Public support for a union of Flanders and the Netherlands is relatively small, especially in Flanders, where

Flemish independence
is seen as the main alternative to the Belgian state.

Economy

Area km2 Population GDP[3]
 Netherlands 41,865 17,933,600 €871 billion
 Flanders 13,625 6,629,143 €296 billion
Greater Netherlands 55,490 24,562,743 €1.167 trillion

Terminology

The potential country is also known as Dutchland (Dietsland), which incorporates the word

Diets – an archaic term for (Middle) Dutch. This label was popular until the Second World War, but its associations with collaboration (especially in Flanders) meant that modern supporters generally avoid using it.[8] The ideology is often labeled as Greater Netherlandism (Groot-Nederlandisme). Dutch Movement[9] (Dietse Beweging) is another term often used for the movement, while in literature it is often called the Greater Netherlands Thought (Grootnederlandse Gedachte).[5]

Greater Netherlandism is often confused with the Orangist movement in Belgium which fought for the reunification of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after Belgian Independence. While many Orangists are Greater Netherlandists, the Orangists mainly focus on restoring Orange-Nassau's control over the South often for legitimist reasons.[10]

The

William I of Orange during the Eighty Years' War, who led the revolt of the Low Countries against the Spanish. During this rebellion the Dutch-speaking regions of the Low Countries, encompassing modern day Flanders and the Netherlands, banded together under the Union of Utrecht, the precursor to the modern Dutch state. The flag was also used by the Dutch Republic and United Kingdom of the Netherlands
. Today the flag is generally associated with the far-right in the Netherlands.

Pan-Netherlands

Main article: Pan-Netherlands

"Pan-Netherlands" (Dutch: Heel-Nederland) is another term that was used for the theoretical Greater Netherlands state,[11] but this term is now used mainly for the movement that aims to unite all of the Low Countries (Benelux) as a single multilingual entity, also including Wallonia and Luxembourg.[9]

History

New Map of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Luxemburg, 1815

The first proposals to unite the Southern Netherlands with the Dutch Republic to form a greater Dutch-speaking state were made following the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789.[12] The concept was realized following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna established the Kingdom of the Netherlands from the territories of the former Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands. Following the independence of Belgium in 1830, the 1860s saw renewed Flemish interest in a united Dutch-speaking state as some Dutch-speaking Belgian citizens opposed the privileged positions held by the French-speaking bourgeoisie.[13] By the end of the 19th century the Greater Netherlandic movement had emerged alongside the Flemish Movement in response to the subordination of the Dutch-speaking population in Belgian government and public life. 'Waar Maas en Schelde vloeien' (also known as 'Het Lied der Vlamingen') is a popular Greater Netherlandic song written around this time by Peter Benoit and Emmaniel Hiel.[14] In 1895 nationalists from both Belgian Flanders and the Netherlands created the Greater Netherlandic General Dutch Union (Dutch: Algemeen-Nederlands Verbond (ANV)) for the purpose of stimulating cooperation between Belgian Flanders and the Netherlands, a role it continues to hold.[15]

The German occupation of Belgium during World War I further intensified the conflict between the nation's Walloon and Flemish communities. Seeing the linguistic division of Belgium as a means of facilitating its occupation, the Germans employed Flamenpolitik to divide the administration of Belgium between French and Dutch-speaking authorities..[16][17] This resulted in a surge in the popularity of the ANV in both Flanders and the Netherlands, with a group of more radical students founding the Dutch Student Association (Dutch: Dietsch Studentenverbond).[18][19][20] Even the BWP—the first Belgian socialist party—had a considerable number of Greater Netherlandists among their ranks in Antwerp, including Maurits Naessens.[21]

Occupations of Belgium and the Netherlands by

Flemish National Union (VNV) in Flanders and the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, though remains popular among some on the right of Flemish and Dutch politics.[23]

Political parties

The Belgian far-right party

Confederalism should be a union of Flanders and The Netherlands,[24]
which led to a resurgence in discussions on the topic.

In the Netherlands it is on the agenda of two major political parties, the far-right

Jan-Peter Balkenende needed to discuss the subject with his Flemish colleagues, which Balkenende refused. Thierry Baudet of the far-right Forum for Democracy also voiced support saying he "welcomes" Flanders in their kingdom even arguing that Flanders "actually belongs to us" when asked about it at a conference.[26]

Smaller Greater-Netherlandic groups are the Dutch political party Nederlandse Volks-Unie (NVU) and the Belgo-Dutch Voorpost.

Opinion polling

Although it hasn't been a major political issue in the Netherlands for quite some time, in 2007, a poll indicated that two-thirds of the Dutch population would welcome a union with Flanders.

RTL4 found that 77% of respondents living in the Netherlands would support a Greater Netherlands.[28]

In Flanders, support for the idea is less clear. A 1999 study by Jaak Billiet of the Catholic University of Leuven showed that 1 to 2% of Flemish people were in favor of the idea. Non-representative opinion polls on the internet have since proven less clear, with between 2% and 51% of respondents supporting unification with the Netherlands.[29] While the prevailing Dutch view on unification is it being a means of territorial expansion, the Flemish have expressed fears of being culturally assimilated into the larger and more populous Netherlands.

Although, due to the difficulties experienced in the

Flanders seceding from Belgium became relevant again. Neither of the separatist parties openly supports a "Greater Netherlands" however, presidents of both parties (Tom Van Grieken and Bart De Wever) spoke out in favour of a Greater Netherlands after Flemish independence.[30][24]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Structuur van de bevolking | Statbel". statbel.fgov.be.
  2. ^ "Bevolkingsteller". Statistics Netherlands (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Eurostat National Accounts Database", ec.europa.eu
  4. ^ "Groot-Nederlandse gedachte" (in Dutch). Network of War Collections. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  5. ^ a b Geyl, Pieter (1930). De Groot-Nederlandsche gedachte. Historische en politieke beschouwingen (in Dutch).
  6. ^ Geyl, Pieter. Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Stam.
  7. ^ van der Kwast, Ricus (17 July 2019). "Een verenigde Benelux zal een machtsfactor van jewelste blijken. En zal als cement en katalysator voor de EU fungeren". De Morgen.
  8. ^ Bruning, Henri (1954–1955). Maatstaf. Jaargang 2 (in Dutch). p. 436.
  9. ^ a b Waltmans, H. J. G. (1962). "De Nederlandse politieke partijen en de nationale gedachte" (PDF). Tilburg University (in Dutch): 121.
  10. ^ "Orangisme in België: het geheimschrift ontcijferd". www.apache.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  11. ISBN 978-94-011-6809-0
    .
  12. OCLC 70857697
    .
  13. ^ DBNL. "Bijdragen en Mededelingen van het Historisch Genootschap. Deel 76 · dbnl". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  14. ^ "Benoit, Peter | Studiecentrum voor Vlaamse Muziek". www.svm.be. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  15. ISSN 0774-532X
    .
  16. ISBN 978-3-319-73108-7
    .
  17. ^ De Schaepdrijver, Sophie (1997). De Grote Oorlog (in Dutch). Antwerp, Amsterdam: Atlas.
  18. ^ "Algemeen-Nederlands Verbond (ANV) - NEVB Online". nevb.be. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  19. ISBN 978-94-011-6809-0
    .
  20. ^ "Dietsch Studentenverbond (DSV) — Universiteit Gent". 23 August 2010. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  21. ^ "Samen voor democratie en socialisme … Of toch niet helemaal? Verhouding tussen de Vlaamsgezinde vleugel van de Belgische Werkliedenpartij en de Internationale Socialistische Anti-Oorlogsliga in de jaren 1930. | Scriptieprijs". www.scriptiebank.be. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  22. ^ DBNL. "Maurice de Wilde, België in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 3 · dbnl". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  23. ^ Verplancke, Marnix (26 July 2015). "Groot-Nederland is 'uit'". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  24. ^ a b "Reunify Flanders and the Netherlands, argues Bart De Wever". The Brussels Times. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  25. ^ "Nederland en Vlaanderen horen bij elkaar". NRC (in Dutch). 7 July 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  26. ^ Baudet over Groot-Nederland, archived from the original on 12 December 2021, retrieved 4 July 2021
  27. ^ "Dutch Would Reunify with Belgium's Flanders." Angus Reid Global Monitor. 25 August 2007. Accessed 10 January 2008.
  28. ^ "Nederlanders massaal voor fusie met Vlaanderen". Het Laatste Nieuws (in Dutch).
  29. ^ "Regional inequalities and localist movements" (PDF). Econstor.eu.
  30. ^ Tom van Grieken over het herenigen van De Nederlanden, archived from the original on 12 December 2021, retrieved 4 July 2021

Further reading

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