Greater North Borneo languages

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Greater North Borneo
(proposed)
Geographic
distribution		Historically: most of Borneo and Sumatra, western Java and Mainland Southeast Asia Nowadays: Throughout
Western Indonesian
 ?
  • Greater North Borneo
Subdivisions
Glottolognort3253  (partial match)

The Greater North Borneo languages are a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The subgroup historically covers languages that are spoken throughout much of Borneo (excluding the southeastern area where the Greater Barito languages are spoken) and Sumatra, as well as parts of Java, and Mainland Southeast Asia. The Greater North Borneo hypothesis was first proposed by Robert Blust (2010) and further elaborated by Alexander Smith (2017a, 2017b).[1][2][3] The evidence presented for this proposal are solely lexical.[4] Despite its name, this branch has been now widespread within the Maritime Southeast Asia region.

The proposed subgroup covers some of the major languages in

Central Dusun, mainly spoken in Sabah.[5]

Since Greater North Borneo also includes the Malayic, Chamic, and Sundanese languages, it is incompatible with Alexander Adelaar's

Malayo-Sumbawan hypothesis.[6][7]

History

Blust connects the GNB expansion with the migration of Austronesian speakers into

Moluccas.[8] After landing in Borneo, the first group was further split into two: one that moved along the northwestern coast facing the South China Sea, and another one that moved along the eastern coast. The language variety spoken by the northwestern group eventually developed into the Greater North Borneo languages.[9]

Classification

Blust (2010)

Robert Blust proposed a set of

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pitu for 'seven'.[1]
The following subgroups are included:

While Blust assumed that all languages of Borneo other than those in Greater Barito subgroup with GNB,[1] he does not attempt to explicitly classify several languages, including those with insufficient available data.[10][11]

Smith (2017a, 2017b)

Smith recognizes an independent Central Sarawak branch within Greater North Borneo, combining the Melanau, Kajang and Punan–Müller-Schwaner languages.[12] Additionally, he also excludes Moklenic from GNB and places it all the way up as one of the primary branches of Malayo-Polynesian.[3]

Proto-

Müller-Schwaner, Proto-Land Dayak, and Proto-Kenyah have also been reconstructed in Smith (2017a).[13]

Austroasiatic influence

According to

Dayak Bakatiq, etc.), Dusunic (Central Dusun, Bisaya, etc.), Kayan, and Kenyah, noting especially resemblances with the Aslian languages
of peninsular Malaysia. As further evidence for his proposal, Blench also cites ethnographic evidence such as musical instruments in Borneo shared in common with Austroasiatic-speaking groups in mainland Southeast Asia.

Blench (2010) claims that lexical forms shared among Bornean and Austroasiatic languages include 'rain', 'to die', 'back (of body)', 'flying lemur', 'monkey', 'barking deer', 'lizard', and 'taro'.

Kaufman (2018) presents further evidence of words in various Austronesian languages of Borneo that are of likely Austroasiatic origin.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Blust 2010, pp. 44, 47.
  2. ^ Smith 2017a, p. 346–364.
  3. ^ a b Smith 2017b, p. 459–460.
  4. ^ Blust 2010, p. 68.
  5. ^ Blust 2013, p. 65.
  6. ^ Blust 2010, p. 81.
  7. ^ Adelaar 2005.
  8. ^ Blust 2010, p. 45.
  9. ^ Blust 2010, p. 48.
  10. ^ Blust 2010, pp. 52–53.
  11. ^ Smith 2017a, p. 28.
  12. ^ Smith 2017a, p. 319.
  13. ^ Smith 2017a, p. 49–50.
  14. doi:10.7152/bippa.v30i0.10637
    .
  15. ^ Kaufman, Daniel. 2018. Between mainland and island Southeast Asia: Evidence for a Mon-Khmer presence in Borneo. Ronald and Janette Gatty Lecture Series. Kahin Center for Advanced Research on Southeast Asia, Cornell University. (handout / slides)

Bibliography

Further reading

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