Greece
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- ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ
Hellenic Republic | |
---|---|
Motto: Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος Elefthería í Thánatos (English: "Freedom or Death") | |
Anthem: Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν Ímnos is tin Eleftherían (English: "Hymn to Liberty") | |
Location of Greece (dark green) – in Europe (light green & dark grey) | |
Capital and largest city | Athens 37°58′N 23°43′E / 37.967°N 23.717°E / 37.967; 23.717 |
Official language and national language | Greek |
Religion (2017) |
|
Demonym(s) |
|
Government | Unitary parliamentary republic |
Konstantinos Tasoulas | |
Kyriakos Mitsotakis | |
Nikitas Kaklamanis | |
Legislature | Hellenic Parliament |
Establishment history | |
• Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire | 25 March 1821 (traditional starting date) |
1 January 1822 | |
3 February 1830 | |
24 July 1974 | |
11 June 1975 | |
Area | |
• Total | 131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)[5] (95th) |
• Water (%) | 1.51 (2015)[4] |
Population | |
• 2024 estimate | ![]() |
• 2021 census | ![]() |
• Density | 78.9/km2 (204.4/sq mi) (136th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2025 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
GDP (nominal) | 2025 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
Gini (2024) | ![]() medium inequality |
HDI (2023) | ![]() very high (34th) |
Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (EEST) |
Calling code | +30 |
ISO 3166 code | GR |
Internet TLD |
Greece,
Greece is considered the cradle of
Following a protracted
Having achieved
Name
The native name of the country in Modern Greek is Ελλάδα (Elládaⓘ, pronounced [eˈlaða] ⓘ). The corresponding form in Ancient Greek and conservative formal Modern Greek (Katharevousa) is Ἑλλάς (Hellas, classical: [hel.lás], modern: [eˈlas]). This is the source of the English alternative name Hellas, which is mostly found in archaic or poetic contexts today. The Greek adjectival form ελληνικός (ellinikos, [eliniˈkos]) is sometimes also translated as Hellenic and is often rendered in this way in the formal names of Greek institutions, as in the official name of the Greek state, the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, [eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a]).[12]
The English names Greece and Greek are derived, via the Latin Graecia and Graecus, from the name of the Graeci (Γραικοί, Graikoí), one of the first ancient Greek tribes to settle Magna Graecia in southern Italy.
History
Prehistory and Aegean civilisations

The
Greece is home to the first advanced civilisations in Europe and is often considered the birthplace of Western civilisation.[18][19] The earliest of them was the Cycladic culture which flourished on the islands of the Aegean Sea, starting around 3200 BC, and produced an abundance of folded-arm and other marble figurines.[20] From c. 3100 BC to 1100 BC, Crete, a major cultural and economic centre, was home to the Minoan civilisation known for its colourful art, religious figurines, and monumental palaces.[21][22] The Minoans wrote their undeciphered language using scripts known as Linear A and Cretan hieroglyphs.[23][24] On the mainland, the Mycenaean civilisation developed around 1750 BC and lasted until c. 1100 BC.[25] The Mycenaeans possessed advanced military and built large fortifications.[26] They worshiped many gods[27] and used Linear B to write the earliest attested form of Greek known as Mycenaean Greek.[28][29]
Ancient Greece
The collapse of the

By 500 BC, the
After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, his son and
Roman province (146 BC – 4th century AD)

From about 200 BC the
Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenised East were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,[51] and Christianity's early leaders and writers were mostly Greek-speaking, though not from Greece itself.[52] The New Testament was written in Greek, and some sections attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD,[53] when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391–392.[54] The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393,[55] and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed.[56][57] The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by Emperor Justinian in 529 is considered the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the academy continued.[56][58]
Medieval period (4th–15th centuries)


The Roman Empire in the east, following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, is known as the Byzantine Empire, but called "Kingdom of the Romans" in its own time. With its capital in Constantinople, its language and culture were Greek and its religion was predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christian.[59]
The Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of barbarian invasions;[60] raids by Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion in the 7th century resulted in a collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula.[61] The imperial government retained control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica.[61][62][63] However, the view that Greece underwent decline, fragmentation and depopulation is considered outdated, as cities show institutional continuity and prosperity between the 4th and 6th centuries. In the early 6th century, Greece had approximately 80 cities according to the Synekdemos chronicle, and the 4th to the 7th century is considered one of high prosperity.[64]
Until the 8th century almost all of modern Greece was under the jurisdiction of the
Following the Fourth Crusade and fall of Constantinople to the "Latins" in 1204, mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus and French rule[69] (the Frankokratia).[70] The re-establishment of the imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, while the islands remained under Genoese and Venetian control.[69] During the Paleologi dynasty (1261–1453) a new era of Greek patriotism emerged accompanied by a turning back to ancient Greece.[71][72][73][74][75]
In the 14th century much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire to the Serbs and then the Ottomans.[76] Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453 and by 1460, Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece was complete.[77]
Venetian possessions and Ottoman rule (15th century – 1821)
During the 15th to early 19th centuries, while much of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands fell under Ottoman control, Venice retained several key territories. Notably, Crete remained under Venetian rule until 1669, and the Ionian Islands were governed by Venice until 1797. These islands were subsequently ceded to French and later British control.[78] While some Greeks in the Ionian islands and Constantinople lived in prosperity, and Greeks of Constantinople (Phanariots) achieved power within the Ottoman administration,[79] much of Greece suffered the economic consequences of Ottoman conquest. Heavy taxes were enforced, and in later years the Ottoman Empire enacted a policy of creation of hereditary estates, effectively turning the rural Greek populations into serfs,[80] while the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from European historical developments.[81]
The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced discrimination. Discrimination, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many "crypto-Christians" returned to their old religious allegiance.[82][83]

The nature of Ottoman administration of Greece varied, though it was invariably arbitrary and often harsh.
Modern nation-state
Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)
In the 18th century, Greek merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, established communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Europe,
The first revolt began on 6 March 1821 in the
Kingdom of Greece

In 1827,
Despite the
Otto

Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the
Expansion, disaster, and reconstruction
Amidst dissatisfaction with the seeming inertia and unattainability of
After the war, Greece attempted expansion into
Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished
Dictatorship, World War II, and reconstruction
An agreement between Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas and George II followed in 1936, which installed Metaxas as head of a dictatorship known as the 4th of August Regime, inaugurating authoritarian rule that would last until 1974.[125] Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.
In October 1940,
Following liberation, Greece annexed the
Although post-war was characterised by social strife and marginalisation of the left, Greece experienced rapid economic growth and recovery, propelled in part by the U.S. Marshall Plan.[132] In 1952, Greece joined NATO, reinforcing its membership in the Western Bloc of the Cold War.[133]
Third Hellenic Republic
The former prime minister
Meanwhile,
The country adopted the euro in 2001 and successfully hosted the
In 2019,
In 2023, Greece became a member of the Three Seas Initiative.[146]
Geography

Located in
Approximately 80% of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe.
Northeastern Greece features another high-altitude mountain range, the Rhodope range, spreading across the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace; this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests, including the famous Dadia Forest in the Evros regional unit, in the far northeast of the country.
Extensive plains are primarily located in the regions of Thessaly, Central Macedonia, and Thrace. They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country.
Islands
Greece features a vast number of islands—between 1,200 and 6,000, depending on the definition,[161] 227 of which are inhabited. Crete is the largest and most populous island; Euboea, separated from the mainland by the 60 m-wide Euripus Strait, is the second largest, followed by Lesbos and Rhodes.
The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: the
Climate

The
The mountainous areas and the higher elevations of northwestern Greece (parts of Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese – including parts of the regional units of Achaea, Arcadia, and Laconia – feature an Alpine climate (Köppen: D, E) with heavy snowfalls during the winter. Most of the inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia, the lower elevations of Western Macedonia and Eastern Macedonia and Thrace feature a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with cold, damp winters and hot, moderately dry summers with occasional thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief periods of snowy weather are possible even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens.[165]
Biodiversity
Politics
The current
Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member

Members of Parliament are elected in
According to an OECD report, Greeks display a moderate level of civic participation compared to most other developed countries; voter turnout was 58% during recent elections, lower than the OECD average of 69%.[174]
Political parties
After the
Foreign relations

embassy
embassy in another country
general consulate
no representation
Greece
Foreign policy is conducted through the
Following the resolution of the
Due to its geographical proximity to Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, Greece is of geostrategic importance, which it has leveraged to develop a regional policy to promote peace and stability in the Balkans, Mediterranean and the Middle East.[193] This has accorded the country middle power status.[194]
Greece is a member of numerous international organisations, including the
Military
The Hellenic Armed Forces are overseen by the Hellenic National Defence General Staff (Greek: Γενικό Επιτελείο Εθνικής Άμυνας – ΓΕΕΘΑ), with civilian authority vested in the Ministry of National Defence. It consists of three branches:[195] the Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos, ES), the Hellenic Navy (Elliniko Polemiko Navtiko, EPN) and the Hellenic Air Force (Elliniki Polemiki Aeroporia, EPA).
Moreover, Greece maintains the
Greek military personnel total 364,050, of whom 142,700 are active and 221,350 are reserve. Greece ranks 28th in the world in the number of citizens serving in the armed forces. Mandatory military service is generally one year for 19 to 45 year olds.[147] Additionally, Greek males between the ages of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard.
As a member of
Law and justice
The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece, the Council of State and the Court of Audit. The judicial system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge disputes between citizens and the Greek administrative authorities.
The Hellenic Police is the national police force. It is a large agency with its responsibilities ranging from
Administrative divisions
Since the
Map | No. | Region | Capital | Area (km2) |
Area (sq mi) |
Population [200] |
GDP ( bn)
[201] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
1 | Attica | Athens | 3,808 | 1,470 | 3,814,064 | €84 |
2 | Central Greece | Lamia | 15,549 | 6,004 | 508,254 | €8 | |
3 | Central Macedonia | Thessaloniki | 18,811 | 7,263 | 1,795,669 | €24 | |
4 | Crete | Heraklion | 8,259 | 3,189 | 624,408 | €9 | |
5 | Eastern Macedonia and Thrace | Komotini | 14,158 | 5,466 | 562,201 | €7 | |
6 | Epirus | Ioannina | 9,203 | 3,553 | 319,991 | €4 | |
7 | Ionian Islands | Corfu | 2,307 | 891 | 204,532 | €3 | |
8 | North Aegean | Mytilene | 3,836 | 1,481 | 194,943 | €2 | |
9 | Peloponnese | Tripoli | 15,490 | 5,981 | 539,535 | €8 | |
10 | South Aegean | Ermoupoli | 5,286 | 2,041 | 327,820 | €6 | |
11 | Thessaly | Larissa | 14,034 | 5,420 | 688,255 | €9 | |
12 | Western Greece | Patras | 11,350 | 4,382 | 648,220 | €8 | |
13 | Western Macedonia | Kozani | 9,451 | 3,649 | 254,595 | €4 | |
(14) | Mount Athos | Karyes | 390 | 151 | 1,746 | — |
Economy

As of 2023[update], the economy was the
Greece is a
Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans,[218][219][220] and an important regional investor.[218][219] It has been the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania and most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of North Macedonia.[221][222] The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in other Balkan countries.[223]
Greece was a founding member of the
Debt crisis (2010–2018)

Greek economy had fared well (with high growth rates and low public debt) during most of the 20th century; high growth rates were maintained up to the 2008 financial crisis, coupled, however, with high structural deficits.[225] In 2009, it was revealed deficits had been considerably higher than official figures.[226] Banks had supplied cash in exchange for future payments by Greece and other Eurozone countries; in turn the liabilities of the countries were "kept off the books", hiding borrowing levels.[227][228][229] This was one of the techniques that enabled Greece to reduce its recorded budget deficit.[230]
The crisis was triggered by the Great Recession, which caused Greece's GDP to contract 2.5% in 2009.[231] Simultaneously, deficits were revealed to have been allowed to reach 10% and 15% in 2008 and 2009. This caused Greece's debt-to-GDP ratio to increase to 127%.[232] As a eurozone member, Greece had no autonomous monetary policy flexibility. Greece's borrowing rates increased, causing a crisis of confidence in Greece's ability to pay back loans in early 2010.[233][234]
To avert a sovereign default, Greece, other eurozone members, and the International Monetary Fund agreed on a €110 billion rescue package in May 2010.[235][236] Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit down.[237] A second bail-out of €130 billion was agreed in 2012, subject to financial reforms and further austerity.[238] A debt haircut was agreed.[238] Greece achieved a budget surplus in 2013 and returned to growth in 2014.[239][240]
Partly due to the imposed austerity,[226] Greece experienced a 25% drop in GDP between 2009 and 2015.[241] The debt ratio, jumped from 127% to about 170%, due to the shrinking economy.[242] In 2013, the IMF admitted it had underestimated the effects of tax hikes and budget cuts and issued an informal apology.[243][244][245] The policies have been blamed for worsening the crisis,[246][247] while others stressed the creditors' share in responsibility.[248][249][242] The bailouts ended in 2018.[141]
In 2024, the Greek economy is forecast to grow nearly 3%, meaning it approaches its pre-crisis size of 2009 and far outpacing the eurozone average economic growth of 0.8%.[250]
Agriculture

Greece is the European Union's largest producer of
Greece is a major beneficiary of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy. As a result of entry to the European Community, much of its agricultural infrastructure has been upgraded and output increased.
Energy

Electricity production is dominated by the state-owned Public Power Corporation (known by its acronym ΔΕΗ, transliterated as DEI), which supplied 75% of electricity in 2021.[254] Some of DEI's output is generated using lignite.[255] Renewable energy in Greece accounted for 46% of Greece's electricity in 2022,[256] a rise from the 11% in 2011.[257] Wind power accounts for 22%, solar power 14%, hydropower 9%, and natural gas 38%.[258] Independent companies' energy production has increased. Greece does not have any nuclear power plants.
Maritime
The shipping industry has been a key element of economic activity since ancient times.[259] Shipping remains one of the country's most important industries, accounting for 5% of GDP and employing about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce).[260]
The
Greece has a significant shipbuilding and ship maintenance industry. The six shipyards around the port of Piraeus are among the largest in Europe.[263] Greece has become a leader in the construction and maintenance of luxury yachts.[264]
Tourism
Tourism has been a key element of the economy and one of the most important sectors, contributing 21% of gross domestic product in 2018.[267] Greece was the 9th most visited country in the world in 2022, hosting 28 million visitors,[268] an increase from 18 million tourists in 2007.[269]
Most visitors come from the European continent,
In 2011,
Transport

Since the 1980s, the road and rail network has been modernised. With a total length of about 2,320 km (1,440 mi) as of 2020, Greece's motorway network is the most extensive in
Railway connections play a lesser role than in many other European countries, but have been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, Thessaloniki, and Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway; along with a new double track, standard gauge railway between Athens and Patras (replacing the old metre-gauge Piraeus–Patras railway) which is under construction and opening in stages.[275] International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey.
All major islands are served by ferries to the mainland. Piraeus, the port of Athens, was the third busiest passenger port in Europe as of 2021. 37 million passengers travelled by boat in Greece in 2019, the second-highest in Europe.[276] Greece has 39 active airports, 15 of which serve international destinations.[277] Athens International Airport served over 28 million passengers in 2023.[278] Most Greek islands and main cities are connected by air, by the three major airlines, Olympic Air, Aegean Airlines and Sky Express.
Telecommunications
Modern digital information and communication networks reach all areas. There are over 35,000 km (21,748 mi) of fiber optics and an extensive open-wire network. Broadband internet availability is widespread in Greece: there were a total of 2,252,653 broadband connections as of early 2011[update], translating to 20% broadband penetration.[279] In 2017 around 82% of the population used the internet regularly.[280]
Internet cafés that provide net access, office applications and multiplayer gaming are a common sight, while mobile internet on 3G and 4G- LTE cellphone networks and Wi-Fi connections can be found almost everywhere.[281] As of July 2022, 5G service is accessible in most of major cities. The UN ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure.[282]
Science and technology

The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development and Competitiveness is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2017, spending on research and development (R&D) reached an all-time high of €2 billion, equal to 1.1% of GDP.[283]
Greece was ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.[284]
Greece has major technology parks with incubator facilities. The
Greece has one of the highest rates of tertiary enrollment in the world,[287] while Greeks are well represented in academia worldwide; leading Western universities employ a disproportionately high number of Greek faculty.[288] Greek scientific publications have grown significantly in terms of research impact, surpassing both the EU and global average from 2012 to 2016.[289]
Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), mathematician Constantin Carathéodory (known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture), astronomer E. M. Antoniadi, archaeologists Ioannis Svoronos, Valerios Stais, Spyridon Marinatos, Manolis Andronikos (discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina), Indologist Dimitrios Galanos, botanist Theodoros G. Orphanides, and scientists such as Michael Dertouzos, Nicholas Negroponte, John Argyris, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 Gödel Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize) and physicist Dimitri Nanopoulos.
Demographics
Eurostat estimated the Greek population at 10.6 million in 2022.[290]

Greek society has changed significantly over recent decades, coinciding with the
Greece's
As a result of these trends, the average household is smaller and older than in previous generations. The economic crisis exacerbated this development, with 350,000–450,000 Greeks, predominantly young adults, emigrating since 2010,[296] when the population reached its peak of 11.1 million.[294] Based on current trends, the Greek population is projected to fall to 7.5 million by 2050.[297]
Cities
Almost two-thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas. Greece's largest and most influential metropolitan centres are
Rank
|
Name
|
Region
|
Pop.
|
Rank
|
Name
|
Region
|
Pop.
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Athens | Attica | 3,155,000 | 11 | Serres | Central Macedonia | 58,287 | ||
2 | Thessaloniki | Central Macedonia | 815,000 | 12 | Alexandroupoli |
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace | 57,812 | ||
3 | Patras | Western Greece | 177,071 | 13 | Xanthi | Eastern Macedonia and Thrace | 56,122 | ||
4 | Piraeus | Attica | 168,151 | 14 | Katerini | Central Macedonia | 55,997 | ||
5 | Heraklion | Crete | 163,688 | 15 | Kalamata | Peloponnese | 54,100 | ||
6 | Larissa | Thessaly | 148,562 | 16 | Kavala | Eastern Macedonia and Thrace | 54,027 | ||
7 | Volos | Thessaly | 85,803 | 17 | Chania | Crete | 53,910 | ||
8 | Ioannina | Epirus | 65,574 | 18 | Lamia | Central Greece | 52,006 | ||
9 | Trikala | Thessaly | 61,653 | 19 | Komotini | Eastern Macedonia and Thrace | 50,990 | ||
10 | Chalcis | Central Greece | 59,125 | 20 | Rhodes | South Aegean | 49,541 |
Religion
- Eastern Orthodoxy (90%)
- Other Christians (exc.Catholics) (3%)
- Irreligion (4%)
- Islam (2%)
- Other religions (inc.Catholics) (1%)
The Greek Constitution recognises
In a 2010 Eurostat–Eurobarometer poll, 79% of Greek citizens responded that they "believe there is a God".[307] According to other sources, 16% of Greeks describe themselves as "very religious", which is the highest among all European countries. The survey found just 3.5% never attend a church, compared to 5% in Poland and 59% in the Czech Republic.[308] Estimates of the recognised
Judaism has been present in Greece for more than 2,000 years. The ancient community of Greek Jews is called
The
Since 2017,
Languages

Greece is relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive
The Muslim minority in Thrace, approximately 0.95% of the population, consists of speakers of Turkish, Bulgarian (Pomaks)[327] and Romani. Romani is spoken by Christian Roma in other parts of the country. The Council of Europe has estimated that there are approximately 265,000 Romani people living in Greece (2.47% of the population).[328] Other minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various areas. Their use decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. They are only maintained by the older generations and almost extinct. The same is true for the Arvanites, an Albanian-speaking group mostly located in rural areas around Athens, and for the Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians whose language is closely related to Romanian and who used to live scattered across areas of mountainous central Greece. Members of these groups usually identify ethnically as Greek[329] and are bilingual in Greek.
Near the northern Greek borders there are some
Migration

Throughout the 20th century, millions of Greeks migrated to the
A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of the population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%), and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total.[332] The total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.[333]
The
The greatest cluster of non-EU immigrant population are in the larger urban centres, especially Athens, with 132,000 immigrants comprising 17% of the local population, and then Thessaloniki, with 27,000 immigrants reaching 7% of the local population. There is a considerable number of co-ethnics that came from the Greek communities of Albania and former Soviet Union.[331]
Greece, together with Italy and Spain, is a major entry point for
Education
![]() | This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: The description of the secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education does not reflect the current situation. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2024) |


Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education), which was upheld as one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world. The first European institution described as a university was founded in fifth-century Constantinople and continued operating in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453.[340] The University of Constantinople was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning,[341] and by some measures was the world's first university.[340]
Compulsory education in Greece comprises primary schools (Δημοτικό Σχολείο, Dimotikó Scholeio) and gymnasium (Γυμνάσιο). Nursery schools (Παιδικός σταθμός, Paidikós Stathmós) are popular but not compulsory. Kindergartens (Νηπιαγωγείο, Nipiagogeío) are compulsory for any child above four. Children start primary school aged six and remain there for six years. Attendance at gymnasia starts aged 12 and lasts for three years.
Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (Γενικό Λύκειο, Genikό Lykeiό) and
According to the Framework Law (3549/2007), Public higher education "Highest Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ΑΕΙ") consists of two parallel sectors:the university sector (Universities, Polytechnics, Fine Arts Schools, the Open University) and the Technological sector (Technological Education Institutions (TEI) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education). There are State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration (2–3 years) which operate under the authority of other Ministries. Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Students over 22 may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a lottery.
The education system provides special kindergartens, primary, and secondary schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning. There are specialist gymnasia and high schools offering musical, theological, and physical education.
72% of adults aged 25–64 have completed upper secondary education, which is slightly less than the OECD average of 74%. The average Greek pupil scored 458 in reading literacy, maths and science in the OECD's 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). This is lower than the OECD average of 486. Girls outperformed boys by 15 points, much more than the average OECD gap of 2.[342]
Healthcare system
Greece has
Greece's health care expenditures was 9.6% of GDP in 2007. By 2015, it declined to 8.4%, compared with the EU average of 9.5%. Nevertheless, the country maintains the highest doctor-to-population ratio of any OECD country[346] and the highest doctor-to-patient ratio in the EU.[347]
A 2011, OECD report showed Greece had the largest percentage of adult daily smokers of any of the 34 OECD members.[346] The obesity rate is 18%, above the OECD average of 15%.[346]
In 2008, infant mortality, with a rate of 3.6 deaths per 1,000 live births, was below the 2007 OECD average of 4.9.[346]
Culture
The culture of Greece has evolved, beginning in
In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of
Visual arts

Artistic production in Greece began in the prehistoric pre-Greek
There were interconnected traditions of painting in ancient Greece. Due to technical differences, they underwent differentiated developments. Not all painting techniques are equally well represented in the archaeological record. The most respected form of art, according to Pliny or Pausanias, were individual, mobile paintings on wooden boards, described as panel paintings. Wall painting in Greece goes back at least to the Minoan and Mycenaean civilisations, with the lavish fresco decoration of sites like Knossos, Tiryns, and Mycenae.
Art production continued during the Byzantine era. The most salient feature of this new aesthetic was its "abstract", or anti-naturalistic character. Classical art was marked by attempts to create representations that mimicked reality, Byzantine art favoured a more symbolic approach. Byzantine painting concentrated mainly on icons and hagiographies. The Macedonian art (Byzantine) was the artistic expression of Macedonian Renaissance, a label used to describe the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire (867–1056), which scholars have seen as a time of increased interest in classical scholarship and the assimilation of classical motifs into Christian artwork.
Post Byzantine art schools include the
Architecture
The architecture of ancient Greece was produced by the ancient Greeks (Hellenes), whose
Byzantine architecture was dominant in the Greek speaking world and significantly influenced Medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East, becoming the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed the Byzantine Empire's collapse.
After Greek Independence, modern Greek architects combined traditional Greek and Byzantine elements and motives with the western European movements and styles. Patras was the first city of the modern Greek state to develop a city plan applying the orthogonal rule by Stamatis Voulgaris, a Greek engineer of the French army, in 1829.[359]
Two special genres can be considered the Cycladic architecture, featuring white-coloured houses, in the
After the establishment of the
There is an emerging need to secure the long-term preservation of the archaeological sites and monuments against the growing threats of climate change.[363]
Theatre

Theatre in its western form was born in Greece.
During the Byzantine period, theatrical art declined, the only form that survived was folk theatre (Mimos and Pantomimos), despite the hostility of the state.
Modern Greek theatre was born after independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The
The National Theatre of Greece was opened in 1900 as Royal Theatre.[366] Notable playwrights of the modern Greek theatre include Gregorios Xenopoulos, Nikos Kazantzakis, Pantelis Horn, Alekos Sakellarios, and Iakovos Kambanellis, while notable actors include Cybele Andrianou, Marika Kotopouli, Aimilios Veakis, Orestis Makris, Katina Paxinou, Manos Katrakis, and Dimitris Horn. Significant directors include Dimitris Rontiris, Alexis Minotis, and Karolos Koun.
Literature
Greek literature can be divided into three main categories: Ancient, Byzantine and modern Greek.
Leading figures of modern Greek literature include
Philosophy

In the modern period,
.Music and dances
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Greek vocal music extends back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument, the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara. Music played an important role in education. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East, and the Byzantine Empire affected Greek music.
While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the
Along with Byzantine chant and music, the Greeks cultivated the

The
It was through the
In the 20th century, Greek composers had significant impact on the development of
During the
Greece participated in the
Cuisine

Sweet desserts include
Cinema
Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896, but the first cine-theatre was opened in 1907 in Athens. In 1914, the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began. Golfo, a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were minor productions such as newscasts before. In 1931, Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe, containing one of the first nude scene in European cinema;[386] it was the first Greek movie played abroad.[387] In 1944, Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls.[388]
The 1950s and early 1960s are considered to be a "golden age" of Greek cinema.
Cacoyannis directed
During the 1970s and 1980s, Theo Angelopoulos directed notable movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.[391][392][393]
There are internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora, such as the Greek-French
Sports

Greece is the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice, the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics. During the parade of nations, Greece is always called first, as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics. The nation has competed at every Summer Olympic Games, one of only four countries to have done so. Having won a total of 121 medals (35 gold, 45 silver and 41 bronze), Greece is ranked 33rd by gold medals in the all-time Summer Olympic medal count. Their best ever performance was in the 1896 Summer Olympics, when Greece finished second in the medal table with 10 gold medals.
The
The
The Greece women's national water polo team have emerged as one of the leading powers in the world, becoming World Champions in 2011. They won gold at the 2005 World League and silver at the 2010 and 2012 European Championships. The Greece men's national water polo team became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005. The domestic top water polo leagues, Greek Men's Water Polo League and Greek Women's Water Polo League are considered amongst the top national leagues in European water polo, as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions.
The
Public holidays and festivals

According to Greek law, every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. Since the late '70s, Saturday also is a non-school and not working day. In addition, there are four mandatory official public holidays: 25 March (
Notable festivals, beyond the religious fests, include
See also
Notes
- ^ The Church of Greece is recognized by the Greek Constitution as the prevailing religion in Greece,[1] the only country in the world where Eastern Orthodoxy is clearly recognized as a state religion.[2]
- ^ The .eu domain is also used, shared with other European Union member states.
- ^ Greek: Ελλάδα, romanized: Elláda, IPA: [eˈlaða], or Ελλάς, Ellás, IPA: [eˈlas].
- ^ Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, romanized: Ellinikí Dimokratía, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a].
- ^ On 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of NATO in protest at the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus; Greece rejoined NATO in 1980.
- ^ See:[149][150][151][152][153]
- ^ For a diachronic analysis of the Greek party system, see Pappas 2003, who distinguishes three distinct types of party system which developed in consecutive order, namely, a predominant-party system (from 1952 to 1963), a system of polarised pluralism (between 1963 and 1981), and a two-party system (since 1981).
References
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Both as a state church and as a national church, the Orthodox Church of Greece has a lot in common with Protestant state churches, and even with Catholicism in some countries.
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This Hellenic League – the first union of Greek states since the mythical times of the Trojan War – was the instrument through which the Greeks organised their successful resistance to Persia.
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It is now generally agreed that the people who lived in the Balkans after the Slavic "invasions" were probably for the most part the same as those who had lived there earlier, although the creation of new political groups and arrival of small immigrants caused people to look at themselves as distinct from their neighbors, including the Byzantines.
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By the fifteenth century most Byzantine intellectuals alluded to themselves as Hellenes. John Argyropoulus even calls the Emperor 'Emperor of the Hellenes' and describes the last wars of Byzantium as a struggle for the freedom of Hellas.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ibrahim Pasha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–224.
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Further reading
- "Minorities in Greece – Historical Issues and New Perspectives". History and Culture of South Eastern Europe. An Annual Journal. München (Slavica) 2003.
- The Constitution of Greece (PDF). Translated by Paparrigopoulos, Xenophon; Vassilouni, Stavroula. Athens: ISBN 978-960-560-073-0. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
External links
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