Macedonia (Greece)
Macedonia
Μακεδονία | ||
---|---|---|
Administrative regions[1] | ||
Established | 1913[2] | |
Disestablished | 1987 (split) | |
Area | ||
• Total | 34,177 km2 (13,196 sq mi) | |
Highest elevation | 2,917 m (9,570 ft) | |
Lowest elevation (Sea level) | 0 m (0 ft) | |
Population (2020)[3] | ||
• Total | 2,366,747 | |
• Density | 69/km2 (180/sq mi) | |
Demonym | Macedonian | |
|
Macedonia (/ˌmæsɪˈdoʊniə/ ⓘ MASS-ih-DOH-nee-ə; Greek: Μακεδονία, romanized: Makedonía, pronounced [maceðoˈni.a] ⓘ) is a geographic and former administrative region of Greece, in the southern Balkans. Macedonia is the largest and second-most-populous geographic region in Greece, with a population of 2.36 million (as of 2020). It is highly mountainous, with major urban centres such as Thessaloniki and Kavala being concentrated on its southern coastline. Together with Thrace, along with Thessaly and Epirus occasionally, it is part of Northern Greece. Greek Macedonia encompasses entirely the southern part of the wider region of Macedonia,[4] making up 51% of the total area of that region. Additionally, it widely constitutes Greece's borders with three countries: Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia to the north, and Bulgaria to the northeast.
Greek Macedonia incorporates most of the territories of ancient
The fall and massacre of Naoussa marked the end of the Greek Revolution in Macedonia, and the region remained in the Ottoman Empire. In the early 20th century the region was already a national cause, contested among the states of Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia. After the Macedonian Struggle and the Balkan Wars (in 1912 and 1913), the modern Greek region of Macedonia became part of the modern Greek state in 1912–13, in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars and the Treaty of Bucharest (1913). It continued as an administrative division of Greece until the reform of 1987, when it was split into the second-level administrative divisions of Western Macedonia and Central Macedonia; while the eastern part, into the Drama-Kavala-Xanthi Super-prefecture until 2010, and part of the Eastern Macedonia and Thrace division after 2010.[1] The region is further divided between the third-level administrative divisions of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace, and the Decentralized Administration of Epirus and Western Macedonia. It also includes the autonomous monastic community of Mount Athos, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (through the civil administrator of Mount Athos) in its political aspect, and of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in its religious aspect.
The region remains an important economic centre for Greece. Macedonia accounts for the majority of Greece's agricultural production and is also a major contributor to the country's industrial and tourism sectors. The metropolis of the region, Thessaloniki is the second-largest city and a major economic, industrial, cultural, commercial and political centre of Greece. Central Macedonia is Greece's fourth-most-popular tourist region and the most popular destination that is not an island.[13] It is home to four UNESCO World Heritage sites, including Aigai (modern day Vergina, about 12 km (7 mi) from Veria), one of the ancient Macedonian capital cities, where the tomb of Philip II of Macedon is located. Pella (about 1 km (0.62 mi) from modern town of Pella and about 7 km (4.3 mi) from Giannitsa), which replaced Aigai as the capital of Macedon in the fourth century BC and was the birthplace of Alexander the Great, is also located in the Greek region of Macedonia.
Etymology
The name Macedonia derives from the
History
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019) |
Prehistory
Macedonia lies at the crossroads of human development between the Aegean and the Balkans. The earliest signs of human habitation date back to the
Ancient history
According to
Roman period and early Byzantine period
Macedonia remained an important and powerful kingdom until the
The
Subsequently the provinces of
The
Medieval history
A new system of administration came into place in 789–802 AD, following the
Familiarity with the Slavic element in the area led two brothers from
Ottoman rule
The capture of
"While Murad was asleep in his palace at Yenitsa, the story has it that, God appeared to him in a dream and gave him a lovely rose to smell, full of perfume. The sultan was so amazed by its beauty that he begged God to give it to him. God replied, "This rose, Murad, is Thessalonica. Know that it is to you granted by heaven to enjoy it. Do not waste time; go and take it". Complying with this exhortation from God, Murad marched against Thessalonica and, as it has been written, captured it."
Thessaloniki became a centre of Ottoman administration in the Balkans. While most of Macedonia was ruled by the Ottomans, in Mount Athos the monastic community continued to exist in a state of autonomy. The remainder of the Chalkidiki peninsula also enjoyed an autonomous status: the "Koinon of Mademochoria" was governed by a locally appointed council due to privileges obtained on account of its wealth, coming from the gold and silver mines in the area.
Modern history
There were several uprisings in Macedonia during
To strengthen Greek efforts for Macedonia, the
Greece gained the southern parts of the region (with
In World War II Macedonia was occupied by the Axis (1941–44), with Germany taking western and central Macedonia with Thessaloniki and Bulgaria occupying and annexing eastern Macedonia.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Slavic peasants identified themselves based on belonging to their family, village, or local region, or as "
Geography
Macedonia is the largest and second-most-populous
Climate
Macedonia for the most part enjoys a
Climate data for Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 32 m asl, 1991 – 2020 normals (extremes 1930–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 22.5 (72.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
30.1 (86.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
41.2 (106.2) |
43.3 (109.9) |
41.6 (106.9) |
40.3 (104.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
43.3 (109.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.6 (51.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
22.1 (71.8) |
16.6 (61.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.1 (80.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
17.7 (63.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
16.8 (62.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −12.6 (9.3) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−12.6 (9.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 34.1 (1.34) |
33.6 (1.32) |
39.5 (1.56) |
37.5 (1.48) |
51.0 (2.01) |
31.6 (1.24) |
27.0 (1.06) |
25.1 (0.99) |
37.4 (1.47) |
43.7 (1.72) |
40.9 (1.61) |
48.2 (1.90) |
449.6 (17.7) |
Source: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,[50][51] World Meteorological Organization[52] |
Climate data for Florina (1961–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
31.2 (88.2) |
33.8 (92.8) |
39.0 (102.2) |
40.8 (105.4) |
38.6 (101.5) |
36.0 (96.8) |
32.2 (90.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
40.8 (105.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
26.4 (79.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
29.0 (84.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
17.4 (63.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.8 (73.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
12.9 (55.2) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
12.2 (54.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.1 (26.4) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
7.1 (44.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
6.1 (43.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −25.1 (−13.2) |
−23.0 (−9.4) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.6 (43.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−12.6 (9.3) |
−18.6 (−1.5) |
−25.1 (−13.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 56.8 (2.24) |
51.1 (2.01) |
57.8 (2.28) |
60.4 (2.38) |
59.4 (2.34) |
37.3 (1.47) |
33.9 (1.33) |
30.6 (1.20) |
50.1 (1.97) |
69.2 (2.72) |
71.3 (2.81) |
85.6 (3.37) |
663.5 (26.12) |
Average precipitation days | 11.0 | 10.6 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 7.2 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 6.5 | 7.6 | 9.7 | 11.8 | 107.6 |
Average snowy days | 7.5 | 6.3 | 4.5 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 5.9 | 27.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
81.2 | 76.4 | 68.8 | 63.2 | 62.8 | 58.6 | 55.4 | 56.9 | 63.3 | 71.4 | 77.8 | 81.7 | 68.1 |
Source: Hellenic National Meteorological Service[53] |
Climate data for Great Lavra (2015–2023) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
21.9 (71.4) |
23.2 (73.8) |
28.5 (83.3) |
30.9 (87.6) |
36.6 (97.9) |
39.1 (102.4) |
38.9 (102.0) |
35.8 (96.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
26.1 (79.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
39.1 (102.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.7 (87.3) |
26.2 (79.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
11.0 (51.8) |
17.9 (64.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
8.1 (46.6) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.3 (61.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −3.7 (25.3) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.4 (63.3) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 133.0 (5.24) |
78.0 (3.07) |
68.7 (2.70) |
53.9 (2.12) |
45.1 (1.78) |
33.7 (1.33) |
36.8 (1.45) |
22.0 (0.87) |
50.7 (2.00) |
80.2 (3.16) |
95.4 (3.76) |
123.0 (4.84) |
820.5 (32.32) |
Source: National Observatory of Athens (Apr 2015 - Dec 2023),[49] Great Lavra N.O.A station.[54] |
Regions and local government
Since 1987 Macedonia has been divided into three
The heads of the various administrative units are elected. The last Greek local elections
Macedonia is bordered by the neighbouring Greek regions of
Map of Macedonia | Subdivisions as of 2011[update] | Capital | Area | Population[59] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
West Macedonia |
Kozani | 9,451 km2 | 283,689 | ||
1. Kastoria | Kastoria | 1,720 km2 | 50,322 | ||
2. Florina | Florina | 1,924 km2 | 51,414 | ||
3. Kozani | Kozani | 3,516 km2 | 150,196 | ||
4. Grevena | Grevena | 2,291 km2 | 31,757 | ||
Central Macedonia | Thessaloniki | 18,811 km2 | 1,882,108 | ||
5. Pella | Edessa | 2,506 km2 | 139,680 | ||
6. Imathia | Veria | 1,701 km2 | 140,611 | ||
7. Pieria | Katerini | 1,516 km2 | 126,698 | ||
8. Kilkis | Kilkis | 2,519 km2 | 80,419 | ||
9. Thessaloniki | Thessaloniki | 3,683 km2 | 1,110,551 | ||
10. Chalkidiki | Polygyros | 2,918 km2 | 105,908 | ||
11. Serres | Serres | 3.968 km2 | 176,430 | ||
East Macedonia and Thrace ) |
Kavala | 5,579 km2 | 238,785 | ||
12. Drama | Drama | 3,468 km2 | 98,287 | ||
13. Kavala | Kavala | 1,728 km2 | 124,917 | ||
14. Thasos | Thasos |
379 km2 | 13,770 | ||
15. Mount Athos (autonomous) | Karyes |
336 km2 | 1,811 | ||
Macedonia (total) | Thessaloniki | 34,177 km2 | 2,406,393 |
Economy and transport
The Gross Domestic Product of Macedonia peaked at €41.99 billion ($47.44 billion) in nominal value and €46.87 billion ($52.95 billion) in purchasing power parity just before the Great Recession in 2008;[60] it has since then contracted to its lowest point in 2015, during the Greek government-debt crisis, to €30.85 billion ($34.85 billion) and €38.17 billion ($43.12 billion);[60] a decrease of 26.5%. Greece exited its recession, which began in 2009, in 2016 but data from that year onward is not available for the whole of Macedonia; Central Macedonia grew by 0.57% in real terms that year to €23.85 billion ($26.94 billion), while Western Macedonia contracted by 10.6% to €3.85 billion ($4.35 billion).[60] Almost half of the economy, 49%, is centred in the Thessaloniki regional unit,[60] which remained in a recession in 2015, declining by 0.4%.[60]
The recession had an impact on the per capita income of the region, especially when compared with the European Union average. Western Macedonia, the region with the highest per capita income, saw it drop from 83% the EU average in 2008 to 59% in 2016.[60] The per capita income of Macedonia in 2015 was €12,900 in nominal and €15,900 in purchasing power terms.[60][61] The Macedonian economy is primarily service-based, with services contributing €16.46 billion (60.4%) of the region's gross value added in 2015.[62] The industrial and agricultural sectors contributed €9.06 billion (33.3%) and €1.72 billion (6.3%) respectively.[62] The regional labour force was similarly mostly employed in services (60.4%), with industry and agriculture making up 25.6% and 14.0% of the labour force.[63]
Macedonia is home to Greece's richest farmland,
The
Macedonia, being a border region of an EU member state, benefits from EU programs promoting cross-border economic collaboration both between members of the Union (
Tourism
Central Macedonia is the most popular tourist destination in Greece that is not an island, and its fourth overall, outperforming all other regions of the
Macedonia is a diverse region which allows it to cater to a variety of different types of tourism.
Culture
Religion
The main religion in the Greek region of Macedonia is Christianity, with majority of population belonging to the
Macedonian cuisine
Contemporary Greek Macedonian cooking shares much with general
Macedonian music
Music of Macedonia is the music of the geographic region of Macedonia in Greece, which is a part of the music of whole region of Macedonia. Notable element of the local folk music is the use of trumpets and koudounia (called chálkina in the local dialect).
Demographics
In 2011 the permanent population of the region stood at 2,406,393 residents,
Rank | Pop. | Rank | Pop. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thessaloniki Serres |
1 | Thessaloniki | 824,676[91] | 11 | Oraiokastro | 20,852 | Katerini Kavala | ||
2 | Serres | 58,287 | 12 | Naousa | 18,882 | ||||
3 | Katerini | 55,997 | 13 | Peraia | 18,326 | ||||
4 | Kavala | 54,027 | 14 | Edessa | 18,229 | ||||
5 | Drama |
44,823 | 15 | Florina | 14,279 | ||||
6 | Veria | 43,158 | 16 | Thermi | 16,004 | ||||
7 | Kozani | 41,066 | 17 | Alexandria |
17,686 | ||||
8 | Ptolemaida | 32,127 | 18 | Kastoria | 13,387 | ||||
9 | Giannitsa | 29,789 | 19 | Grevena | 13,137 | ||||
10 | Kilkis | 22,914 | 20 | Diavata | 9,890 |
Demographic history
The inhabitants of Greek Macedonia are nowadays overwhelmingly ethnic
When Macedonia was first incorporated in Greece in 1913, however, Greeks were a marginal plurality in the region.
The population of Macedonia was greatly affected by the
Regional identity
Macedonians (
In the early-to-mid 20th century Greece was invaded by
The distinct regional identity of Greek Macedonians is also the product of the fact that it was closer to the centres of power in both the
In the contemporary period this is reinforced by Greek Macedonia's proximity to other states in the southern Balkans, the continuing existence of ethnic and religious minorities in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace not found in southern Greece, and the fact that migrants and refugees from elsewhere in the Balkans, southern Russia, and Georgia (including Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks from northeastern Anatolia and the south Caucasus) have usually gravitated to Greek Macedonia rather than southern Greece.
Languages and minorities
Greek is the majority language throughout Greece today, with an estimated 5% of the population speaking a language other than Greek,[116] and is the only language of administration and education in the region. Greek is spoken universally in Greek Macedonia, even in the border regions where there is a strong presence of languages other than Greek.[117] The Greek government exhibits some tolerance toward the use of minority languages,[116] though Greece is one of the countries which has not signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages;[118] a number of court cases have been brought to the attention of the European Parliament regarding the suppression of minority linguistic rights.[116]
Apart from Standard Modern Greek, a number of other Greek dialects are spoken in Macedonia. This includes Pontic Greek, a language spoken originally on the shores of the Black Sea in northeastern Anatolia and the Caucasus, as well as a dialect indigenous to Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece known as Sarakatsánika (Greek: Σαρακατσάνικα); spoken by the traditionally transhumant Greek subgroup of Sarakatsani.[119]
Macedonia is also home to an array of non-Greek languages.
The exact size of the linguistic and ethnic minority groups in Macedonia is not known with any degree of scientific accuracy, as Greece has not conducted a census on the question of mother tongue since 1951. Aromanians form a minority population throughout much of Macedonia. They largely identify as Greeks and most belong to the Greek Orthodox Church, many refusing to be called a minority group.
Ethnic Macedonian minority and language
The Macedonian language, a member of the South Slavic languages closely related to Bulgarian, is today spoken mostly in the regional units of Florina and Pella.[116] Due to the sensitivity of the use of term 'Macedonian', the language is euphemistically referred to as dópia (ντόπια, 'local') or nasi (Macedonian: наши or naši, 'our (language)').[116]
The exact number of the minority is difficult to know as Greece has not collected data on languages as part of its census since 1951. The 1928 census listed 81,984 speakers of 'Slavomacedonian' in Greece,[124] but internal government documents from the 1930s put the number of Macedonian speakers in the Florina prefecture alone at 80,000 or 61% of the population.[125] A field study conducted in 1993 in these two regions under the auspices of the European Parliament found that of the 74 villages studied, Macedonian was spoken in various degrees of vitality in 49 villages and was the primary language in 15 villages.[117] To a lesser extent Macedonian is also present in the regional units of Kastoria, Imathia, Kilkis, Thessaloniki, Serres, and Drama.[116] The Greek language remains dominant in all regions, even in those where Macedonian and other minority languages are present.[117] The total number of 'slavic speakers' in Greece is estimated to range between as low as 10,000 and as high as 300,000.[126][127][128]
Greece has had varied policies toward the Macedonian language. In 1925 the Greek government introduced the first Macedonian
Greece claims to respect the human rights of all its citizens, including the rights of individuals to self-identify, but also claims its policy of not recognising an ethnic Macedonian minority is based "on solid legal and factual grounds".[130] However, reports by organisations such as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, and the United States Department of State have all concluded that Greek authorities are actively discriminatory against the existence of a Macedonian language, minority, or national identity,[130][107][131] even if the situation has improved markedly.[107] An ethnic Macedonian political party, Rainbow, has competed in Greek elections for the European Parliament since 1995.[107] In the 2019 election it received 6,364 votes or 0.11% of the national vote and came 35th in the results table, with most its support coming from Florina where it received 3.33% of the vote.[132]
Jews of Thessaloniki and other cities
Northern Greece has had Jewish communities since ancient times, including the historically-significant and Greek-speaking
Between the 15th and early 20th centuries, Thessaloniki was the only city in Europe where Jews were a majority of the population.
According to
See also
- Geographic regions of Greece
- List of Macedonians (Greek)
- Macedonians (Greeks)
- Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
- Macedonia (region)
- Macedonia (terminology)
References
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- Kallikratis reform it has been made up of the municipalities of Thessaloniki (325,182), Kalamaria (91,518), Neapoli–Sykies (84,741), Pavlos Melas (99,245), Kordelio–Evosmos (101,753), Ampelokipoi–Menemeni (52,127), and the municipal units of Pylaia and Panorama (34,625 and 17,444; part of the municipality of Pylaia–Chortiatis). The Thessaloniki metropolitan area was defined by the same law and is made up of the Urban area plus the municipalities of Delta (45,839), Oraiokastro (38,317), Thermaikos (50,264), Thermi (53,201), and the municipal unit of Chortiatis (18,041; part of the municipality of Pylaia–Chortiatis), for a total of 1,030,338. See Εφημερίς της Κυβερνήσεως της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας [Government Gazetteof the Hellenic Republic] (in Greek). Athens: National Printing House. 6 September 1985. p. 2332. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
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- ^ "Ἑλλάς – Ἑλληνισμὸς" [Greece – Hellenism], Μεγάλη Ἐλληνικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεῖα, vol. 10, Athens: Pyrsos Co. Ltd., p. 408, 1934
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ignored (help) - ^ Liotta, P. H.; Simons, A. "Thicker than Water? Kin, Religion, and Conflict in the Balkans". Parameters (Winter 1998). pp. 11–27. Archived from the original on 25 November 2006.
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- ^ Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; "A Name for a Conflict or a Conflict for a Name? An Analysis of Greece's Dispute with FYROM". 24 (1996) Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 285. 1996. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- ^ Καραμανλής:"Εγώ ο ίδιος είμαι Μακεδόνας, καθώς και 2,5 εκατομμύρια Έλληνες...". www.naftemporiki.gr (in Greek). 24 January 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9780275976484. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
- ISBN 978-960-457-239-7.
- ISBN 9781317791775. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ S2CID 245264937.
- ^ a b c d e f g Becat, Joan; Christopoulos, Dimitris; Lainio, Jarmo; Leprêtre, Marc; Nelde, Peter; O Riagain, Padraig; Strubell, Antoni; Tsitselikis, Constantinos; Vernet, Jaume; Vilaró, Sergi; Villalonga, Aina; Weber, Nico; Weber, Peter; Williams, Glyn (July 2002). "The European Union and Lesser-Used Languages" (DOC). Education and Culture Series. EDUC 108 EN. Luxembourg: European Parliament. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ S2CID 161802924. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ Pasikowska-Schnass, Magdalena (September 2016). "Regional and minority languages in the European Union" (PDF). PE 589.794. European Parliamentary Research Service. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ Katsaros, Nikos (1995). Οι αρχαιοελληνικές ρίζες του Σαρακατσάνικου λόγου [Ancient Greek roots of the Sarakatsanika tongue] (in Greek). Athens: I.Sideris.
- JSTOR 41443650.
- ^ "Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur SüdosteuropasYearbooks for History and Culture of Southeastern Europe". Slavica Verlag (in German). 2002.
- ^ Euromosaic (1996): "L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce". Report published by the Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana.
- ^ "The State of Roma in Greece". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
- ^ Michalopoulos, Ioannis G., ed. (May 1937), Στατιστικὴ Ἑπετηρὶς τῆς Ἑλλάδος–1936 [Statistical Yearbook of Greece–1936] (PDF) (in Greek and French), Athens: Hellenic Statistical Authority, p. 71, archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2018
- ^ ISBN 069-104-356-6.
- ^ a b Danforth, Loring M. (1994). "National Conflict in a Transnational World: Greeks and Macedonians at the CSCE". Gate.net. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ISBN 9780786402281. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ "Greece". State.gov. 4 March 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ a b "Greece – Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention)". Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) & Minority Rights Group – Greece (MRG-G). 18 September 1999. Archived from the original on 23 May 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ a b Hammarberg, Thomas (19 February 2009). "Report by Thomas Hammarberg, Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, following his visit to Greece on 8–10 December 2008". Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
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