Hellenic Navy
Hellenic Navy | |
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Ελληνικό Πολεμικό Ναυτικό | |
Vice Admiral Dimitrios E. Kataras | |
Notable commanders | Admiral Andreas Miaoulis Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis Vice Admiral Ioannis Demestichas |
Insignia | |
Identification symbol | ΠΝ |
Naval ensign | |
Naval jack | |
Pennant |
The Hellenic Navy (HN; Greek: Πολεμικό Ναυτικό, romanized: Polemikó Naftikó, lit. 'War Navy', abbreviated ΠΝ) is the naval force of Greece, part of the Hellenic Armed Forces. The modern Greek navy historically hails from the naval forces of various Aegean Islands, which fought in the Greek War of Independence. During the periods of monarchy (1833–1924 and 1936–1973) it was known as the Royal Hellenic Navy (Βασιλικόν Ναυτικόν, Vasilikón Naftikón, abbreviated ΒΝ).
The Hellenic Navy is a Green-water navy. The total displacement of the fleet is approximately 150,000 tons. The HN also operates a number of naval aviation units.[citation needed]
The motto of the Hellenic Navy is "Μέγα τὸ τῆς θαλάσσης κράτος" from Thucydides' account of Pericles' oration on the eve of the Peloponnesian War.[2][3] This has been translated as "The rule of the sea is a great matter".[1] The Hellenic Navy's emblem consists of an anchor in front of a crossed Christian cross and trident, with the cross symbolizing Greek Orthodoxy, and the trident symbolizing Poseidon, the god of the sea in Greek mythology. Pericles' words are written across the top of the emblem.
"The Navy, as it represents a necessary weapon for Greece, should only be created for war and aim to victory."
— Greek Government (1866)
History
The history of the Hellenic Navy begins with the birth of modern Greece, and due to the maritime nature of the country, it has always featured prominently in modern Greece's military history.
At the beginning of the
Although Greek crews were experienced seamen, the light Greek ships, mostly armed merchantmen, were unable to stand up to the large Ottoman
However, as Greeks became embroiled in civil wars, the Sultan called upon his strongest subject, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, for aid. Plagued by internal strife and financial difficulties in keeping the fleet in constant readiness, the Greeks failed to prevent the capture and destruction of Kasos and Psara in 1824, or the landing of the Egyptian army at Modon. Despite victories at Samos and Gerontas, the Revolution was threatened with collapse until the intervention of the Great Powers in the Battle of Navarino in 1827. There the Egypto-Ottoman fleet was decisively defeated by the combined fleets of the Britain, France and the Russian Empire, effectively securing the independence of Greece.
When
In 1831, Greece descended into
When the new
During the 1850s, the more progressive elements of the navy won out and the fleet was augmented with more ships. In 1855, the first iron propeller-driven ships were ordered from England. These were the steamships Panopi , Pliksavra, Afroessa , and Sfendoni.[5]
On October 29, 1863, following an enthronement ceremony in his native Copenhagen and a tour of several of the European capitals, Prince Wilhelm of Denmark arrived aboard the Greek flagship Hellas, to take up the throne as
Meanwhile, after 1878, because of the
In 1907, the Hellenic Navy General Staff (Γενικό Επιτελείο Ναυτικού) was founded, with then-Captain Pavlos Kountouriotis as its first head. After the war, in 1897, the Ottoman Empire embarked on a program of naval expansion for its fleet and as a response to that, in 1909, the cruiser Georgios Averof was bought from Italy. In 1910, a British naval mission arrived, headed by Admiral Lionel Grant Tufnell, in order to recommend improvements in the organization and training of the navy. The mission led to the adoption of the British style of management, organization and training, especially in the area of strategy.
Balkan Wars (1912–1913)
Shortly before the
The Balkan Wars were followed by a rapid escalation in 1914 between Greece and the Ottoman Empire over the status of the islands of the eastern Aegean. Both governments embarked on a naval armaments race, with Greece purchasing the battleships
World War I and aftermath (1914–1935)
Initially during the war, Greece followed a course of neutrality, with the Prime Minister
After Greece's defeat, the 1920s and early 1930s were a politically turbulent period, with the economy in a bad state,[4] so the Navy received no new units, apart from the modernization of four destroyers and the acquisition of six French submarines in 1927 and four Italian destroyers in 1929.
World War II (1939–1945)
In 1938, Greece ordered four modern Greyhound-class destroyers in British shipyards, making a serious step towards modernization. The outbreak of war in Europe, however, allowed only two to be delivered. Greece entered World War II with a navy consisting of two battleships, one armoured cruiser, one protected cruiser, fourteen destroyers, and six submarines.[7]
During the
When
As the war progressed, the number of Hellenic Royal Navy vessels increased after the concession of several destroyers and submarines by the British
Post-war era (1945–1980)
After World War II, the Royal Hellenic Navy was significantly strengthened by the concession of British and Italian ships. The organisation also changed in line with modern naval doctrines of that era after the entrance into NATO in 1952. At the beginning of the 1950s, US military aid formed the core of the country's armed forces. The Royal Hellenic Navy received the first Bostwick-class destroyers which took on the name Beasts (Θηρία), while withdrawing the British ones.
The next significant change was during the early 1970s, when Greece was the first Mediterranean naval force to order missile-equipped fast attack craft (Combattante II) and the Type 209 submarines, whereas US military aid continued in the form of FRAM II type destroyers. In 1979, the Hellenic Navy placed an order in the Netherlands for two modern Standard-class frigates (the Elli class). These were the first acquisitions of new main surface vessels, rather than the use of second-hand ships, in almost four decades.
Modern era (1980-2022)
The arrivals of Hydra class
Fleet overview
The Hellenic Navy maintains a large number of surface vessels and submarines in its inventory. However, the vast majority of warships in active service are in the process of either being replaced by more modern and advanced designs, being refurbished, or being retired. The Navy is awaiting delivery of 3 FDI Belharra frigates from France with an option for 1 more after the
Frigates and heavy corvettes
Frigates are the main heavy ships of the Navy, with 70% of the
The acquisition of two, with an option for two more,
On November 6, 2020, the Navy submitted its initial preference for the acquisition of 4 MMSC Littoral Combat Ships developed by
Final decision was made in September 28 of 2021 and after many months of deliberations. During his visit to the French capital and his meeting with President Emmanuel Macron, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced the procurement of 3+1 French FDI-HN Frigates and 3+1 Gowind-HN class Corvettes in a €5 billion deal spreading to 2026,[16] with the later class still being configured to meet the Hellenic Navy's needs.
It is almost certain that two types will replace the Ellis, in order to maintain a ceiling of at least 10 frigates/corvettes. A floating scenario was the purchase of heavy corvettes to replace a number of old Ellis. This scenario has become increasingly more possible, after Greece joined Italy and France in the European Patrol Corvette (EPC/PESCO)[17] consortium in early 2020 for the construction of a new advanced 3,000 ton corvette, with Spain joining the program as well. New ships, for all involved Navies, are not likely to enter service before 2027 or 2030 at the earliest.[18]
Submarines
Greece maintains a mixed fleet of modern and older submarine units. In December 2019, the
Other surface combatants
There were two new Roussen class
The fleet also consists of ten gunboats. With the exception of the four Machitis class (Osprey HSY-56A), the rest of the gunboats need modernization and, some of them, replacement. The two Asheville class boats are at least 50 years old. The remaining four boats (Osprey-55 and HSY-56) have already received new electro-optical systems. On June 16, 2020, ONEX Neorion Shipyards SA in the Greek island of Syros and Israel Shipyards LTD signed a cooperation agreement for the construction of the Themistocles class corvette during Greek PM's visit to Israel. This is a multipurpose warship based on the Israeli Sa'ar 72-class corvette design, at 72 meters length and displacement of around 800 tons. It will be able of speeds above 30 knots with an extended endurance. It can operate a medium size marine helicopter, but also supports unique possibilities of deploying Special Forces units. The agreement was for the construction in Greece of 7 vessels, with an option for 6 more.[22] These will replace an equal number of older gunboats.
In February 2020, at a special event held at the Hellenic Institute of Naval Technology (HINT), the technical director of the Unit of Submersibles and Hellenic Navy Works of
In April 2020 the Navy received the first four Mark V Special Operations Craft, ordered via the United States Excess Defense Articles programme. The craft are utilised by the Underwater Demolition Command.[24]
Aircraft
In 2019, the U.S. State Department cleared a $600 million foreign military sale (FMS) of seven
The Hellenic Navy will soon begin the use of a new UAV called Archytas. This will be a VTOL aircraft used for surveillance and it will be able to take-off and land on warships. It may also be lightly armed. However, this will not be flying until 2024. [28]
Chain of command
Organization |
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History |
Standing Deployments |
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Main commands
Greek | English translation | Location |
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Γενικόν Επιτελείον Ναυτικού (ΓΕΝ) | Hellenic Navy General Staff | Athens |
Αρχηγείον Στόλου (ΑΣ) | Fleet Headquarters | Salamis Island |
Ναυτική Διοίκηση Αιγαίου (ΝΔΑ) | Aegean Sea Naval Command | Piraeus |
Ναυτική Διοίκηση Ιονίου (ΝΔΙ) | Ionian Sea Naval Command | Patras |
Ναυτική Διοίκηση Βορείου Ελλάδος (ΝΔΒΕ) | Northern Greece Naval Command | Thessaloniki |
Διοίκηση Ναυτικής Εκπαίδευσης (ΔΝΕ) | Naval Training Command | Skaramagas |
Διοίκηση Διοικητικής Μέριμνας (ΔΔΜΝ) | Logistics Command | Athens |
Διοίκηση Αεροπορίας Ναυτικού (ΔΑΝ) | Navy Aviation Command | Grammatiko |
Ναύσταθμος Κρήτης | Crete Naval Base | Souda Bay, Chania |
Ναύσταθμος Σαλαμίνας | Salamis Naval Base | Salamis Island |
Υδρογραφική Υπηρεσία | Hydrographic Service[30] | Athens |
Υπηρεσία Φάρων | Lighthouse Command[31] | Piraeus |
Combat arms
- Διοίκηση Φρεγατών (ΔΦΓ) Frigate Command
- Διοίκηση Πλοίων Επιτηρήσεως (ΔΠΕ) Surveillance Ships Command, formerly Διοίκηση Κανονιοφόρων (ΔΚΦ) Gunboat Command
- Διοίκηση Ταχέων Σκαφών (ΔΤΣ) Fast Attack Craft Command
- Διοίκηση Υποβρυχίων (ΔΥ) Submarine Command
- Διοίκηση Αμφιβίων Δυνάμεων (ΔΑΔ) Amphibious Assault Forces Command
- Greece does not have a marine corps established as a separate branch attached to the naval service. Instead, the Armyincludes the 32nd Marine Brigade (32η Ταξιαρχία Πεζοναυτών); the Navy provides the landing craft etc.
- Greece does not have a
- Διοίκηση Υποβρυχίων Καταστροφών (ΔΥΚ) Underwater Demolition Command
- Διοίκηση Αεροπορίας Ναυτικού (ΔΑΝ) Navy Aviation Command
- 1η Μοίρα Ελικοπτέρων Ναυτικού (ΜΕΝ 1) 1st Navy Helicopter Squadron (AB-212 ASW), 112th Combat Wing,
- 2η Μοίρα Ελικοπτέρων Ναυτικού (ΜΕΝ 2) 2nd Navy Helicopter Squadron (S-70B Aegean Hawk), 112th Combat Wing,
- Μοίρα Αεροσκαφών Ναυτικού (ΜΑΝ) Navy Aircraft Squadron, 112th Combat Wing, Elefsis, currently with no active aircraft. 38°04′13″N 23°33′56″E / 38.07028°N 23.56556°E
- Ελικοσταθμός Αμφιάλης = Amfiali Heliport 37°59′30″N 23°34′28″E / 37.99167°N 23.57444°E
Combat support arms
- Διοίκηση Ναρκοπολέμου (ΔΝΑΡ) Minesweeper Command
Combat service support
- Σχολή Εξάσκησης Ναυτικής Τακτικής (ΣΕΝΤ) Naval Tactical Training School (under Fleet Headquarters)
Equipment
Ships
The Hellenic Navy's fleet of warships and auxiliary boats is harboured in the two major HN naval bases at Salamis Island near Piraeus and at Souda Bay on the island of Crete. Internationally, the Navy used the prefix HS (Hellenic Ship) for its vessels.
Frigates
The Hellenic Navy relies mainly on
Modernization of six frigates was completed in 2010.
Since 2022, three frigates of the Kimon Class have been under construction in France by Naval Group. These are HS Kimon (F-601), HS Nearchos (F-602) and HS Formion (F-603). Delivery of HS Kimon (F-601) is scheduled for early 2025 and the rest are to follow over the succeeding months. Greece has a contracted option for a fourth ship to be included in the initial production line, if it so chooses.
The Greek frigate HS Psara carries three reliquaries permanently on its onboard historical exhibition. Two contain the taxidermic hearts of Greek War of Independence heroes Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris and Admiral Andreas Miaoulis and one reliquary contains the remains of heroine Rear Admiral (posthumous) Laskarina Bouboulina. The frigate's exhibition can be visited when the ship opens to the public during National Holidays and celebrations.
In January 2024, Defence Minister Nikolaos Dendias announced a proposal to manufacture seven Constellation-class frigate in Greece. [36]
Gunboats
The Hellenic Navy operates ten
Attack Missile boats
The fleet consists of nineteen missile boats also known as fast attack missile craft. Two new ships (P78 and P79) entered service in 2019. The main purpose of these vessels is offensive anti-ship warfare. The Hellenic Navy operates four types of missile boats. These are the Roussen (Super-Vita), Laskos (La Combattante III), Kavaloudis (La Combattante IIIb) and Votsis (La Combattante IIa) classes. The La Combattante III and La Combattante IIIb classes were upgraded in 2006. For the La Combattante III craft, Thales delivered a TACTICOS combat management system, including four multi-functional operator consoles, one surveillance radar, a fire-control tracking system, one electro-optical tracking and fire control system, an integrated low-probability-of-interception radar, two target designation sights and a tactical data link. The weapon suite of the La Combattante IIIs remained unchanged. Thales was also responsible for the integration of existing guns, surface-to-surface missiles and torpedoes. The La Combattante IIa ships are scheduled to be decommissioned upon completion of the two newly ordered Roussen gunboats.
Submarines
The Hellenic Navy Submarine Command operates eleven
Special Operations Craft
The Navy operates the endogenous AAWV Aginor (Αγήνωρ) which is an Advanced
The Navy also operates the Mark V Special Operations Craft, which is an American design originally developed for the US Navy Seals. The craft are utilised by the Hellenic Navy Underwater Demolition Command[38] and are specifically customised to the needs of the Hellenic Navy and the Aegean theater of operations.
Landing boats
The Hellenic Navy currently operates nine
Replenishment and other vessels
The Hellenic Navy operates fifteen replenishment and support ships including
Aircraft
The Hellenic Navy operates naval aviation units under the Navy Aviation Command,[44] that resulted from the amalgamation of the Navy Helicopter Command and the 353rd Naval Cooperation Squadron, which was run jointly with the Hellenic Air Force.
It currently operates:[45]
- Lockheed Martin P-3B Orions as maritime patrol and naval cooperation platforms. Four upgraded aircraft have gradually started to re-enter the fleet, after a $142 million contract for their upgrade was awarded in February 2016 to Lockheed Martin.[46](6 delivered, 1 operational/upgraded, 4 more currently upgraded, 1 will be used for parts)
- Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk: Newer anti-submarine warfare variant of the Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopter with capability for vertical resupply missions and search & rescue operations. Entered service in March 2024. 3 delivered another 4 on order.
- Sikorsky S-70B Seahawks, which is the export variant of the Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk. Furthermore, the Greek variant is the S-70/B-6 Aegean Hawk, which is a blend of the SH-60B and F-models. (11 S-70B6 AegeanHawk and 10 MH-60R on order)
- Aérospatiale Alouette IIIs, mainly used for missions such as aerial observation, photography, transport and training. (4 delivered, 2 in use)
- Agusta Bell AB-212 ASWs, which is the military variant of the Bell 212, dedicated to anti-submarine warfare. (11 ASW and 2 EW delivered, 6 ASW and 2 EW in use)
- Alpha Unmanned Systems A900 UAV Helicopters. (5 on order, to be delivered by April 2022) [47]
Ranks and insignia
Commissioned officers
NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | OF(D) | Student officer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hellenic Navy[48] |
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Ναύαρχος Navarchos |
Αντιναύαρχος Antinavarchos |
Υποναύαρχος Yponavarchos |
Αρχιπλοίαρχος Archiploiarchos |
Πλοίαρχος Ploiarchos |
Αντιπλοίαρχος Antiploiarchos |
Πλωτάρχης Plotarchis |
Υποπλοίαρχος Ypoploiarchos |
Ανθυποπλοίαρχος Anthypoploiarchos |
Σημαιοφόρος Simaioforos |
Σημαιοφόρος Επίκουρος Αξιωματικός Simaioforos epikouros axiomatikos |
NCOs and enlisted
NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hellenic Navy[48] |
male |
female |
male |
female | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ανθυπασπιστής[a] Anthypaspistis |
Αρχικελευστής Archikelefstis |
Επικελευστής Epikelefstis |
Κελευστής Kelefstis |
Δίοπος Diopos |
Ναύτης Naftis |
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Royal HN Naval Ensign (1833–1858)
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Royal HN Naval Ensign (1863–1924 and 1935–1970)
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HN Naval Ensign (1830–1833, 1924–1935 and 1974–present)
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RHN Naval Jack
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HN Naval Jack
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Minister of Defence flag
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HN 4-star Admiral's Flag
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HN Senior Officer's flag
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HN Commissioning Pennant
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Royal HN Naval Ensign (1970–1973) and HN Naval Ensign (1973–1974)
Photo gallery
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Admiral and War of Independence hero Konstantinos Kanaris (1793–1877)
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Rear Admiral (Posthumous) and War of Independence heroine Laskarina Bouboulina(1771–1825)
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King George in Admiral's uniform of the Hellenic Navy
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Admiral and President of Greece Pavlos Kountouriotis (1855–1935)
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Portrait of Rear Admiral Sofoklis Dousmanis (1868–1952)
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LST HS Syros undergoing trials, 1964
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Frigate HSSpetsai in Trieste
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Hydrographic vessel HS Nautilus in Syros harbour
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HS Pandora, a passenger ship connecting Piraeus Harbor and Salamis Naval Base
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HS Psara in Operation Enduring Freedom
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A Hellenic Navy SOF (special operations forces) instructor conducts small arms training with U.S. sailors aboard the HN training ship Aris
See also
- History of the Hellenic Navy
- List of active Hellenic Navy ships
- List of decommissioned ships of the Hellenic Navy
- Hellenic Naval Cadets Academy
- Greek Merchant Navy
Notes
- ^ Greece has only one level of Warrant Officer. According to the current issue (2021) of STANAG 2116, the Greek Warrant Officers are included in OR-9, however they are afforded the privileges of an officer. See STANAG 2116 note 29, page D-9
References
- ^ Perseus Project.
- ^ Thucydides (1942). "1.143.5". Historiae in two volumes (in Greek). Oxford: Oxford University Press. At the Perseus Project.
- ^ Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, 1.143.
- ^ a b Official website of the Hellenic Navy Archived 2007-08-22 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Politics and Statecraft in the Kingdom of Greece, John Anthony Petropulos, Princeton University Press, 1968.
- ISBN 960-8172-14-4.
- ^ Pier Filippo Lupinacci, Vittorio Emanuele Tognelli, La difesa del traffico con l'Albania, la Grecia e l'Egeo, Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, Rome 1965, pp. 47–49.
- ^ Darling, Daniel (15 September 2020). "Greece Commits to Upgrading its Military Capabilities". Defense Security Monitor. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ Kingston, Tom (2020-02-07). "Spain seen joining Greece, France, Italy on European Patrol Corvette program". defensenews. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ Darling, Daniel (15 September 2020). "Greece Commits to Upgrading its Military Capabilities". Defense Security Monitor. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Frégates FDI : la France touchée, coulée en Grèce ?". La Tribune (in French). 16 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "Greece's sudden "no" for French Belharra frigates amidst rising tensions with Turkey". ARMYNOW.NET. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "Greece may acquire German frigates to boost defense as tensions with Turkey rise in the Mediterranean". www.navyrecognition.com. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ "Hellenic Navy plans to purchase four American-made Multi-Mission Surface Combatant MMSC frigates". www.navyrecognition.com. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ "Greece to buy French warships in boost for EU defence". France 24. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ Kington, Tom (7 February 2020). "Spain seen joining Greece, France, Italy on European Patrol Corvette program". Defense News. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ Archus, Dorian (11 May 2020). "Spain officially joins European Patrol Corvette (EPC) program". Naval News. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- ^ Vavasseur, Xavier (2 November 2020). "Hellenic Navy Signs Heavyweight Torpedo Deal with Atlas Elektronik". Naval News. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ Vavasseur, Xavier (31 July 2020). "Hellenic Navy Commissioned its 6th Roussen-class FACM". Naval News. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "Σημαντική αναβάθμιση δυνατοτήτων του ΠΝ με εγκατάσταση νέων ηλεκτροπτικών αισθητήρων σε πλοία". Πτήση & Διάστημα (in Greek). In Greek. 7 October 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ Tugwell, Paul (23 June 2020). "Shipyards in Greece and Israel Agree to Build Navy Corvette". bnnbloomberg.ca. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ Epachtitis, Thanos S. (14 February 2020). "Ελληνικά Ναυπηγεία Α.Ε.: Το σκάφος Ανορθοδόξου Πολέμου ΑΓΗΝΩΡ". Πτήση & Διάστημα (in Greek). Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- Jane's Information Group.
- ^ "Greece Approved to Purchase MH-60R Helicopters from US". Overt Defense. 16 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "Greece Signs LOA to Purchase 4 MH-60R, Modernize S-70B6 Choppers". www.defenseworld.net. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ Darling, Daniel (20 May 2019). "Greece Takes Delivery of First Upgraded P-3B Orion". Defense Security Monitor. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ Gosselin-Malo, Elizabeth (23 September 2022). "Greece unveils new surveillance drone to keep tabs on its islands". defensenews.com. defense news. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- ^ Heyman, Charles (2011). The Armed Forces of the European Union 2012–2013. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. p. 53.
- ^ "Hellenic Navy Hydrographic Service - Our Organization". HNHS. 2020. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
- ^ "Υπηρεσία Φάρων". Hellenicnavy.gr. Archived from the original on 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
- ^ "DefenceNet – HN's future planning and new procurement policy". Defencenet.gr. Archived from the original on 2009-12-10. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
- ^ Scott, Richard (4 February 2015). "Greece scopes plan for MEKO 200HN mid-life modernisation". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. Retrieved 2015-07-14.
- ^ "Greece goes arms shopping as Turkey tension rises". POLITICO. 11 September 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ Mitsopoulos, Dimitris. "Greece Expresses Interest In Co-Production Of Constellation-Class Frigates". navalnews.com. Naval News. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ "Κ/Φ ΚΑΣΟΣ (Ρ 57)" (in Greek). hellenicnavy.gr. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- Jane's Information Group.
- ^ Hellenic Navy (2008). "Hellenic Command Amphibious Forces: Ships". Hellenic Navy. Archived from the original on 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ Hellenic Navy (2008). "Hellenic Command Amphibious Forces: Introduction". Hellenic Navy. Archived from the original on 2009-03-22. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ Kitov, Vladimir (2000-11-04). "Almaz launches NATO-bound craft". The Russia Journal. Archived from the original on 2010-02-13. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ Titova, Irina (2000-12-29). "City Shipyard Hovercraft Is 1st Delivery to NATO State". The St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ "Τελετή 'Ιδρυσης Διοίκησης Αεροπορίας Ναυτικού" (in Greek). Hellenic Navy. 23 January 2018.
- ^ "Aircraft Fleet". Hellenic Navy Official Website. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
- ^ "Greek navy takes initial reactivated P-3B". Flight Global. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
- ^ "H ΑLTUS LSA θα προμηθεύσει με UAV ελικοπτέρα το Πολεμικό Ναυτικό | ALTUS LSA". Retrieved 2021-11-12.
Further reading
- Official Website of the Hellenic Navy. Note regarding copyright: The Hellenic Navy allows free use and distribution of images from their web site with proper attribution, however they have no set copyright policy for derivative work. See also appropriate template from Greek Wikipedia: el:Template:ΠΔΕΠΝ.
- Zisis Fotakis (2005). Greek Naval Strategy and Policy 1910–1919 (Naval Policy and History). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35014-3.
- Andrew Toppan (2002). "World Navies Today: Greece". Retrieved 2008-07-04.: Excellent resource with details for ships of the Hellenic Navy. Caution: List not updated since 2002.
- Royal Hellenic or Greek Navy in World War I, including warship losses