Greek ligatures
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Greek ligatures are graphic combinations of the letters of the
History
In early printed Greek from around 1500, many ligatures fashioned after contemporary manuscript hands continued to be used. Important models for this early typesetting practice were the designs of
The ligature ϛ for στ, now called
Computer encoding
In the modern computer encoding standard Unicode, the abbreviation ϗ has been encoded since version 3.0 of the standard (1999). An uppercase version Ϗ was added in version 5.1 (2008). A lower and upper case "stigma", designed for its numeric use, is also encoded in Unicode. Letters derived from the ου ligature exist for use in Latin, and for Cyrillic, though not for Greek itself. Some attempts have been made at recreating typesetting with ligatures in modern computer fonts, either through Unicode-compliant OpenType glyph replacement,[3] or with simpler but non-standardized methods of glyph-by-glyph encoding.[4]
- Greek digraphs
Preview | Ϗ | ϗ | Ϛ | ϛ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | GREEK CAPITAL KAI SYMBOL | GREEK KAI SYMBOL | GREEK LETTER STIGMA | GREEK SMALL LETTER STIGMA | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 975 | U+03CF | 983 | U+03D7 | 986 | U+03DA | 987 | U+03DB |
UTF-8 | 207 143 | CF 8F | 207 151 | CF 97 | 207 154 | CF 9A | 207 155 | CF 9B |
Numeric character reference | Ϗ |
Ϗ |
ϗ |
ϗ |
Ϛ |
Ϛ |
ϛ |
ϛ |
- Latin and Cyrillic Ou digraphs
Preview | Ȣ | ȣ | Ꙋ | ꙋ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OU | LATIN SMALL LETTER OU | CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 546 | U+0222 | 547 | U+0223 | 42570 | U+A64A | 42571 | U+A64B |
UTF-8 | 200 162 | C8 A2 | 200 163 | C8 A3 | 234 153 138 | EA 99 8A | 234 153 139 | EA 99 8B |
Numeric character reference | Ȣ |
Ȣ |
ȣ |
ȣ |
Ꙋ |
Ꙋ |
ꙋ |
ꙋ |
Example images
Other examples
See also
- iota adscript, which is written with a ligatured iota: ᾼ
- iota subscript, also written with a ligatured iota: ᾳ
- Tau-Rho
- Chi-Rho
- IX Monogram
- Orthographic ligature
References
- ^ The Philokalia Package Archived 2012-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, for LaTeX
- ^ Carl Faulmann, Das Buch der Schrift: Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und Völker, Vienna 1880, p.172-176.
- ^ e.g. Greek Font Society. "GFS Gazis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-07. Retrieved 2012-07-13.; George Douros. "Unicode fonts for ancient scripts". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2012-07-13.
- ^ e.g. Schmidthauser, Andreas. "Renaissance Greek". Retrieved 2012-07-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek by William H. Ingram Duke University Libraries Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
External links
- Media related to Greek ligatures at Wikimedia Commons