Green-Wood Cemetery
Green-Wood Cemetery | |
New York City Landmark No. 0149, 1197, 1233
| |
Warren & Wetmore Weir Greenhouse: G. Curtis Gillespie | |
NRHP reference No. | 97000228 |
---|---|
NYCL No. | 0149, 1197, 1233 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | March 8, 1997[5] |
Designated NHL | September 20, 2006[6] |
Designated NYCL | Gates: April 19, 1966[2] Weir Greenhouse: April 13, 1982[3] Fort Hamilton Parkway Gate & Green-Wood Cemetery Chapel: April 12, 2016[4] |
Green-Wood Cemetery is a 478-acre (193 ha) cemetery in the western portion of
Green-Wood Cemetery was founded in 1838 as a rural cemetery, in a time of rapid urbanization when churchyards in New York City were becoming overcrowded. Described as "Brooklyn's first public park by default long before Prospect Park was created",[8] Green-Wood Cemetery was so popular that it inspired a competition to design Central Park in Manhattan, as well as Prospect Park nearby.
The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 and was made a National Historic Landmark in 2006. In addition, the 25th Street gates, the Weir Greenhouse, and the Fort Hamilton Parkway Gate & Green-Wood Cemetery Chapel were separately designated as city landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission at various times.
Design
Green-Wood's site is characterized by varied topography created by glacial moraines, particularly the Harbor Hill Moraine. Battle Hill, also known as Gowan's Heights, the highest point in Brooklyn, is on cemetery grounds, rising approximately 216 feet (66 m) above sea level.[9] It was the site of an important action during the Battle of Long Island on August 27, 1776. A Revolutionary War monument by Frederick Ruckstull, Altar to Liberty: Minerva, was erected there in 1920. From this height, the bronze Minerva statue gazes towards the Statue of Liberty across New York Harbor.[10]
Green-Wood was less inspired by
Green-Wood Cemetery contains 600,000 graves and 7,000 trees spread out over 478 acres (193 ha).[14][9] The landscape includes rolling hills and dales, several ponds, and an on-site chapel.[15][16] In 2017, it received 280,000 visitors.[16] Though at one point there were numerous gravediggers at Green-Wood, as of 2006[update] there were just a few gravediggers due to a decrease in the number of burials, as well as the limited amount of space for new burials. Because of this shortage of space, several family members may be buried atop each other in some plots.[17]
Several wooden shelters were also built, including one in a Gothic Revival style, one resembling an Italian villa, and another resembling a Swiss chalet.[18][19] These shelters, designed by Richard Upjohn, had largely deteriorated by the late 20th century except for a ladies' shelter.[19] In 2008, Green-Wood started to acquire a collection of art pertaining to those buried in the cemetery.[20]
Landscaping and circulation
Green-Wood Cemetery contains numerous landscape features, which in turn are named after terms that evoke a naturalistic scene. These names include Camellia Path, Halcyon Lake, Oaken Bluff, Sylvan Cliff, and Vista Hill.[21] David Bates Douglass, Green-Wood's landscape architect, mostly kept the cemetery's natural landscaping intact.[22] Much of Douglass's plan is still in place with its original plantings and curving-road systems. The original street names and original cast-iron perimeter fence have been retained, but many of the roads have been paved.[21]
The cemetery has been expanded several times.[23][24] Most of these regions have been landscaped to resemble the original plot, except the area near Fort Hamilton Avenue to the north, which is flatter because it was acquired last.[21]
Monuments
There are several notable monuments and mausoleums in the cemetery, designed in several styles including the Classical, Egyptian, Gothic, and Romanesque.[25][26] Some of monuments and mausoleums were designed by popular architects of the time, including Minard Lafever, Richard Upjohn, and Warren and Wetmore.[25] In addition, many tombs contain ornate sculptural decoration. The National Register of Historic Places designation subdivides these monuments into four primary categories: those honoring events or professions; those with architectural significance; those whose graves contain people of historical significance; and "monuments of sculptural interest".[26]
Among the first monuments was a statue of DeWitt Clinton, built in 1853.[27][28] There is also a memorial erected by James Brown, president of both Brown Brothers bank and the Collins Line, to the six members of his family lost in the SS Arctic disaster of 1854. This incorporates a sculpture of the ship, half-submerged by the waves, as well as a Civil War Memorial.[29] During the American Civil War, Green-Wood Cemetery created the "Soldiers' Lot" for free veterans' burials; this lot included less than 1 acre (0.40 ha) of land.[30] In 1868–1876, after the war ended, the 35-foot-tall (11 m) Civil War Soldiers' Monument was erected at the highest point in Green-Wood.[31][32]
Other monuments of note include the
Gates
The gates were designed by Richard Upjohn in
25th Street gate
The main entrance to the cemetery, a double-gate located at 25th Street and Fifth Avenue near its northwestern corner, was built in 1861–65, though the entrance itself opened in 1862.
The New York Community Trust placed a Designated Landmarks of New York plaque on the gate in 1958, and the gate was designated an official
Fort Hamilton gate
The Fort Hamilton gate is located at Fort Hamilton Parkway and Macieli Place. Similar to the 25th Street gate, it is made of a double gateway made of brownstone. It is also flanked by two structures, a visitor's lounge and the gatekeeper's residence.[42][43] The gate was built in 1876 and completed the next year;[44] it was designated as an official New York City landmark in 2016.[45]
To the east of the entrance is the visitor's lounge, a brownstone building. It is a 1+1⁄2-story structure with an entrance located inside a center bay on the west side of the building. The visitor's lounge contains two side bays, each with a porch, as well as restrooms for men and women. The hip roof is made of gray slate with metal ornamentation along the ridge at the top. The roof slopes down toward the perimeter walls of the building, though each of the four sides of the roof is punctuated by dormers with small windows. The corner porches feature stone banisters, and contain four yellow sandstone bas-reliefs sculpted by Moffitt.[46]
The west side of the entrance, also a brownstone structure, contains the gatekeeper's residence, a 3+1⁄2-story structure that is similar in design to the visitor's lounge. Only the center section is 3+1⁄2 stories, while the two pavilions to the west and east are 2+1⁄2 stories. The residence's main entrance is through the eastern pavilion, while there is another pavilion on the western facade. Both pavilions have hip roofs of gray slate, and the second floor contains dormers with windows that project from the hip roof. The central "tower" section contains entrances to both the north and south, as well as windows on the second, third, and attic floors that face north and south. The roof of the central tower contains a stone chimney.[47]
Chapel
The Green-Wood Cemetery chapel is located near the 25th Street gate.[48] Built in 1911–1913 by Warren and Wetmore,[33] the chapel is located on the site of one of Green-Wood's original ponds.[49] Though it is generally designed in the late Gothic style, its massing is in the Beaux-Arts style.[42] It is made of limestone, and consists of multiple towers, including a central octagonal tower and four octagonal turrets, one at each corner. The three-story chapel contains a ground level, clerestory level, and the second story in the central tower.[50] It was patterned after the Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford.[51]
Plans for the Green-Wood chapel date to shortly after the chapel's establishment, when a "Chapel Hill" was set aside within the cemetery. Though Richard Upjohn submitted plans for such a chapel in 1855, Green-Wood initially voted against such a chapel.[51][23] A new location was selected near Arbor Water in the first decade of the 20th century, and plans were solicited from three firms in 1909. After Warren and Wetmore were selected, work started in 1911, and the chapel was officially opened in June 1913.[51] The chapel was made a city landmark in 2016.[52]
History
Founding and construction
Following the founding of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts in 1831, leaders of New York City and its borough in Brooklyn began discussing locations to build a cemetery of their own. At the time, over 10,000 people were being buried per year in the two cities.[24] The cemetery was the idea of Henry Evelyn Pierrepont, a Brooklyn social leader.[53][33] As early as 1832, Pierrepont was considering constructing such a cemetery on a hilly area to the east of Gowanus Bay.[24][33] Acts of incorporation for "The Greenwood Cemetery" were passed on April 18, 1838, entitling the corporation to a capital of $300,000 and the right to 200 acres (81 ha) of land.[24][54] David Bates Douglass, Green-Wood's landscape architect, started working on the layout in 1838. He opposed an early suggestion to call the cemetery a necropolis, as he thought the landscaped site should also attract the living.[15]
On April 11, 1839, a modification to that act was enacted, changing the corporation to a nonprofit organization.[54] Construction started in May 1839 and the first interment was performed on September 5, 1840.[24][33] At that point, the cemetery commissioners decided to enclose the site with a long picket fence (later replaced with a metal fence in 1860).[23] Douglass mostly kept the cemetery's natural landscaping intact, working on the project until he resigned in 1841.[22] Douglass modeled his two subsequently designed garden cemeteries upon Green-Wood: Albany Rural Cemetery (1845–1846), located in Menands, New York, and Mount Hermon Cemetery (1848), in Quebec City.[55] Initially some 4.5 miles (7.2 km) of roads were paved inside Green-Wood to showcase its natural scenery.[23] The earliest map dating from 1846 indicates that there were originally three ponds in Green-Wood: Sylvan Water, Green-Isle Water, and Arbor Water, all on the western side of the modern cemetery.[56]
There were initially very few burials per year; by 1843, there had been 352 burials total, though the number of burials doubled just in the next year. Throughout the 1840s, several churches were allocated plots in Green-Wood Cemetery. These included the
Expansion and growing popularity
1840s to 1860s
As early as the 1840s, the cemetery had 30,000 visitors per season during the spring and fall; the visitors took horse-drawn carriages or ferries to the cemetery.
This era was also associated with the construction of other structures. A receiving tomb was installed in 1853, and around the same time, the ponds were cleaned and landscaped.[24] In addition, several gates to the cemetery were added. The main gate at 5th Avenue and 25th Street was built in 1861–65, followed by other entrances near the cemetery's service yard; at 9th Avenue and 20th Street; and at 9th Avenue and 37th Street (later removed).[38] In addition, a gatekeeper's house was installed at the original southern entrance in 1848, the "Thirty Vaults" catacombs in 1854, and a well house in 1855. Furthermore, the paths were paved in the 1860s to allow for easier transport within the cemetery.[23] Several additional ponds were carved out through the 1870s, including Border Water, Dell Water, Crescent Water, Dale Water, and Meadow Water.[56]
At first, 14-by-27-foot (4.3 by 8.2 m) lots were being sold for $100 apiece, and it soon became a frequent place for burials, with 7,000 annual burials and 100,000 graves by the 1860s.[58] Green-Wood became more popular after former governor DeWitt Clinton was disinterred from a cemetery in Albany, the New York state capital, and moved to Green-Wood, where a monument to him was erected in 1853.[27][28] By the early 1860s it was drawing annual crowds second in size only to Niagara Falls.[16] Numerous guides to the cemetery were published for these visitors, including an illustrated guidebook and a directory in the late 1840s, as well as a cemetery history and a handbook in the late 1860s.[57]
1870s to 1890s
By the 1860s, Prospect Park was being constructed and public streetcar and elevated lines were established across Brooklyn.[38] In particular, the opening of the Fifth Avenue Elevated station at 25th Street, near the main entrance, proved to be a benefit to lot owners in Green-Wood Cemetery.[59] As a result, in 1876, Green-Wood built the Fort Hamilton gate to accommodate the anticipated extra crowds. By the end of the 19th century, several florists, greenhouses, and monument sellers had opened shops near each of the gates.[38] One such structure was the Weir Greenhouse, located across from the 25th Street entrance; that building is now both a National Register of Historic Places listing and a city landmark.[5][3]
Improvements also continued throughout the late 19th century. In 1871, Border Water was partially eliminated to make extra burial space, and in 1874, the cemetery was slightly expanded to 440 acres (180 ha). Also, an underground drainage system, extra roads, and a permanent stone fence were built through the late 1870s. The cemetery was enlarged again in 1884 to 474 acres (192 ha) via the acquisition of land on the northern border. To prevent the view being marred by the construction of tenements, Green-Wood also purchased lots on the southwest corner.[60] By the 1890s, a reservoir was added atop Mt. Washington, the highest point in the cemetery, while two ponds had been removed.[59][56] At the turn of the century, an old engine house, stables, and several enclosures were being removed, while waiting rooms and restrooms were added at the southern entrance. During this period, thousands of trees were planted, and roads continued to be graded.[59]
Most famous New Yorkers who died during the second half of the 19th century were buried at Green-Wood.
20th century
Green-Wood has remained non-sectarian, but was generally considered a Christian burial place for
Modifications to Green-Wood's landscape continued through the 20th century. In 1915, the entrance at 20th Street was realigned to connect with 9th Avenue/Prospect Park West (the entrance there being completed in 1926), and another pond was drained. The landscape was in decline by the late 1910s, but this was followed shortly after by dead-tree removals in the 1920s and a five-year road repaving project began in 1924.[64] Road reconstructions continued through the mid-1930s and demolition of enclosures continued. Notably, the clock tower at the 34th Street entrance was demolished in 1941, and iron fences were removed during World War II for the war effort. The old main entrance was demolished in 1951, and four years later, the first new crematorium in New York City in a half-century was built at Green-Wood, with a columbarium. By the end of the 1950s, another reservoir had been filled for new lots.[65]
More than 1,000 enclosures were removed from 1950 to 1961, the same year that work on a new crematorium began. The columbarium was expanded from 1975 to 1977. However, through the 1970s, vandalism was common at Green-Wood Cemetery. The cemetery was also affected by labor strikes among the gravediggers in 1966, 1973, and 1982. The cemetery also continued to add new structures: the Garden Mausoleum and Community Mausoleum were finished in the late 1980s, and the Hillside Mausoleum was expanded. In addition, in 1994, the north gate was restored and new offices were built.[66] This was followed by the restoration of the chapel in the late 1990s, and it reopened in 2000 after having been closed for four decades.[67]
21st century
In 1999, The Green-Wood Historic Fund, a
On October 13, 2012, another Angel of Music was installed to replace the one vandalized in 1959, this one made by sculptors Giancarlo Biagi and Jill Burkee, was unveiled to memorialize
Notable burials
Green-Wood Cemetery's interments include a considerable number of notable people, including painter
Landmark designations
The gates of the cemetery were designated a
Gallery
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Monument to Miss Charlotte Canda, Battle Avenue by E. & H. T. Anthony
-
Vista from the Hillside Mausoleum
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Annual Battle of Long Island commemoration inside the main Gothic Arch entrance in Green-Wood Cemetery
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European beech tree and mausoleums
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Largest tulip tree in the cemetery
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Large ginkgo tree
-
Camperdown elm tree
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Two old sassafras trees
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Sylvan Water, a decorative pond
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Sylvan Water and mausoleums
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Yoshino cherry tree by a line of graves
In popular culture
- In an episode of the Netflix series Daredevil ("Penny and Dime"; season 2, episode 4), the cemetery is where Matt Murdock brings a wounded Frank Castle after rescuing him from the Kitchen Irish; Murdock is later shown standing on top of the entrance archway while the police are arresting Castle.
- In the first season of another Netflix series, also set in the Danny Randand his family.
- The 2014 film A Walk Among the Tombstones has several scenes at Green-Wood Cemetery.
See also
- List of cemeteries in New York
- List of cemeteries in the United States
- List of mausoleums
- List of New York City Landmarks
- List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County, New York
- Rural Cemetery Act
References
Notes
- ^ a b "Green-Wood Cemetery". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e "Green-Wood Cemetery Gates" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 19, 1966. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ a b c "Weir Greenhouse" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 13, 1982. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ a b Hurley 2016, p. 1.
- ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
- ^ a b "Green-Wood Cemetery". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007.
Green-Wood Cemetery, established in 1838, was the largest and most varied of the early American rural cemeteries. Its scale, diverse topography, and intended civic prominence made it the prototype for how a cemetery with Picturesque landscaping could be created in contrast to the rapidly expanding cities of the 19th century. Inspired by Alexander Jackson Downing, the most nationally prominent landscape designer and author in antebellum America, David Bates Douglass conceived the overall plan for the Picturesque landscape, executed with complementary Gothic Revival buildings by Richard Upjohn and his son Richard Michell Upjohn
- ^ "About / History". Green-Wood Cemetery. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5. p. 687.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8232-1679-6. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ Daniel B. Schneider (May 24, 1998). "F.Y.I." The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
- ^ Plan of Père Lachaise in 1824
- ^ ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2., pp. 557–558
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ a b Reynolds 1994, p. 317.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ "Pierrepont Family Memorial" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
Henry Evelyn Pierrepont was known as the "first citizen" of Brooklyn for good reason. He, along with his father Hezekiah B. and mother Anna Maria before him, played a significant role in the planning of Brooklyn as a physical city, its crucial ferry services to New York, and the establishment of Green-Wood Cemetery itself.
- ^ a b c d e Reynolds 1994, p. 318.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ a b c National Park Service 1983, p. 2.
- ^ a b Mosca 2008, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Quennell Rothschild & Partners & Paul Cowie & Associates 2007, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stiles, H.R.; Brockett, L.P.; Proctor, L.B. (1884). The Civil, Political, Professional and Ecclesiastical History, and Commercial and Industrial Record of the County of Kings and the City of Brooklyn, N.Y. from 1683 to 1884. New York: county and regional histories and atlases. Munsell. pp. 602–607.
- ^ a b Reynolds 1994, pp. 317–318.
- ^ a b c National Park Service 1983, p. 3.
- ^ a b Mosca 2008, p. 32.
- ^ a b "New York's Illustrated News Featuring Dewitt Clinton Monument". Green-Wood Cemetery. June 4, 1853. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ "Brown Family, Steamer Arctic Sinking (1854)". Green-Wood Cemetery. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rider, F.; Cooper, F.T.; Hopkins, M.A. (1916). Rider's New York City and Vicinity, Including Newark, Yonkers and Jersey City: A Guide-book for Travelers, with 16 Maps and 18 Plans, Comp. and. H. Holt. p. 445. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
- ^ a b c "Map of Green-Wood Cemetery". Green-Wood Cemetery. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ Quennell Rothschild & Partners & Paul Cowie & Associates 2007, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d e f Hurley 2016, p. 7.
- ^ "BrooklynParrots.com: A Web Site About the Wild Parrots of Brooklyn". Archived from the original on September 9, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
The beautiful Civil War-era gate to Greenwood Cemetery is spectacular in its own right; add vociferous parrots and you've got one of the most sublime, most surreal locales on the planet.
- Crain's New York Business. Retrieved September 23, 2007.[dead link] The article presents information concerning the year-round tours led by Steve Baldwin in Brooklyn, New York to the nests of parrots. Baldwin volunteers to lead walking tours to the nests of an extended family of wild Quaker parrots that escaped from a shipping crate at JFK International Airport in the late 1960s.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1., p. 250
- ^ a b Hurley 2016, p. 3.
- ^ "We Have A Winner!". Green-Wood. March 24, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ Hurley 2016, p. 9.
- ^ a b "Landmark Status Official For Portions Of Green-Wood Cemetery". BKLYNER. April 13, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ Hurley 2016, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Hurley 2016, pp. 4–5.
- ^ "Chapel Services" Green-Wood Cemetery website
- ^ Mosca 2008, p. 24.
- ^ Hurley 2016, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d Hurley 2016, p. 11.
- ^ a b "Green-Wood Cemetery's chapel is landmarked". Brooklyn Eagle. April 12, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ Mosca 2008, p. 11.
- ^ a b Green-Wood Cemetery (New York, N.Y.) (1839). Exposition of the Plan and Objects of the Green-Wood Cemetery: An Incorporated Trust, Chartered by the Legislature of the State of New York. Narine & Company. p. 3.
- ^ Cox, Rob S.; Heslip, Philip; LaPlant, Katie D. (July 2017) [1812]. "Finding aid for David Bates Douglass Papers, 1812–1873" (1,191 items). M-1390, M-2294, M-2418, M-2668, M-5038, M-6083. David Bates Douglass. Ann Arbor: Manuscripts Division, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
Returning to engineering and consulting work, Douglass laid out the Albany Rural Cemetery in 1845–46 and the Protestant cemetery in Quebec in 1848, both in the style of Greenwood Cemetery. In August 1848, he moved to Geneva College (now Hobart)...
- ^ ISBN 978-1-58157-566-8.
- ^ a b Reynolds 1994, p. 319.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ a b c Quennell Rothschild & Partners & Paul Cowie & Associates 2007, p. 18.
- ^ Quennell Rothschild & Partners & Paul Cowie & Associates 2007, pp. 16–17.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ "Putting a Face on a Tragedy". Green-Wood. May 7, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- Irish America magazine
- ^ Quennell Rothschild & Partners & Paul Cowie & Associates 2007, p. 19.
- ^ Quennell Rothschild & Partners & Paul Cowie & Associates 2007, p. 20.
- ^ Quennell Rothschild & Partners & Paul Cowie & Associates 2007, p. 21.
- ^ a b Quennell Rothschild & Partners & Paul Cowie & Associates 2007, p. 22.
- ^ "Green-Wood Historic Fund Inc". www.guidestar.org. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ "New York – New Monument Marks 1960 Brooklyn Air Crash". Vos Iz Neias. December 16, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Carlson, Jen (December 16, 2010). "Memorial Is Unveiled For 1960s Park Slope Plane Crash". Gothamist. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Barron, James (May 3, 2010). "A Brooklyn Mystery Solved: Vandals Did It, in 1959". City Room; The New York Times.
- ^ "Welcome, "Angel of Music"". Green-Wood Cemetery. October 15, 2012.
- ^ David W. Dunlap (November 25, 2012). "Many Cemeteries Damaged, but Green-Wood Bore the Brunt of the Storm". City Room; The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
High winds destroyed or badly damaged at least 292 of the mature trees ... He estimated the clean-up would cost at least $500,000....
- ^ Colangelo, Lisa (December 16, 2012). "Triumph of Civic Virtue is moved to Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
- ^ Richman, Jeff (August 27, 2013). "Commemorating the Battle of Brooklyn". Green-Wood Cemetery. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
- ^ Reynolds 1994, pp. 318–319.
- ^ Ames, Charles E. (1969). Pioneering the Union Pacific. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts. p. 25.
- ^ a b CWGC Cemetery Report. Breakdown obtained from casualty record.
- ^ Dillon, Nancy (March 2, 2020). "Pop Smoke to be laid to rest in Brooklyn as suspects in his murder 'still at large'". New York Daily News. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
Sources
- "Historic Structures Report: Green-Wood Cemetery" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. August 12, 1983.
- Hurley, Marianne (April 12, 2016). "Fort Hamilton Parkway Entrance; Green-Wood Cemetery Chapel" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.
- Mosca, Alexandra Kathryn (2008). Green-Wood Cemetery. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5650-5.
- Quennell Rothschild & Partners; Paul Cowie & Associates (February 2007). "Green-Wood Landscape Master Plan: Appendix" (PDF). The Interactive Community of Arboreta.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Reynolds, Donald (1994). The Architecture of New York City: Histories and Views of Important Structures, Sites, and Symbols. New York: J. Wiley. OCLC 45730295.
Further reading
- Cleveland, Jehemiah (1866). Green-Wood Cemetery: A History from 1838 to 1864. Anderson and Archer.
- ISBN 0300055366.
- Richman, Jeffrey I. (1998). Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery: New York's Buried Treasure.
- Richman, Jeffrey I. (2007). Final Camping Ground: Civil War Veterans at Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery, In Their Own Words. Green-Wood Cemetery. ISBN 978-0-9663435-3-3.
External links
- Official website
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Green - Wood Cemetery
- Green-Wood Cemetery at Find a Grave
- Green-Wood Cemetery at Interment.net
- Seasonal and special event pictures of Green-Wood
- Seeking Room for New Graves at Green-Wood, The New York Times
- Video tour of the catacombs and crypts of Green-Wood Cemetery
- Map of many of the graves