Green vehicle
Part of a series on |
Sustainable energy |
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A green vehicle, clean vehicle, eco-friendly vehicle or environmentally friendly vehicle is a road
Green vehicles can be powered by
Several authors also include conventional motor vehicles with high
An environmental analysis extends beyond just the operating efficiency and emissions. A life-cycle assessment involves production and post-use considerations. A cradle-to-cradle design is more important than a focus on a single factor such as energy efficiency.[9][10]
Energy efficiency
Cars with similar production of energy costs can obtain, during the life of the car (operational phase), large reductions in energy costs through several measures:
- The most significant is by using alternative propulsion:
- An efficient engine that reduces the vehicle's consumption of petroleum electric hybrid vehicle), or that uses renewable energysources throughout its working life.
- Using biofuels instead of petroleum fuels.
- An efficient engine that reduces the vehicle's consumption of
- Proper maintenance of a vehicle such as engine tire pressurecan also help.
- Removing unnecessary items from a vehicle reduces weight and improves fuel economy as well.
Comparison of several types of green car basic characteristics (Values are overall for vehicles in current production and may differ between types) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of vehicle/ powertrain |
mpg equivalent) |
Range | Production cost for given range |
Reduction in CO2 compared to conventional |
Payback period |
Conventional ICE | 10–48 | Long (400–600 mi) |
Low | 0% | - |
Biodiesel | 18–71 | Long (360–540 mi) |
Low | varies depending on biodiesel source[11] | - |
All-electric | 54–142 | Shorter (114–259 mi) Luxury models Medium (419–516 mi) |
High Very high |
varies depending on energy source |
- |
Hydrogen fuel cell |
80[12] | Astronomical | |||
Hybrid electric | 30–60 | 380 mi[12] | Medium | 5 years[13][14] |
Types
Green vehicles include vehicles types that function fully or partly on alternative energy sources other than fossil fuel or less carbon-intensive than gasoline or diesel.
Another option is the use of alternative fuel composition in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles, making them function partially on renewable energy sources. Other approaches include personal rapid transit, a public transportation concept that offers automated, on-demand, non-stop transportation on a network of specially built guideways.
Electric and fuel cell-powered
Examples of vehicles with reduced petroleum consumption include
Hybrid electric vehicles
Compressed air cars, stirling vehicles, and others
Solar car races are held on a regular basis in order to promote green vehicles and other "green technology". These sleek driver-only vehicles can travel long distances at highway speeds using only the electricity generated instantaneously from the sun.
Improving conventional cars
A conventional vehicle can become a greener vehicle by mixing in
This presents problems, as biofuels can use food resources in order to provide mechanical energy for vehicles. Many experts point to this as a reason for growing food prices, particularly US Bio-ethanol fuel production which has affected maize prices. In order to have a low environmental impact, biofuels should be made only from waste products, or from new sources like algae.
Electric Motor and Pedal Powered Vehicles
Multiple companies are offering and developing two, three, and four wheel vehicles combining the characteristics of a bicycle with electric motors. US Federal, State and Local laws do not clearly nor consistently classify
Other
- Public transportation vehicles are not usually included in the green vehicle category, but Personal rapid transit (PRT) vehicles probably should be. All vehicles that are powered from the track have the advantage of potentially being able to use any source of electric energy, including sustainable ones, rather than requiring liquid fuels. They can also switch regenerative braking energy between vehicles and the electric grid rather than requiring energy storage on the vehicles. Also, they can potentially use the entire track area for solar collectors, not just the vehicle surface. The potential PRT energy efficiencyis much higher than that which traditional automobiles can attain.
- Tindo in Adelaide, Australia.
- Wind-powered electric vehiclesprimarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel.
Animal powered vehicles
Human powered vehicles
Benefits of green vehicle use
Environmental
Vehicle emissions contribute to the increasing concentration of gases linked to
Health
Vehicle pollutants have been linked to human ill health including the incidence of respiratory and cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. A 1998 report estimated that up to 24,000 people die prematurely each year in the UK as a direct result of air pollution.[31] According to the World Health Organization, up to 13,000 deaths per year among children (aged 0–4 years) across Europe are directly attributable to outdoor pollution. The organization estimates that if pollution levels were returned to within EU limits, more than 5,000 of these lives could be saved each year.
Monetary
Criticism
A study by CNW Marketing Research suggested that the extra energy cost of manufacture, shipping, disposal, and the short lives of some of these types of vehicle (particularly gas-electric hybrid vehicles) outweighs any energy savings made by their using less petroleum during their useful lifespan.[33] This type of argument is the long smokestack argument.[34] Critics of the report note that the study prorated all of Toyota's hybrid research-and-development costs across the relatively small number of Priuses on the road, rather than using the incremental cost of building a vehicle; used109,000 miles (175,000 km) for the length of life of a Prius (Toyota offers a 150,000-mile (240,000 km) warranty on the Prius' hybrid components, including the battery), and calculated that a majority of a car's cradle-to-grave energy gets expended during the vehicle's production, not while it is driven.[35] Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman official Bente Øverli stated that "Cars cannot do anything good for the environment except less damage than others." Based on this opinion, Norwegian law severely restricts the use of "greenwashing" to market automobiles, strongly prohibiting advertising a vehicle as being environmentally friendly, with large fines issued to violators.[36][37][38][39]
Some studies try to compare environmental impact of electric and petrol vehicles over complete life cycle, including production, operation, and dismantling.
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
In general, results differ vastly dependent on the region considered, due to difference in energy sources to produce electricity that fuels electric vehicles. When considering only CO2 emissions, it is noted that production of electric cars generate about twice as much emissions as that of internal combustion cars.
A study that also looked at factors other than energy consumption and carbon emissions has suggested that there is no such thing as an environmentally friendly car.[45]
The use of vehicles with increased fuel efficiency is usually considered positive in the short term but criticism of any hydrocarbon-based personal transport remains. The Jevons paradox suggests that energy efficiency programs are often counter-productive, even increasing energy consumption in the long run.[46] Many environmental researchers believe that sustainable transport may require a move away from hydrocarbon fuels and from our present automobile and highway paradigm.[47][48][49]
National and international promotion
European Union
The
United States
The
To earn the SmartWay designation, a vehicle must earn at least a 6 on the Air Pollution Score and at least a 6 on the Greenhouse Gas Score, but have a combined score of at least 13. SmartWay Elite is given to those vehicles that score 9 or better on both the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Scores.
A Green Vehicle Marketing Alliance, in conjunction with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), periodically meets, and coordinates marketing efforts.[53]
Green car rankings
This section needs to be updated.(February 2022) |
Several automobile magazines, motor vehicle specialized publications and
Selected annual rankings of green cars | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vehicle | Year model |
Type of vehicle/fuel |
mpg ) |
mpg ) |
EPA Highway mpg )
|
Most efficient EPA-certified vehicles based on combined MPG rating[7][54][55][56] | |||||
2021 Tesla Model 3 Standard Range Plus RWD— All years, all fuels | 2021 | Electric car | 142 mpg-e | 150 mpg-e | 133 mpg-e |
2022 Tesla Model 3 RWD— Current Year, all fuels | 2022 | Electric car | 132 mpg-e | 138 mpg-e | 126 mpg-e |
2022 Hyundai Ioniq Blue — Current year, gasoline fuel |
2022 | Hybrid electric | 59 mpg | 58 mpg | 60 mpg |
2022 Hyundai Ioniq Blue — All years, gasoline fuel |
2022 | Hybrid electric | 59 mpg | 58 mpg | 60 mpg |
Green Car Journal — Green Car of the Year | |||||
Chevrolet Bolt EV — 2017 Award[57] |
2017 | Electric car | 119 mpg-e | 128 mpg-e | 110 mpg-e |
Chevrolet Volt (second generation) — 2016 Award[58][59] | 2016 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
106 mpg-e | 42 mpg | 53 mi | |||
BMW i3 — 2015 Award[60] | 2014 | Electric car | 124 mpg-e | 137 mpg-e | 111 mpg-e |
Honda Accord ninth generation line-up — 2014 Award[61] |
2014 | Gasoline hybrid and plug-in variants |
mim 29 mpg, hybrid 47 mpg, plug-in 115 mpg-e[62] | ||
Ford Fusion 2nd gen line-up — 2013 Award[63] | 2013 | Gasoline, hybrid and plug-in variants |
mim 34 mpg, hybrid 47 mpg, plug-in 100 mpg-e | ||
Honda Civic GX — 2012 Award[64] | 2012 | Natural gas | 28 | 24 | 36 |
Chevrolet Volt — 2011 Award[65][66][67] | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
Green Car Journal — Green Car Vision Award | |||||
Ford C-Max Energi — 2012 Award[68] |
2013 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
100 mpg-e |
43 mpg |
20 mi
| |||
Ford Focus Electric — 2011 Award[69] | 2012 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
105 mpg-e |
100 mi | ||||
Nissan Leaf — 2010 Award[70][71] | 2011 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
99 mpg-e | 73 mi | ||||
Chevrolet Volt — 2009 Award[66][67][72] | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
World Car of the Year — World Green Car
| |||||
Toyota Mirai — 2016 Award[73] | 2016 | Hydrogen fuel cell | 66 mpg-e | 66 mpg-e | 66 mpg-e |
BMW i8 — 2015 Award[74][75] | 2015 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
76 mpg-e | 28 mpg | 15 mi | |||
BMW i3 — 2014 Award[76] | 2014 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
124 mpg-e | 81 mi | ||||
Tesla Model S — 2013 Award[77] | 2013 | kWh battery) |
Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
95/89 mpg-e | 208/265 mi | ||||
Mercedes-Benz S 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY — 2012 Award[77] |
2012 | Clean diesel |
5.7 L/100 km (50 mpg‑imp; 41 mpg‑US) | ||
Chevrolet Volt — 2011 Award[78] | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
Volkswagen BlueMotion — 2010 Award[79] (Golf, Passat, Polo) |
2010 | Clean diesel |
n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Honda FCX Clarity — 2009 Award[80] (miles per kilogram of hydrogen) |
2009 | Hydrogen fuel cell | 59 mpg-e | 58 mpg-e | 60 mpg-e |
Consumer Reports Top Picks: Green Car Category | |||||
Tesla Model S — Best overall model 2014[81] | 2014 | kWh battery) |
Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
95/89 mpg-e | 208/265 mi | ||||
Toyota Prius — Best green car 2014[81] | 2014 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Toyota Prius — Best green car 2013[82] | 2013 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Toyota Prius — Best green car 2012[83] | 2012 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Toyota Prius — Best green car 2011[84] | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Toyota Prius — Best green car 2010[85] | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Toyota Prius — Best green car 2009[86] | 2009 | Hybrid electric | 46 | 48 | 45 |
Consumer Reports American Top Picks: Green Car Category | |||||
Ford Fusion Hybrid — Top Pick 2011[87] | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
Ford Fusion Hybrid — Top Pick 2010[88] | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
Ford Escape Hybrid — Top Pick 2009[89] |
2009 | Hybrid electric | 32 | 34 | 31 |
What Car? Green Awards | |||||
BMW 320d Efficient Dynamics — Overall Winner 2012[90] |
2012 | Clean diesel |
UK combined 56 mpg‑imp (5.0 L/100 km; 47 mpg‑US)[90] | ||
Vauxhall Ampera — Overall Winner 2011[91] |
2012 | Plug-in hybrid | EC combined 235.4 mpg‑imp (1.200 L/100 km; 196.0 mpg‑US)[92] | ||
Toyota Auris Hybrid — Overall Winner 2010[93] |
2010 | Hybrid electric | UK combined 74 mpg‑imp (3.8 L/100 km; 62 mpg‑US)[93] | ||
Volvo S40 1.6D DRIVe S — Overall Winner 2009[94] | 2009 | Clean diesel |
UK combined 60 mpg‑imp (4.7 L/100 km; 50 mpg‑US)[95] | ||
Ford Focus 1.6 TDCi Style — Overall Winner 2008[96] |
2008 | Clean diesel |
UK combined 52 mpg‑imp (5.4 L/100 km; 43 mpg‑US)[97] | ||
Mother Earth News Best Green Cars | |||||
Best Green Cars of 2011[98] | |||||
Chevrolet Volt | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
Nissan Leaf | 2011 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
99 mpg-e | 73 mi | ||||
Toyota Prius | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Ford Fiesta | 2011 | Gasoline | 33 | 29 | 38 |
Honda CR-Z CVT | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 37 | 35 | 39 |
VW Jetta TDI | 2011 | Clean diesel |
34 | 30 | 42 |
Best Green Cars of 2010[99] | |||||
Ford Fusion Hybrid | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
Honda Civic Hybrid |
2010 | Hybrid electric | 42 | 40 | 45 |
Honda Insight | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Toyota Prius | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
VW Golf TDI | 2010 | Clean diesel |
34 | 30 | 42 |
VW Jetta TDI | 2010 | Clean diesel |
41 | 40 | 43 |
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy Greenest Vehicles of the Year | |||||
Greenest Vehicles of 2012 (Top 5)[100] | |||||
Mitsubishi i-MiEV | 2012 | Electric car | 112 mpg-e | 3.8 mile/ Kwh |
2.9 mile/ Kwh
|
Honda Civic GX | 2012 | Natural gas | - | 27mpg-e | 38 mpg-e |
Nissan Leaf | 2012 | Electric car | 99 mpg-e | 3.1 mile/ Kwh |
2.7 mile/ Kwh
|
Toyota Prius | 2012 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Honda Insight | 2012 | Hybrid electric | 42 | 41 | 44 |
Greenest Vehicles of 2011 (Top 5)[101][102] | |||||
Honda Civic GX | 2011 | Natural gas | 28 | 24 | 36 |
Nissan Leaf | 2011 | Electric car | 99 mpg-e | 3.15 mile/ Kwh |
2.72 mile/ Kwh
|
Smart fortwo (Cabriolet/Coupe) |
2011 | Gasoline | 36 | 33 | 41 |
Toyota Prius | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Honda Civic Hybrid |
2011 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Greenest Vehicles of 2010 (Top 5)[103] | |||||
Honda Civic GX | 2010 | Natural gas | 28 | 24 | 36 |
Toyota Prius | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Honda Civic Hybrid |
2010 | Hybrid electric | 42 | 40 | 45 |
Smart fortwo (Convertible/coupe) |
2010 | Gasoline | 36 | 33 | 41 |
Honda Insight | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Kelley Blue Book Top 10 Green Cars | |||||
Top 10 Green Cars of 2014 (Top 5)[104] | |||||
BMW i3 | 2014 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
124 mpg-e | 81 mi | ||||
Nissan Leaf | 2014 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
99 mpg-e | 73 mi | ||||
Toyota Prius | 2014 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Tesla Model S | 2014 | kWh battery) |
Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
95/89 mpg-e | 208/265 mi | ||||
Honda Accord Hybrid | 2014 | Hybrid electric | 47 | 50 | 45 |
Top 10 Green Cars of 2011 (Top 3)[105][106] | |||||
Nissan Leaf | 2011 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
99 mpg-e | 73 mi | ||||
Chevrolet Volt | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
93 mpg-e | 35 mi | ||||
Toyota Prius | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Top 10 Green Cars of 2010 (Top 3)[107][108] | |||||
Toyota Prius | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Honda Insight | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Ford Fusion Hybrid | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
Electric vehicle motor shows
Dedicated electric and green vehicle motor shows:
- Alternative Vehicle and Fuel Show (AVFS), Fair of Valladolid, Spain, in November.[109]
- Green Fleet Expo, Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario), in May.[110]
- Green-Car-Guide Live!,
- Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology Expo, (
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
See also
- Alternative fuel vehicle – Vehicle not powered by petrol or diesel
- Alternatives to the automobile– Transport modes other than cars or trucks
- Better Place – American electric car battery charging company
- Emerging technologies – Technologies whose development, practical applications, or both are still largely unrealized - e.g. new green vehicle methods
- Green tuning– Tuning of cars to reduce energy consumption
- Michelin Green X Challenge– Auto racing championship in the United States
- Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
- Hybrid taxi – Taxicab service provided with a hybrid electric cars
- Union of Concerned Scientists' Hybrid Scorecard – Ranking method for hybrid electric vehicles
- Low-carbon fuel standard – Rule to reduce carbon intensity of transportation fuels
- Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent – Measurement of fuel economy
- Mobile source air pollution – Air pollution emitted by motor vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, and other engines
- Exhaust gas – Gases emitted as a result of fuel reactions in combustion engines
- Motorised quadricycle– EU vehicle category for four-wheeled microcars
- Plug-in electric vehicle – Type of vehicles
- Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize
- Wind-powered vehicle – Vehicle propelled by wind
- Zero-emissions vehicle – Class of motor vehicle
Notes and references
- ^ Millikin, Mike. "Worldwide sales of Toyota hybrids surpass 9 million units; Prius family accounts for 63%". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2016-05-22. The Prius family accounts for 63% of Toyota's total global cumulative hybrid car sales: 5.691 million units, consisting of Prius liftback: 3.733 million; Aqua, Prius c: 1.249 million; Prius α, Prius v, Prius +: 0.634 million; Prius PHV: 75,000.
- New York Times. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
- ISBN 978-1-74126-330-5.
- ^ a b c "Green Vehicle Guide". Green Student U. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ISBN 978-92-64-10495-2.
- U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ a b "Extreme MPG". www.fueleconomy.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-04-13. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-537664-7. See Chapter 9: Driving Towards Sustainability
- ^ Strategies for Managing Impacts from Automobiles, US EPA Region 10, retrieved May 22, 2012
- ^ "European Union's End-of-life Vehicle (ELV) Directive", End of Life Vehicles, EU, retrieved May 22, 2012
- doi:10.1038/nclimate1265. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
- ^ a b S&TR
- ^ a b "Consumer Reports Revises Financial Analysis In Report on Ownership Costs for Hybrid Cars". Consumer Reports. Consumers Union. 7 March 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
- ^ a b "The dollars & sense of hybrid cars".
- ^ "Energy efficiency comparison article" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-car-emissions#.UWMjH5xsYH4.email%7C"eg India, China, Australia"
- ^ "Alternate Fuel Technology - Battery Electric Vehicles". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2020-01-03. (245 KB)
- ^ Precer's BioRacer Stirling engine-electric hybrid
- ^ "Dual Fuel Cars Revive Brazil's Alcohol Industry". Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2005-08-22.
- ^ "Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics". International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles. Archived from the original on 2010-01-10. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
- ^ "NHTSA/DOT final rule on Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEV)63 FR 33913, June 17, 1998". US DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
- ^ CPSC Requirements for Low-Speed Electric Bicycles
- ^ "Search Results - THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Archived from the original on 2016-01-10. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
- ^ "New California Law Brings Clarity to Electric Bike Regulations | Electric Bike Report | Electric Bike, Ebikes, Electric Bicycles, e Bike, Reviews". 8 October 2015.
- ^ "California Assembly Bill No. 1096 CHAPTER 568 October 7, 2015". Retrieved 2015-11-14.
- ^ World Energy Council (2007). "Transport Technologies and Policy Scenarios". World Energy Council. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ Weingroff, Marianne. "Activity 20 Teacher Guide: Human Activity and Climate Change". Ucar.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2019). "2019 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Final Figures" (PDF). Whatgreencar.com. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ Jonathan L. Ramseur (January 18, 2007). "Climate Change: Action by States To Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (PDF). Congressional Research Service: 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Mitigation of Climate Change, chapter 5, Transport and its Infrastructure" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-18. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ "Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP)". Advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk. 2009-11-26. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ Gralla, Joan (July 17, 2008). "NYC speeds transformation of yellow cabs to green". Reuters.
- ^ CNW Marketing Research, Inc (2006). "Dust to Dust - The Energy Cost of New Vehicles From Concept to Disposal". Archived from the original on 2012-05-07.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ Israeli company builds infrastructure for worlds electric cars
- ^ Brendan I. Koerner, "Tank vs. Hybrid: IS IT POSSIBLE THAT A HUMMER'S BETTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT THAN A PRIUS IS?", Slate magazine, March 18, 2008
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Independent Newspapers Online (2010-05-05). "Prove 'clean, green' ads, Norway tells automakers". Motoring.co.za. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Greenwash Watch: Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean". Treehugger.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-18. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ Doyle, Alister (2007-09-06). "Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean". Reuters.com. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ a b David Biello (11 May 2016). "Electric Cars Are Not Necessarily Clean". Scientific American. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
- ^ a b "Shades of Green: Electric Cars' Carbon Emissions Around the Globe". Shrink that Footprint. 7 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2017-09-19. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
- ^ Eric Jaffe (29 June 2015). "Where Electric Vehicles Actually Cause More Pollution Than Gas Cars". Bloomberg.com. CityLab. Archived from the original on 2017-09-19. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
- ^ Lizzie Wade (31 March 2016). "Tesla's Electric Cars Aren't as Green as You Might Think". Wired. Archived from the original on 2017-09-19. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
- ^ Tziovaras, T. (2011). "Is there such a thing as an environmentally-friendly car?" (PDF). World Transport Policy and Practice,17, 3: 27-31. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
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- ISBN 978-0-8021-9438-1.
- ISBN 978-0-9709500-6-2
- .
- ^ "Green cars | EU - European Information on Sustainable Dev". EurActiv.com. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Growing Number of EU Countries Levying CO2 Taxes on Cars and Incentivizing Plug-ins". Green Car Congress. 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^ "An Increasing Number of Member States Levy CO2-Based Taxation or Incentivise Electric Vehicles". European Automobile Manufacturers Association. 2010-04-21. Archived from the original on 2010-04-25. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - GVMA Report to ORNL, March 2004.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-24. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Fueleconomy.gov Top Ten (2022 Vehicles Excluding Plug-ins)". www.fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ "Fueleconomy.gov Top Ten (All years, Excluding Plug-ins)". www.fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ "Fueleconomy.gov Top Ten (2022 Vehicles)". www.fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ Blanco, Sebastian (2016-11-17). "Chevy Bolt wins 2017 Green Car of the Year". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ Blanco, Sebastian (2015-11-19). "2016 Chevy Volt wins Green Car of the Year". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2015-11-21.
- U.S. Department of Energy (2015-09-01). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2016/2015 Chevrolet Volt". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
- ^ Priddle, Alisa (2014-11-20). "BMW i3 named 2015 Green Car of the Year". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
- ^ Blanco, Sebastian (2013-11-21). "Honda Accord Hybrid and PHEV win 2014 Green Car of the Year". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
- ^ Compare Side-by-Side 2014 Honda Accord variants
- ^ Blanco, Sebastian (2012-11-29). "Ford Fusion wins 2013 Green Car Of The Year". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
- ^ Carpenter, Susan (2011-11-17). "Honda Civic Natural Gas wins 2012 Green Car of the Year Award". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ "Chevrolet Volt Electric Car is 2011 Green Car of the Year". Green Car Journal. 2010-11-18. Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
- ^ a b David Bailey; Kevin Krolicki (2010-11-24). "Chevy Volt tops Prius in fuel economy rating". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ a b "Volt receives EPA ratings and label: 93 mpg-e all-electric, 37 mpg gas-only, 60 mpg-e combined". Green Car Congress. 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ Blkanco, Sebastian (2012-01-26). "Ford C-Max Energi wins 2012 Green Car Vision Award". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
- ^ Blanco, Sebastian (2011-01-27). "DC 2011: Ford Focus Electric wins Green Car Vision award". AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
- ^ "Nissan Leaf Electric Car Wins 2010 Green Car Vision Award". Green Car Journal. 2010-01-26. Archived from the original on 2010-05-04. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
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Further reading
- Leitman, Seth; Brant, Bob (October 2008). Build Your Own Electric Vehicle, 2nd Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-154373-6.
- Tobin Smith; Jim Woods; Liz Claman (2008). "Waving the Green Flag, Clean Transportation". Billion Dollar Green. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 35–46. ISBN 978-0-470-34377-7.
- DFE2008 Automobile Engines, Wikiversity
External links
- 2013 VehicleTechnologies Market Report, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center
- AU Green Vehicle Guide
- Clean Car Calculator (Institute for Energy Efficiency)
- Clean Cities - 2014 Vehicle Buyer's Guide, Clean Citiesprogram. December 2013.
- Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025-2030) Technologies Archived 2020-08-12 at the Wayback Machine (includes estimated cost of avoided GHG emissions from different AFV technologies), Argonne National Laboratory, June 2016.
- Earth cars
- EPA Green Vehicle Guide
- Green Cars (Autocar)
- Green Car Center (Yahoo)
- Green Car Guide Archived 2014-02-07 at the Wayback Machine.
- Infographic: Green Cars 101 (2011)
- Green cars and eco driving Archived 2013-01-21 at archive.today
- Green Progress
- Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide , U.S. Department of Energy, April 2014.
- Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE homepage
- Small Efficient Vehicles Wiki: People's Car Project
- State of Charge: Electric Vehicles’ Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine (UCS)
- Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (2016) - including BEVs and PHEVs
- UCS Hybrid Scorecard Archived 2012-05-18 at the Wayback Machine (Union of Concerned Scientists)